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Pi.essuremeter
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test
The bore hole Pressuremetertest is an insitu test developed around 1$56[lenard (1956)l to measure the.strength and deformation draracleristics of the xfl. The Pressuremeter is used in Sub-soil lnvestigation work for finding the insitu stress{eformation draraderistics of rock, grarrel, sand, silt and day deposits belour ground level, belovr or abore the ground water level. Witr the help of prcssuremeter. ontinuously tre stressdebrmation dtarac{erislics areobtainedfromthenatural stateofsoil undergradualll increasingradial stress. needed to decjde about he,location of the tests. a prcssurcmeter wtrictr consists of an elpandable probe wi$r a measuring cell at the centre and two guard cells at lhe top and bottom. The probe is insertld OS 1.9) in a pre-bored hole and is eryanded in volume either by liquid or air pressure untilthe soilfails or the etganded volume of the measuring cell readres twice the volume of the cavity. The guard cells are used lo minimlie the end efecl on the measuring cell. To prevent caving in the borehole, M.S casing can be provided. The bottom of the casing is kept at least lm above the desired test depth. Depending upon the soil condition it is also possible to ddll the hole 2m b 5m belour the caslng and do successive pressuremeter test. The typical dimensions of the probe and the Before starlirq lhe actual pressurenieter test, proper planning
dritteO'Uorehote with the help of
'
*"Y:olf
t'ffi:.T'#-
Hole
designation
Diameter of probe{mm}
44
58
L.
(ml
36
21
L
(m)
AX BX
NX
66
42
50
70
25
46 60 72
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Ahifisls of test results
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i']il:affrtflffi
oblahect by conduding pressuremebrtests at mrious depths, typicat pressure fietds curve for stress vs. deformation is
(1)
!:i:q"qbftshtng phase. tom the origin to point A; (2) end{3) theplastic phase, from point B to -point C. eier me
of rhe borehore cavity tras n ilv-rui",n"d'i6'iti'initi"r
position' and is given lhe ooordinares' n!, o'. The pseydo+hsric phase, the straighl-line portion of lhe crrve between points A and B, is dubbed so uecause'or ns resemuia-nce-ti'ttre etastic behavior of steel or
g]::l tF
coordinates,
coordinales vr, is defned as- the point where the pressure remains consliant despite 'volume' The limit pressure is defi ed as tte pilssuie ,.idrir!,JiJiri;il'il measuring celr by increasing
Pl.
".ni'ptoti"
to
, tfi'fiirft*uL.
the votume requlred to inf,ate the pressurem",", (V") and to push the borehole wall back to its y"). original position ( the pressuremeter can be used to aid in the design of foundations for all types of soils' Induding residuat soits. Ttre seniemens or L"'il'irltirated usiqg a deformation modulus, E , which can be derived torrr n" pseuoo*lastic p-rras" silignt-rine portion) of the load deformatlon
utbeyond
f*;"G;
diagram.
lii
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where,(
4=
The value of
on the size of the borehole. The injected volume at the limit pressure
h)
,"
rnrs
cell. The allowable bearing capaqity of clayey soils for shallow and deep foundations is generally delermined from the pressure test results by the empirical and semFempirical methods. For shallow foundations, the illowable bearing capacity may be considered as,
vr=Yr* 4* u'= Ycwhete, vo=volume zvc + required to inflate pressuremeter tr rr= position; and initial volume of the measuring
4a-+
for deep foundations, the allowable fractional resistance may be taken as
t *h r'* zg
Thus, the pressuremeter gives in-situ lateral stresses in the ground, the stress strain behavior and the strength of the soil at different depths. The test takes only 1G15 minutes after drilling operation. Since the results are available within a short time it is possible to arrive al quick conclusions regarding the suitability of the site to be
adoptei.
Plate load
The load on the plate is applied by making use of a hydraulic jack. The reaction of the jack load is taken by a cross beam oi a steel truss anchored suitrably at both lhe ends. The settlement of the plate is m-easured by a set of ihree dial WySgs o-f sensitivity 0.02mm placed at 12Oo aparL The dial gauges are fixed to independent supports which do not get
disturbed during the test. Fig shows the anangement for the plate load test.
Procedure:
The method of performing the test is essentially as follows: Excavate a pit of size not less than 5 times the size of the plate. The bottom of the pit coinciCes with levei of the foundation. lf water table is abol'e the level of foundation, pump out the water carefully and it should be kept just at the level of the foundation.
A suitable sizc of the plate is selected forthe teSt. Normally a plate of size 30crn is used in sandy soils and bigger size
in clay soils. The ground should be leveled and the plate is seated over the ground.
A.
7081r/fH2i" firrt placed and released after seating load of sometime. A higher load is next placed on the "oor, plate and setllements are recorded by means of the dial gauges.
Observations ol gvery load increment shall be taken until the rate of setilement is less than 0.25mm per hour. Load incr.ements shall be approximately one-fifth oJ lhe estimated safe bearing capacity of the soil. The average of the settlements recorded by 2 or 3 dial gauges tbken as the settlements of the plate for each of the load incrlment. The test should continue until a total settlement of 2.5cm or the seftlement at which the soil fails, whichever is earlier, is obtained. After the loailis increased, the elastic rebound of the soil should be recorded.
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lnterpretation
ploted as shornr in the fig. The.aiiorable pressure of be fuurrd and by making use of the following equations may settlement it irotJtipe OJ"O"tion for an assumed as" suggested by Tezaghi and Peck.
For
ganular soils,
u,"',[h$.-$f
For c{ay soils,
s, - $rS
{1,
V\lhere,
S/
Sr
."ttl"t"nt
it
= size of plate in
metres.
"
*ro,
SJanO D,
Sr
Pt
<a
"r"
B. The value
of
"nd
for any as$rimed value of B may be bund out from the equation. Using the ptate load settlement curve the
is found out. This bearing pressure is
value of the bearing pressure ootresponding to the computed value of the eafe bearhg pressure for a given permissible settlement
S/
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Limitations Since a plate load test is of short duration, consolidation settlements cannot be predicted. The
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test gives the value of immediate settlements only. lf the underlying soil is sandy in nature
immediate settlement can be traken as total settlement. lf the soil is of clayey type, the immediate
settlement
significance in clayey s'oits to determine allowable pressure on the basis of seftlement criterion.
Plate load test results should be used with caution and the present pradige is not to rcly too much on this test. lf the soil is not homogenous to a great depth, plate load tests give very misleading results. Plate load tests is not at all recommended in soils which are not homogenous at least to a depth equal to 1.5 to 2 times lhe width of the prototype foundation.
is only a part of the total settlement. Load tests, therefore do not have
much
Plate load lests should not be relied on to determine the ultimate bearing capacity_ of .sandy soils. as the scale effeds give misleading results. However, when the tests are carried on clay soils, the. ultimate bearing capacrty as ttltermined by the test may be taken as equal lo that of the foundation since the bearing capacity of clay is essentially lndependent of the footing size' The plate load test is possibly the only way of determining lhe allowable bearing pressures in -gravelly soil deposits. For tests on iuctr sdil deposits th6 size of the plate should be bigger lo eliminate lhe effect of grain
size.
Reconnaissance
1. Prelimirary exploration
2. Detrailecl exploration 3. Special exploration 1. Factfinding and geological survey Assemble all infcrmation on dirhensions, column spacing, type and Use of structu're, basement requircments, and any special architec{ural considerations of the proposed building. Foundation regulations in the local building code should be consulted for any special requirements. For bridges the soil engineer should have access to type and span lengths as well as pier loadings. This information will indicate any settlement limitations, and can be used to estimate foundation loads. 2.
Reconnaissance
This may be in the form of a field trip to the site which can reveal information on lhe type and behavior of adjacent sites and strudures such as cracks, noticeable sags, and possibly sticking doors and windows. The type of local existing structure may influence, to a considerable extent, lhe exploration program and the best foundation type for the proposed adjacent structure. Since nearby existing structures must be maintained, excavations or vibrations will have to be carefully controlled. Erosion in existing cuts 1or ditchls) may also be observed. For highways, run off palterns , as well as soil stratification to the depth of the erosioi cut , iray be oUierveO. Rock outciops may give an indication of the presence orthe depth of bedrock'
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3. Prclitnlnary Exploration
4. Detailed Exptoration
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