Jollystolly

JollyStolly
Builders manual
Prototype: #0001 (Aged 1 yr+)
Page 1 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
DISCLAIMER:
THE VEHICLE REPRESENTED IN THESE PLANS IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING OF FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ANY USE YOU MAKE OF THESE DESIGNS IS ENTIRELY AT YOUR OWN SOLE RISK. THE AUTHOR DOES NOT HAVE ANY CONTROL WHATSOEVER OVER THE FINAL MANUFACTURED QUALITY OR PHYSICAL INTEGRITY OF ANY VEHICLE OR DEVICE IN WHOLE OR IN PART BASED ON THESE DESIGNS AND TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED IN APPLICABLE LAW, THE AUTHOR IS NOT LIABLE IN ANY WAY FOR ANY LOSS, DAMAGE OR INJURY YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY MAY INCUR AS A RESULT, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OF YOUR USE OF THESE DESIGNS. THE AUTHOR AND THE VEHICLE REPRESENTED IN THESE PLANS (THE VEHICLE) HAS NO LINKS TO ALVIS VEHICLES (BAE LAND SYSTEMS) AND NO ENDORSEMENT BY ALVIS VEHICLES (BAE LAND SYSTEMS) IS INFERRED BY ITS EXISTENCE. THE VEHICLE IS INTENDED AS A HOMAGE TO THE DESIGNERS, ENGINEERS AND USERS OF THE STALWART. THIS DOCUMENT IS AN OUTLINE GUIDE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A ONE-OFF TOY FOR PERSONAL USE: THIS DOCUMENT SHALL NOT BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR ANY COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. ITS EXISTENCE IN NO WAY PREJUDICES THE RIGHTS OF ALVIS VEHICLES (BAE LAND SYSTEMS) TO EXPLOIT OR LICENSE THE CONCEPT OF SCALE VERSIONS OF THEIR DESIGNS.
This means: This is only a guide, not a detailed how-to; Dont blame me if you hurt yourself or anyone else if you try to use this guide to make one like mine; Dont rip off Alvis (BAE LAND SYSTEMS); Dont rip me off;
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Table of Contents. 1 2 3 Introduction...................................................................... 12 Description ....................................................................... 13 Common Sense ................................................................. 14 3.1 General Techniques ........................................................ 15 3.1.1 Measuring. ............................................................... 15 3.1.2 Sawing. ................................................................... 16 3.1.3 Drilling .................................................................... 16 3.1.4 Planing .................................................................... 17 3.1.5 Sanding ................................................................... 17 3.1.6 Grinding .................................................................. 18 3.1.7 Welding ................................................................... 18 3.1.8 Joints in Wood .......................................................... 19 3.1.9 Batteries.................................................................. 22 3.1.10 Chains and Sprockets. ............................................ 22 3.1.11 Spray-painting. ...................................................... 23 3.2 Operation. ..................................................................... 24 4 Materials / Other .............................................................. 25 5 Building Sequence............................................................. 26 5.1 Hull .............................................................................. 26 5.1.1 Components............................................................. 26 5.1.2 Procedure. ............................................................... 26 5.2 Load-bed....................................................................... 32 5.2.1 Components............................................................. 32 5.2.2 Procedure. ............................................................... 32 5.3 Cab .............................................................................. 34 5.3.1 Components............................................................. 34 5.3.2 Procedure. ............................................................... 35 5.4 Metalwork. .................................................................... 40 5.4.1 Stub Axles ............................................................... 40 5.4.2 Axle-beams .............................................................. 41 5.4.3 Rear axle-beams....................................................... 42 5.4.4 Driveshafts. ............................................................. 43 5.4.5 Finishing. ................................................................. 44 5.5 Steering Gear. ............................................................... 45 5.5.1 Description............................................................... 45 5.5.2 Process.................................................................... 46 5.6 Drive and Transmission ................................................... 48 5.6.1 Description............................................................... 48 5.6.2 Design Considerations. .............................................. 48 5.6.3 Procedure. ............................................................... 53 5.7 Assembly....................................................................... 56 5.8 Electrical. ...................................................................... 57 Page 4 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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5.9 Testing.......................................................................... Safety: .................................................................... Tyre pressures.......................................................... Steering function ...................................................... 5.9.4 Drive functions ......................................................... 5.9.5 Combined Functions .................................................. 5.9.6 Other electrical ......................................................... 5.10 Finishing & Painting. ....................................................
5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3
60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62
List of Tables. Table 1: Acronyms & Abbreviations................................................ 8 Table 2: Conversion Factors.......................................................... 9 Table 3: Revision History. ........................................................... 11
APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX
List of Appendices. A: Materials List ......................................................... 64 B: Steering Strategies................................................. 68 C: Drive Control Strategies .......................................... 78 D: Forces Involved. .................................................... 82 E: Weight, Balance & Performance. .............................. 87 F: Wiper-motor mounting. ........................................... 94 G: Parental Override................................................... 98 H: Things I didn't get round to ....................................101 I: Crane...103 J: Kitchen Pass..........................................................113
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List of Figures. Figure 1: Alignment of hull-side and bulkheads. ............................ 27 Figure 2: Trimming of hull-sides. ................................................. 28 Figure 3: Faces of base that are required to be trimmed................. 29 Figure 4: Part-Assembled Hull ..................................................... 30 Figure 5: Cab Assembly.............................................................. 34 Figure 6: Cab base and cab rear-panel. ........................................ 35 Figure 7: Cab base, rear-panel and front-panel. ............................ 36 Figure 8: Cab after fitment of right-hand side-panel....................... 36 Figure 9: Cab with front, rear and both side-panels in place............ 37 Figure 10: Seat added to cab. ..................................................... 37 Figure 11: Holy side-panels Batman!............................................ 38 Figure 12: Typical Stub-axle ....................................................... 40 Figure 13: Axle Beams ............................................................... 41 Figure 14: Rear Axle Assembly .................................................... 42 Figure 15: Steering mechanism (one axle).................................... 45 Figure 16: Drive Assembly .......................................................... 51 Figure 17: Driveshaft detail ........................................................ 52 Figure 18: Partially assembled. ................................................... 56 Figure 19: "Discrete" Joystick principle........................................ 69 Figure 20: Analogue Joystick Principle. ......................................... 69 Figure 21: Open-loop relay-controlled steering. ............................ 71 Figure 22: Z-Bracket.................................................................. 72 Figure 23 Overview of Closed-Loop Position Control. ...................... 73 Figure 24:Steering/Drive Mixing. ................................................. 74 Figure 25: Electronic Differential Using 4QD Controllers.................. 75 Figure 26: Characteristics of lost-motion device. ........................... 76 Figure 27: When it comes to heatsinks for MOSFETS, one from an old PC can't be beaten... ............................................................ 77 Figure 28: Forward/Reverse Relays (single motor shown)............... 80 Figure 29: Typical Characteristics of Wiper Motor........................... 83 Figure 30: Pulling Force vs Speed. ............................................... 84 Figure 31: Achievable Gradient vs Speed...................................... 85 Figure 32: Pulling Force vs Speed for Different Ratios .................... 86 Figure 33: System with poor drag................................................ 86 Figure 34: CG position, EMPTY .................................................... 88 Figure 35: CG position, DRIVER only. ........................................... 89 Figure 36: Illustration of lateral tip angle...................................... 92 Figure 37: Position of CG. ........................................................... 93 Figure 38: Forces on Motor ......................................................... 95 Figure 39: Simple mounting bracket. ........................................... 96 Figure 40: Oval holes allow for movement. ................................... 96 Figure 41: More complex bracket................................................. 97 Page 6 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 42: 43: 44: 45: 46: 47: 48: 49: Detail of parental override module. .............................100 This sound module came from a toy tractor. .................102 Components of Prototype Crane..................................104 Components of Original Crane. ...................................105 Section View of Crane Column ....................................107 Motor Mount .............................................................109 Boom Lift Detail ............... Error! Bookmark not defined. Crane Capability........................................................111
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Acronyms & Abbreviations

The following acronyms and abbreviations are used in this document: Acronym/Abbreviation A Centimetres CO Deg. e.m.f. Fwd g kg l m mm mph N NC NO N.m. PAR r SP THRU Typ V WBP Intended Meaning Amps cm Changeover Degree Electro-motive force Forward Diameter Acceleration due to gravity. Kilogramme Litre Metre Millimetre Miles per hour Newton Normally-closed Normally-open Newton-metres Planed All Round Radius Single-pole Through Typical Volt Water Boil Proof
Table 1: Acronyms & Abbreviations.
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Conversion Factors.
The following conversion factors are provided as a quick-reference: From Inches m cm mm Kg lbs N.m lb.ft To mm cm m Inches lbs Kg lb.ft N.m
Table 2: Conversion Factors
Multiply by 25.4 2.54 0.0254 39.37007874 0.393700787 0.039370078 2.204622622 0.453592370 0.737562147 1.355817952
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Contact Details:
This document was authored by: Hugh Neve E-mail: hugh@hughneve.co.uk
Please read the documentation before attempting anything similar and re-read it before contacting me with any queries.
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Revision History
Revision A Date JUL 06 AUG 06 Change Various. Reason for Change. Initial Issue Update to include Perspex windows, modified tailgate, etc.,
Table 3: Revision History.
Configuration Data.
Document Generation PDF Generation Image manipulation Image location Document location MS Word 2000 deskPDF MS Paintbrush OLE Insertion C:\STOLLY\ 9.0.2070 n/a Version 5.1 SP2
JollyStolly
1 Introduction.
JollyStolly is a child-size homage to the Alvis Stalwart, a six wheel drive all-terrain amphibious supply transporter that was designed in the 1960s, when it was thought that military supplies could have to be transported across the lands and rivers of Germany in the even of a third world war. Thankfully, it was never needed in this role: its high fuel costs and advances in helicopter technology eventually made it redundant. As homage, it is a tribute to the design and engineering skills of Alvis and the personnel of the British Army who drove and maintained them. There is no connection to the Alvis product and the JollyStolly is not intended to carry large quantities of ammunition or jerry-cans through central Europe! This document describes how I made a battery-powered two-wheel drive JollyStolly to transport one or two children, and is a guide to repeating this if you wished to. The JollyStolly was born out of an enthusiasm for an interesting toy for my children and a need to keep up with the shiny, chrome and plastic toys that their peers enjoyed. If I was four years old, would I want a shiny pink VW Beetle, or a four-wheel drive with big balloon tyres, or, as I suspected, would I go for something that looked that part and that no-one else had? I knew what the answer would be and, since an Army open-day in 1974, I knew that it would be a Stolly It took six months worth of working over weekends and/or waiting for parts and/or re-working for the prototype, 0001, to move under its own power. Lots of lessons learned have been incorporated in these plans, which have been designed to make the process as easy as possible and, above all, fun! However, as there are no such things as standard parts, you also get the challenge and fun of tweaking things to fit the parts that you can obtain. This manual is presented in a reasonable logical order. It is suggested that you read it all before thinking about making one
Enjoy!
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2 Description
The JollyStolly is constructed from wood, with a small amount of steelwork: the body is constructed from 9mm Exterior plywood, glued and screwed together after being cut to size. Some planed timber is used to strengthen the body, with sheets of corrugated roofing material used to give the look to the sides and tailgate. The body is grain-filled with filler, primed and painted. The front and middle sets of wheels rotate on steel stub axles that pivot on the ends of box-steel beam axles. These wheels are those that steer and the steering-arms are motored in each direction by rods connected to arms on a torque-rod. This torque rod is turned through the action of an automotive wiper-motor. The rear pair of wheels are the driven wheels. Each wheel is driven by an automotive windscreen wiper-motor, with final reduction effected via chain-drive. The JollyStolly is controlled from the cab, in which the driver sits. Control of the prototype is via a joystick, which commands both the steering and the drive.
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3 Common Sense
The JollyStolly was designed as a fun project: fun to build and to use. But, like everything else in life, there are risks involved. The construction inevitably involves sharp tools, and the operation involves small children and a powered vehicle. Common-sense should be used at all times! The following construction and operation tips should be read before commencing work. Not only do they provide safety tips, but the operational tips also explain some of the design decisions. If in doubt, find a knowledgeable person who knows
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3.1 General Techniques
During the construction phase it will be necessary to perform the following operations, during which great care should be taken (also bear in mid that there may be lots of interest from little people, so take great care with keeping the working area clear of loose materials, tools, cables, hot objects, etc.):
3.1.1 Measuring.
Measuring happens before any cuts; Measure twice: cut once is an old adage, but it is a very good one; Try to include one factory-machined edge in each piece of plywood that is measured out; Use a pencil or fine felt-tip to mark plywood: this will be visible under the clouds of dust and sawdust during cutting; Cut plywood oversize and then sand it down to the measured size rather than end up with an undersize or splinter-edged piece of ply;
Tip: How to find the centre of an arc given the radius and known lines of tangent: r from given line. r from given line. Centre of arc, radius r
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3.1.2 Sawing.
Ensure that the material is well supported either side of where the cut will be made; Keep body parts away from the cutting edge; Be aware of where the cut will go it is all to easy to cut through a trestle with a saw; If cutting metal, ensure that at least three teeth of the blade will be present on the cut surface, i.e., change the blade if you change the thickness of material thinner material = more teeth per inch (TPI); A finer blade in a jigsaw gives a better quality, splinter-free cut in plywood; Wear gloves and eye-protection;
3.1.3 Drilling
Ensure that the material being drilled is secure large torques can result from drill bits exiting surfaces; Use a drill press if you can these are available to fit power drills for 20; Use high-quality drill bits where possible; Mark the material and (for metal) use a hole-punch to stop the drill bit slipping; Fast speeds for small diameter drill bits: slower speeds for large diameter drill bits; Use a pilot-hole where large drill bits are going to be used; Wear gloves and eye-protection and keep hands, hair and clothing away from rotating parts; Dont put too much pressure on the drill; Piranha brand drill bits are highly recommended for drilling metal: they drill on contact without skidding and complete the hole easily and cleanly, with a continuous spiral of swarf being generated (rather than lots of chips). Swarf is sharp and can cut clean it up and de-bur the holes after they have been drilled; Remember to take the chuck-key out! Page 16 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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3.1.4 Planing
Planes have a very sharp blade. Get to know your plane, the way that the blades adjust and the adjustments that are required in order to cut the material you are using in small, steady cuts; If you are able to, mark the limit of the cut on the material using a ruler or a marking gauge on both sides; Keep your hands and body parts behind the plane; Ensure that the material is held securely; Keep the plane chute free of shavings; To achieve a specific angle use a sliding bevel to transfer the angle from one surface to the other:
A If A-A is the first measured line on one surface, use the slidingbevel to mark out A-B and A-B to allow B-B to be drawn. All of these lines can then be used to achieve the correct angle.
3.1.5 Sanding
Sanding makes lots of unhealthy dust: wear a mask and eye protection to keep it out of your body; Use extraction facilities where they exist; Avoid dust-traps than can become fire-traps; If sanding by hand use a sanding block: a scrap piece of wood will do as long as it is flat and smooth; Start with the coarser grades (smaller grit numbers) and then progress to the finer papers (bigger grit numbers); If using a sanding machine, use the extraction facilities. Page 17 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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3.1.6 Grinding
The material to be ground should be securely held; Wear gloves and eye-protection: cutting/grinding blades make a horrible wound that is very difficult to stitch, and they do that cutting very quickly; Keep the filings (the sparks) going away from you where possible; Work at a slow and steady pace dont rush the cutting or grinding or the blade will get to hot and may shatter; Dont grind aluminium or aluminium alloys the disc might shatter; Once a cut is started keep it going or stop dont try and change the direction of the cut the blade might shatter; Start and stop the machine with it held away from the material, not in contact with it. Cutting discs (flat) are for cutting, NOT grinding; Grinding discs (cupped) are for grinding, NOT cutting;
3.1.7 Welding
Secure the material before you start bear in mind that it will get very hot and there will be lots of splatter; Bear in mind that there may be movement as the materials cool if they are not secured properly. Use clamps, etc., accordingly Protect yourself with appropriate gloves and eye-protection; Protect others by keeping them out of the way (especially from the light of an arc, which can cause eye-damage); Clean the surface of the metal with de-greaser (brake cleaning spray from a motor-factor is good if the surface is not hot) and grind/file it to a bare metal surface; Ensure there is a good electrical bonding to the materials being welded; Keep progress steady and the weld-pool a constant size.
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3.1.8 Joints in Wood
Lots of plywood-to-plywood joints are made in JollyStolly. These are crucial to the strength of the finished product; Make sure that there are no gaps between the pieces being joined: some small gaps will be taken up during joining, but it is not a miracle cure. Plywood is produced with a small layer of wax on the outer faces that stops the sheets sticking together in transit. This needs to be sanded off before a decent joint can be made; Screws need a pilot-hole, which should be just big enough to allow the shank of the screw to pass through, but not large enough that the load is taken by the head of the screw. Without a pilot-hole the two pieces of material will not be clamped together, merely kept in loose formation; The screws should be steered to keep them in the middle of the ply that the drilled piece is being joined to. Some modern screws have ribs on the head that perform the task of countersinking the screws very efficiently: other screws may need countersinking in order to get a flush joint. Some DIY stores market boxes of screws with a driver-bit included: these provide excellent grip and reduce the likelihood of screws being dropped and lost; If it is indicated in the instructions use clamps and props to keep items in the correct relative position. These can include clothespegs (ask first!), masking tape and heavy weights. Keep sawdust and shavings out of the joint and apply waterproof PVA glue on the mating surfaces. Dont be shy of topping up the glue-line if the glue is completely absorbed; Excess glue can be removed with a damp cloth before it dries: generally speaking it is dry when it becomes transparent, but check the manufacturers directions; Dont disturb the joint until the glue has completely dried no matter how keen you might be;
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Good. Tight joint with no gaps
Poor. Gaps make for weak joing and poor glueline.
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Poor. Will result in splitting/splintering.
Good. Screw has been guided properly and will lead to a secure joint.
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3.1.9 Batteries.
Lead-acid batteries are (not surprisingly) full of acid and very heavy; Dont drop or tip the battery it may split and/or leak, or bruise your toe; Be careful when charging the battery hydrogen is liberated and it is highly explosive; Dont connect the charger with it switched on connect it then switch it on; Keep the battery well secured in the JollyStolly; Clear up acid spills carefully keep acid away from skin, paint, chemicals, etc.,.
3.1.10
Chains and Sprockets.
Sprockets have teeth: they can bite. Once something is caught in the teeth of a moving sprocket it will be crushed between the teeth and the chain and kept there until it is spat out when the sprocket has turned. This might be your finger, hair, tie, or anything else that gets near it. KEEP OBJECTS & BODY PARTS AWAY FROM MOVING CHAINS. Common sense says that if you are working on/near the chains and sprockets it is prudent to ensure that they cant be put in motion by a curious onlooker, wiring short, or accidental movement as you peer in. Take the fuse out; switch the master switch off; unplug electrical connectors. In order to install chains it is necessary to make them up from the free length in which it is supplied. This can be achieved by punching out pins with a hammer and small drift, or a friendly cyclist can be persuaded to lend a chain-splitter. Repair-links are available to allow the chain to be joined more easily than re-inserting the pins.
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3.1.11 Spray-painting.
There are three golden rules for achieving a good finish using spraypaints: a) Move the can at a constant speed and a constant distance from the object being sprayed. b) Make sure that the can is moving when spraying starts and stops. This avoids blobs of more dense spray at the beginning and end of each pass. c) Build the paint in thin overlapping passes.
Constant speed. Spray started/stopped when can moving. Good
Varying speed. Spray started/stopped when can stationary. Bad
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3.2 Operation.
The JollyStolly has bags of oomph, even if it moves very slowly: it is more than capable of putting dents into cars, knocking down fence panels, squashing bystanders against walls and causing havoc. Think about installing the radio-controls for parental-override (see APPENDIX G) and always supervise it being used. Specific hazards include: the risk of others being crushed by the vehicle; the risk of the vehicle passing under an obstruction that then impinges on the driver; the risk of the tailgate swinging onto shins; the [low] risk of overturning; the [low] risk of fire;
It is pretty stable (as detailed in the Appendix E), but care should be taken on slopes and gradients, particularly making turns whilst going down slopes and gradients. Consider a tilt-switch to cut off the drive if it tilts too far if you think it might be used on uneven ground. The original Stalwart floated: this one does not. It is not designed to go anywhere near water of any kind and will not like it if it gets wet. In deep water it will sink. The controls are designed to be such that drive and steering stops when the controls are released make sure that they cant jam in a drive condition.
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4 Materials / Other
An outline bill of materials is listed in Appendix A. Most of these materials are readily available from builders merchants and the larger DIY stores. Others are less readily available and need to be sought via the internet etc., eBay is an excellent source of materials at low prices: the wiper motors in the prototype were won on eBay for less than 2, plus a few pounds P & P. They are also available from automotive breakers and salvage yards for 10 or so. RS Components have a wide range of bearings and other mechanical equipment, though a trade account is needed to purchase them. The only professional assistance required in the construction of the prototype was the machining of the drive-shafts. Having bought the materials from a steel stockholder the turning was done very cheaply and quickly for 5 beer-money by an old-timer at a local engineering company. Unless otherwise indicated crimped connectors are the preferred means of effecting electrical connections: the motors take large currents that might melt lesser connections. Various grades of cable are available from motor-factors and electrical/electronic outlets. Kits that include a variety of connectors and crimping pliers are often available at Pound-shops and tool stalls at markets and car-boot sales, etc., Part of the challenge of the build is finding the parts and making changes in the detailed design to accommodate minor changes, etc., One of the key items to procure are the wheels: the ones listed in the Appendix are slightly over-scale, but of the ones that were readily available these were reasonably priced, had tread and plain-bore hubs. As supplied the bore of the hubs are too large and the adaptors supplied must be used. This is not ideal, and impacts upon the design of the transmission.
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5 Building Sequence
This sequence is ordered to promote and assist the ease of construction. It does not, however, have to be followed religiously.
5.1 Hull
The hull is a logical place to start as it is relatively simple and because it holds the cab and the mechanical components together. It introduces the jointing techniques before tackling the cab, which has some interesting compound angles.
5.1.1 Components.
1) Measure, re-measure and cut-out the following panels: Forward bulkhead; Aft bulkhead; Hull sides, (2 off); Hull base; Hull aft end-panel; Hull forward end-panels;
5.1.2 Procedure.
1) 2) 3) Drill the hull sides and the hull base with a series of pilot holes 4.5mm from the edge and 30mm apart; Clamp the first hull side in a vice/workbench so that it is upside down with its measured-out shorter length horizontal; Position the aft bulkhead so that it: a. is perpendicular to the hull side; b. has its mid-thickness line aligned with the pilot holes in the hull side; c. the corner of the aft bulkhead is aligned with the measured-out line of the hull side. These are shown in the following figure.
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90 Deg Typ
Align bulkheads to this edge
Figure 1: Alignment of hull-side and bulkheads.
4) 5) 6) 7)
Glue and screw the two pieces together. Take the hull side out of the clamp/workbench and let the bulkheads sit on the workplace. Using the criteria in (3) fix the other hull side; Fit the mid and forward bulkheads by repeating (3) and (4);
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8) The next task is to plane and sand the lower-edges of the hull sides to be straight, level with (and parallel to) the lower (shorter parallel edge) of the bulkheads. By aligning the corner of the bulkheads with the measured-out edges of the hull sides these lines can be used as a reference. By carefully machining the edges of the hull sides to meet these conditions the hull sides are made ready to accept the drilled hull base.
Trim this face level with bulkheads
Figure 2: Trimming of hull-sides.
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9)
The hull base is fixed to the hull sides and the bulkheads by gluing and screwing, with care being taken not to let the hullsides bow during the process.
10) The longest edges of the base can now be planed and sanded so that they are flush with, and parallel to, the hull sides.
Plane flush to sides
Figure 3: Faces of base that are required to be trimmed.
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11) You should now have something that looks like Figure 4, below. It can be placed the right way up and a straight-edge used to draw a line along the inside of the hull-sides level with the top of the bulkheads. Mark this line (TYP)
Figure 4: Part-Assembled Hull
12) Repeat the planning and sanding until these top edges are level with the lines drawn in (11). The panels that complete the front of the hull have as noted on the drawings to be cut slightly over-size and trimmed to an appropriate angle using a plane and/or sanding after gluing and screwing in place. The rear panel can be fitted after the end-faces of the hull-sides and the end of the base are planed level.
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This face of the base must be planed level with the hull-sides to allow the rear panel to be fitted.
These faces tweaking.
need
slight
13) Fit the rear end-panel. 14) Fit the forward end-panels.
That is the basic construction of the hull completed
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5.2 Load-bed.
The load-bed sits above the hull and is where the cargo (or second passenger) is carried. It contains two access panels (to allow access to the transmission and electrics) and a drop-leaf door at the rear for access etc., It remains completely removable for maintenance.
5.2.1 Components.
Measure, re-measure and components: Load-bed base; Load-bed panels; Load-bed framework; Load-bed side panels; cut the materials for the following
5.2.2 Procedure.
1) On a flat working surface glue and screw the two layers of the load-bed base together, ensuring that they are flat and properly aligned. The screws should be placed from the side that will be uppermost in operation. 2) It may be necessary to carefully grind or file away any screwpoints that have punctured through the lower layer if you havent screwed both layers to the dining table 3) Assemble the sides by gluing and screwing the side-panels and framework together, ensuring that they are un-warped and square. The framework and the edge of the panels should be flush. 4) Use glue and 40mm screws through the bottom panels to fix the sides to the bottom panels. 5) Use glue and 40mm screws to fix the front panel to the framework of the side panels, ensuring that the edges are flush and square. 6) Further framework and plywood panels form the boxwork at the rear of the load-bed. These are capped with small offcuts of plywood, screwed and glued in place. 7) The rear door is made from plywood and timber framework and is hung on a pair of hinges. An installation tip is to drill holes to accept the head of the machine-screws in the closed position. Page 32 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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8) The edges of the access panels are given a 5mm radius using a router and pop-rivets are fixed into blind-holes around the edge to give an industrial look. 9) The corrugated sides are manufactured from mini-profile roofing sheet. Whatever this is made of it is a blighter to cut: a jigsaw shatters it; scissors can cause it to crack; knives can go off-track easily. I have found that repeated light scoring with a very sharp knife led against the edge of a metal rule can be quite effective, but some practise cuts are a good idea. 10) The corrugated sheets are pop-riveted to the ply of the loadbed sides: a 3.2mm hole is drilled through both the corrugated sheet and the ply and the rivet set. 11) Before the access panels are placed in position it is an idea to run a continuous bead of black silicone approx 20mm from the edge. This can be left to cure and will form a good watertight seal when it is in position. Leave it for several days to ensure that it has fully cured or it will end up sticking the access panel shut. The tailgate is built up from 9mm WBP ply and 22mm battening as per DWG 026: the dimensions should be double-checked before cutting to take into account any differences in sizes. The recess can then be fitted with corrugated plastic as per the loadbed sides, above.
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5.3 Cab
Before attempting the cab it is an idea to take a deep breath, send the family to the cinema, take the phone off the hook and have a beer this is the most complex part of the assembly due to the compound angles involved. Dont worry any mistakes or inaccuracies can be eased by sanding and/or filling.
5.3.1 Components.
Make the components from plywood. Where indicated, these parts include over-size portions that will be trimmed during fitment.
Figure 5: Cab Assembly.
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5.3.2 Procedure.
Measure and cut the following components: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Cab base (1 off DWG 012) Cab sides (2 off DWG 010) Cab front face (1 off DWG 009) Cab roof (1 off DWG 011) Cab rear (1 off DWG 008) Cab bead (1 off DWG 012A) Screw and glue the rear bulkhead to the rear edge of the cab base.
Figure 6: Cab base and cab rear-panel.
8)
Screw and glue the front-face in place, using screws and glue to fix the front-face and the base to the cab-bead.
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Figure 7: Cab base, rear-panel and front-panel.
9)
Fix the right-hand cab side using glue and screws to fix it to the rear panel, the base and the front panel.
Figure 8: Cab after fitment of right-hand side-panel.
10) The left-hand-side panel can now be fixed in a similar manner to the right-hand side .
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Figure 9: Cab with front, rear and both side-panels in place.
11) The cab-roof can now be screwed and glued in place, ensuring that any overhang is at the rear.
12) The edges of the panels can now be planed flush with the adjacent panels.
13) The seat is fashioned from a rectangle of plywood suspended from the base of the cab via short lengths of 50 x 25 PAR timber.
50 x 25 Battens
Figure 10: Seat added to cab.
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14) Now is the time to measure and mark-out pencil lines 10mm from the edge of all of the windows. Using a 10mm spacing, drill 3.2mm holes all the way around and fill them with poprivets. (Note: you will need a couple of hundred, so dont buy them in packets of 25 from a DIY shed buy a box of 200 from a motor factors, fixings specialist etc.,)
Plane flush
Figure 11: Holy side-panels Batman!
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15) The windows are glazed, either with 4mm exterior ply cut to size/shape and glued to the inside the cab, or by polycarbonate sheeting sprayed with matt black paint on the inside and cut to shape before sticking in place with black silicone. Notes: It is easy to check the consistency of the spray painting hold it up to the light. The polycarbonate sheet has to be cut in straight lines: score once with a sharp blade, then snap-off over an edge. 16) The front bumper is made from 50 x 25mm hardwood which is secured to the base of the cab via blocks of timber or proprietary brackets. The joints in the corners of the bumper are mitred and the ends are chamfer: this bumper is going to take a few knocks, so it is worth taking time to get it right. The gap between the bumper and the panels will be filled with filler. 17) The edges of the panels can now be planed and sanded flush with adjacent panels in the same way that the hull panels were treated. 18) I added a length of 15mm pipe lagging round the opening, kept in place with cable-ties passed through small holes. That is the cab complete!
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5.4 Metalwork.
5.4.1 Stub Axles
1) The four stub-axles are constructed from the components shown, namely a length of 25 round bar drilled with 10 and (optional*) 5 holes. These holes most be perpendicular and through the diameter of the round bar not offset. Redesign them if you use different wheels than the ones listed! 2) A 25mm steel washer is welded to the round bar to act as a bearing-surface for the wheel. This too has to be perpendicular to the axis of the round bar. 3) A small piece of flat steel bar is welded behind the washer to act as a steering arm. 4) Following the manufacture of these components they can be put to one side until the other metal components are complete. 10mm bolt will fit here
Split-pin will fit here
Figure 12: Typical Stub-axle
Track rod will fit here
* A jubilee clips is a good alternative!
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5.4.2 Axle-beams
The two axle-beams perform several functions and hence need accurate manufacture: they support the stub-axles taking the loads from the wheels and allowing the wheels to steer and aligning the torque-rod that will effect the steering. The axle beams consist of 40mm steel square tube that is cut and drilled at either end and the middle before having lengths of drilled flat steel bar welded to the front and back 1) Having drilled the two 10 holes, the ends are shaped by cuts at 45 Deg to the sides, followed by grinding or filing to achieve a rounded shape. 2) The pieces of flat bar are welded to the sides, ensuring that they are securely clamped in place to avoid them moving during or directly after welding. 3) The mounting holes for the pedestal bearing can now be drilled and de-burred. 4) These two components can now be placed to one side until the rear axle-beams have been completed.
Figure 13: Axle Beams
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5.4.3 Rear axle-beams
The rear axle-beams have to be able to perform quite a few different tasks, such as: Supporting part of the weight of the vehicle; Keeping the geometry of the transmission correct; Transmitting the drive from the wheels to the vehicle;
To do this and remain easy to manufacture the design is a compromise. That drawn works in the prototype but can be tweaked or re-designed to suit personal preferences and variations in the drive / transmission. The beams themselves are constructed from 40mm square-section steel tube, cut to length with drilled pieces of flat steel welded to the side at the angle of the side of the hull. Opposite corners of the square section are cut away with a hacksaw to enable M6 nuts to be welded into position: these are held in the correct position during the welding by using a piece of thick card (yes, it will burn!) through which two M6 bolts are placed. These bolts are placed according to the position of the mountings for the outboard bearing. Short lengths of 20mm square-section tube are welded to the bottom of each axle: this completes them and they can be added to the pile of completed metalwork.
Figure 14: Rear Axle Assembly
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5.4.4 Driveshafts.
The driveshafts as drawn correspond with the installation as drawn and the wheels as specified. In the event that any changes are made to either of these the design of the driveshaft will have to be changed accordingly. The driveshaft has a step in diameter that must be machined this is where access to a lathe is required. This step is necessitated by the bearings used in the rear-axle (they are very flat, but only available to 20mm) and the inner diameter of the wheel hub (adapted down to 25mm with the inserts supplied with them. A friendly engineer or hobbyist can be bribed into performing this work: while they have it, ask them to machine the drive-sprocket and end-bolt, with a woodruff key in both sprocket and driveshaft. The alternative is to perform some very careful welding with the driveshaft in-situ Once back from machining the 20mm portion of the driveshaft will fit very snugly into the holes of a folding workbench, allowing a predrilled washer to be welded onto the driveshaft and the weld carefully ground back. The hole for the drive-pin can be drilled, ensuring that the driveshaft is securely held in the correct position. The driveshafts can be placed to one-side: they do not require any painting.
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5.4.5 Finishing.
The completed metalwork should be cleaned of splatter, rust and dirt. This can be achieved using a manual wire-brush or a stripping disc in an angle-grinder TAKING GREAT CARE AT ALL TIMES. The bare-metal can then be de-greased and painted using Hammerite or other proprietary metal paint. This should be applied to all surfaces including internal faces (where they can be reached). Threads should be kept free of paint. Parts can be supported by, or suspended from, pieces of wire during the process to avoid getting paint over the hands. One of the characteristics of these types of metal paint is that the first coat forms a homogenous layer and then leaches small quantities of vapours for many months as it cures fully. If the paint instructions indicate that a second coat is required it should be applied soon after the first in order to become amalgamated into a single skin. A second coat applied at a later date may become affected by the vapours of the first coat unless several months have passed.
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5.5 Steering Gear.
5.5.1 Description.
The steering is active on the foremost four wheels. Electrical commands result in movement of a sprocket fitted to a wiper-motor. Via further chain-transmission this movement is reduced to impart large torques to a torque-rod that runs along the forward portion of the hull running in bearings fitted to the beam axles. As the torque-rod rotates it moves arms to which steering-rods are attached via spherical rod-end bearings. The other end of the rods are attached to the steering-arms on the stub axles to move the wheels. It will have to be designed and made to suit the detail of any particular installation. The forward arm attached to the torque-rod is greater in length than the aft arm. This results in the middle pair of wheels moving by approximately 50% of the amount that the forward pair of wheels move.
Figure 15: Steering mechanism (one axle)
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5.5.2 Process.
The following process should be followed to install the steering gear: 1) The torque rod is manufactured by welding suitably cut and drilled pieces of flat bar to the main rod. 2) The drive sprocket is, ideally, drilled to suit the diameter of the torque-rod and secured with a woodruff key and end-bolt. However, this requires professional machining and it would be acceptable to weld it on if it can be achieved without melting the pedestal bearing (which has to be fitted first) and it is square and concentric; 3) Mark-out the left-hand hull-side with shape shown in DWG 24, in the positions shown in DWG 004; 4) Cut-out the marked hole using a padsaw/jigsaw using drilled holes at the corners if required. The hole should be finished with a rasp or file; 5) The un-equipped forward and mid axle-beams can be slid into position in the hull and secured to the hull base with bolts through the flat bar: the bolts should be head-down, fitted with washers and secured using lock-nuts; 6) The torque-rod for the steering can be slid through the hole in the mid bulkhead and the pedestal bearings fitted to hold the torque-rod in place. 7) The stub-axles can be fitted to the beam-axles using 10mm bolts, locking nuts and washers. The bolts are fitted head up, with washers placed as required between the top of the stubaxle and the beam-axle in order to ensure the steering-arm of the stub-axle can swing into the slot when under load. 8) The rod-end bearings can be fitted to: a. b. c. d. e. Front-left stub-axle Front-right stub-axle Mid-left stub-axle Mid-right stub-axle Front arm of torque-rod Page 46 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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f. Rear-arm of torque-rod. 9) The torque-rod should be constrained to the neutral position (this depends upon the steering implementation See APPENDIX B) and the front and mid wheels should be set to be parallel to straight-ahead. This can be achieved by deflating the tyres and securing the wheels against a length of timber, etc.; 10) The distance between the pairs of rod-end bearings should be measured. Lengths of 6mm threaded-rod should be cut to 10mm longer than this value and threaded into the rod-ends so that the wheels and torque-rod remain in the straight-ahead position. This requires that one rod-end bearing of each pair is removed to insert the threaded-rod. 11) Removing the constraints on the torque-rod and wheels the drive-sprocket can be turned by a (gloved) hand to verify that the wheels move in the same direction and that the forward wheels turn more than the mid-wheels. Movement should be free and smooth. 12) The steering motor should be installed (with consideration to APPENDIX F) so that the motor-sprocket is aligned with the sprocket on the torque-arm; 13) If the pedestal bearings used do not allow for the longitudinal movement of the torque-rod to be constrained (via a grub-screw, etc.,) collar-clamps should be fitted either side of one of the pedestal bearings. 14) The electrical/electronic portion of the steering control system can now be installed (i.e., limit-switches, feedback sensor, etc.,)
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5.6 Drive and Transmission
5.6.1 Description.
Drive is effected through the torque produced from two windscreenwiper motors. These can generally be obtained from eBay or breakers/salvage yards at reasonable prices. The motion and torque of the windscreen-wiper motors is transmitted to the half-shafts via sprockets and chain. This reduces the speed and increases the torque. The two half-shafts each run in two bearings: outboard bearings that allow rotation and axial movement; inboard pedestal bearings that allow rotation and fix the axial position. Rotation of the half-shafts is transmitted to the rear wheels via substantial drive-pins and screws fixed into the wheel hub.
5.6.2 Design Considerations.

The installation of the transmission components will have to be tailored to suit the wiper-motors that are being used. Suffice to say that:
The design of the transmission is dependent on the wheels used: those used for the prototype were sourced from Screwfix as wheelbarrow wheels. Any changes will propagate through the design of the transmission. If the vehicle is required to reverse then the sprocket must be prevented from unscrewing on the thread of the wiper-motor. This opens up the possibilities for mounting the motors as they no longer have to be running in the same sense (i.e., both clockwise or both anti-clockwise); Wiper-motors tend to run better in the direction in which they were designed to run when installed in the donor vehicle the worm gears have curved faces: if possible, install them so that they run in that favoured direction when they are installed so as to propel the vehicle forwards;
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It is a general rule of thumb, but wiper motors where the axis of the motor is aligned with the rim of the gears are generally simple worm-gear reductions and dont produce much torque. Those where the axis of the motor is more aligned with the output shaft generally have more torque to the multiple reductions performed via vortex gears.
Not so good
Better
The axis of the pairs of sprockets must be aligned with, and perpendicular to, the axis of whatever they are fixed to: if not, they will wobble and stretch / break the chain.
Good
Bad
The teeth of both sprockets need to be in the same plane: if they are not lined up the chain will be strained and will eventually break. Some form of constraint may be required to stop relative movement if this is not built into the pedestal bearing shaftcollars can be used.
Good
Bad
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Consider the use of a sprung chain-tensioner close to the drivensprocket to minimise slack and maintain tension. The chain will stretch under normal use and will require readjustment; The smaller sprocket has a small number of teeth: this that only a few teeth might be taking load at any one leading to skipping, wearing of the teeth and failures. another reason for including a tensioner, which can also the chain to increase the number of active teeth. means time This is deflect
Bad: chain only in contact for approx 120 Degrees
Good: chain in contact for approx 240 degrees.
The chassis of the wiper-motors form part of the electrical circuit whether you like it or not: they were designed to be installed in a negative-earth car with the chassis/mountings forming the return path in the circuit. If the two motors touch either all the time or when deflected under load - the control circuitry may be affected or a fuse blown. As the wiper-motor starts to move and apply tension to the chain a load of equal magnitude is being applied to the wipermotor. This tries to move the sprocket on the wiper-motor towards the sprocket on the half-shaft. This must be resisted by the mountings of the wiper-motor the mountings must be designed accordingly. See APPENDIX F.
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Driveshaft Drive sprocket
20mm pedestal bearing
Rear axle
Figure 16: Drive Assembly
The mountings for the wiper motor (see APPENDIX F) should minimise movement in all directions. Any slack that can develop in the chain under load will cause it to jump leading to premature wear of the chain/sprocket and really awful noise.
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The outboard ends of the drive-shafts are secured to the wheel by screws into the wheel hub and drive-pins through both the shaft and the wheels.
Holes for selftapping screws into wheel hub. Hole for drive-pin
Figure 17: Driveshaft detail
If the drive-pin is too short and/or the ends of the drive-pin too small there is a danger that it will bend and be sucked-in through the hole in the wheel hub. Therefore, it is necessary to use a very large cotter-pin or bolts/washers/nuts.
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5.6.3 Procedure.
The following procedure drive/transmission: should be followed to install the
1) The hole shown in DWG 024 should be marked out in the correct position on both sides of the hull. 2) The holes should be cut out using a padsaw/jigsaw (using drilled holes at the corners if necessary) and finished off with a rasp/file. It is almost inevitable that screws have to be cut, so think about using a metal-cutting blade, or unscrew affected screws before cutting. 3) A hole needs to be cut in the base of the hull to accommodate the sprockets. A piece of plywood can be cut from 18mm plywood directly or laminated by gluing two pieces of de-greased 9mm plywood together. This ply can be fixed over the hole in the base of the hull by screwing through the base having applied glue appropriately. 4) The rear-axles can be slid in through both hull-sides, to which they can be bolted the head of the bolts should be on the outside and washers and locknuts on the inside. The bolts should be left loosely fastened. 5) The 20mm square-section strut can be welded to both rearaxles, ensuring that they are aligned in all directions. The bolts can now be tightened and any protrusion of the bolts on the inside trimmed off. 6) The pedestal bearings can now be installed in the hull, fixed through the 18mm plywood using washers and locknuts with the bolts heads-up. The pedestal bearings should be packed with washers to ensure that their axis is concentric with the rearaxle.
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7) The Igus bearings should be fixed to the outboard end of the rear-axles: this is achieved using bolts that have been reduced in length. To do this, a nut should be threaded onto the bolt before cutting it and then the nut removed so that it cleans the cut portion of the thread as it does so. Packing washers might be necessary between the bearing and the axle to ensure that the bearing is not deformed. 8) The wheels should be pushed fully onto the end of the driveshaft and, by measurement, the distance between the outside of the hub and the drive-pin hole should be determined. 9) An L-shaped piece of wire (of the same diameter as the drive-pin hole) should be made such that: a. The shortest leg of the L is approx 20 mm; b. The longest leg of the L is much longer than the value measured in 8, but marked with that distance; 10) By heating the wire to red-heat over a flame the wire can be inserted into the hub of the rear wheels to the marked depth and the shorter limb used to bore a hole for the drive-pin. A second hole can be bored in the same manner in a diametrically opposite position. 11) The rear wheels can be pushed onto the driveshafts and self-tapping screws used to secure the driveshaft to the wheel. The drive-pin (or bolts) can then be fitted. 12) The driveshafts can be passed through the Igus bearing and through the pedestal bearing. When the driveshafts are flush with the Igus bearing the driveshaft can be constrained either with shaft-collars or the grub-screw in the bearing. 13) The drive-sprockets can be fitted and the wheels spun by hand to test the installation. 14) The smaller sprockets should be drilled and tapped to suit the thread of the wiper-motor; 15) The motors can be installed and the chains fitted.
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16) The chain tension and alignment should be checked, and it should be verified that there is no electrical continuity between the chassis of the two motors. 17) As a precaution, the rear tyres should be deflated and some silicone/rubber-cement smeared between the tyre and rim before refilling the tyres. This prevents the tyres slipping on the rim during more demanding manoeuvres.
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5.7 Assembly
Assembly of the components is straightforward and logical: the cab is attached to the hull with screws and glue; the bearers in DWG023 are fixed to the inside of the hull with screws and glue, and the loadbed fixed to the bearers with four 40mm screws countersunk into the loadbed these are easily undone to gain access to the hull. Careful measuring and re-measuring ensures that everything is symmetrical and aesthetically correct.
Figure 18: Partially assembled.
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5.8 Electrical.
The electrical installation is one of the final operations. It is, however, highly dependant on the exact design of steering / drive that has been chosen, so concepts have been included fairly generically. Key points are: Work to a plan - dont just join-the-dots with the wiring, however tempting it is to get on with it; Pay attention to manufacturers recommendations with regard to wiring length, proximity to other wiring, etc., This is especially important with microcontrollers and motor controllers; Switch the positive supply of the circuit dont leave live wiring and components floating round unless absolutely necessary; Use the appropriately-sized wiring inadequate wiring will melt; Use a consistent colour-code for the wiring and stick to it. If the more-readily available supplies dont have sufficient variation consider motor-factors, auto-electricians or trailer suppliers (tow-bar electrics use 7- or 12-core cables using different colours and available by the metre if you look hard enough, Maplins supply 7-core this way); Where possible label the wiring (individual wires or bundles as appropriate), using proprietary marking systems or a Dymolabel; Use insulated crimp connector is you can get them; Always crimp connectors twice once to make the electrical connection and once to fix the connector to an insulated portion of the connector; Use heat-shrink to insulate exposed wires (such as LED legs, etc). It is also useful for supporting sub-bundles it binds the wiring together and keeps it neat; Do make allowances for removing/installing components and for things to move/flex during normal use, but dont leave loops of wiring where they can get tangled or caught in moving parts. Make sure, for instance, that you can lift the plywood board and junction-box out in order to gain access to the steering gear; Support bundles of wiring using cable ties at regular intervals and anchor-points to guide the runs of the bundles; Dont piggy-back too many connections connect several terminal blocks together in the junction-box to allow more connections to be made; Test the wiring with a multimeter before applying power: bear in mid that some fuse-holders have LED indicators which can fool Page 57 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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a multimeter into thinking there is a connection; the current from a multi-meter can also ruin delicate circuitry; If you really want to, mount 12V LEDs into the top of the junction box to indicate the state of various signals, switch positions, etc., This will make it look like an extra from a 1970s sci-fi film, but could be useful for troubleshooting.
The first step is to plan the siting of the installation. The prototype used a rectangle of plywood mounted above the steering gear, resting on angled bearers fitted to the mid and aft bulkheads. A 22mm hole allows a finger to be inserted to lift it out. A central-heating junctionbox was then used as the means of making connections: this was relatively cheap, had the potential to make many connections and included cable-clamps and cable-entries. This was fixed to the plywood board. The battery has to be chosen and then installed: that in the prototype was rescued from an Alfa Romeo that a salvage yard were taking away from my house. Car batteries are not ideal as they contain acid and are not suited to frequent deep-cycling. Deep-cycle batteries are available for go-karts, golf-caddies, etc., and are often gel-based, which is inherently safer than the lead-acid versions look on eBay!. The battery is heavy and must be secured well. In the prototype, the battery was placed on top of two 38 x 38 battens that were screwed and glued to the bottom of the hull; the lower edge of the battery had a series of 3mm holes moulded into it and these allowed the battery to be screwed to the battens. Be careful if using this approach: dont puncture or weaken the casing of the battery or it could well leak acid. A footman loop strap secured to the hull would be just as effective as an alternative. The battery is only connected to the drive-motor controllers and to one point in the central heating box. These connections are via appropriately-sized fuses; all other supplies are via a fuse-protected relay-supplied bus. The wiring is sized for the currents involved and all connections inside the junction-box are tinned using a soldering-iron. The relay is commanded from a master-switch that is mounted on the top of the junction-box (and thus accessible through the forward access-panel) and a keyswitch. A large electrolytic capacitor is connected across the battery supply to the junction-box this is optional and is intended to stop the supply relay dropping out when load is first supplied.
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Eight-wire burglar alarm cable is used to connect the junction-box to a forward-control box that houses a lighting switch, a key-switch and a horn button. The wiring from the joystick/command-device is led through the cab and hull to the junction-box. Within the junction-box the wiring can be connected using the terminal blocks built into it the pre-wired jumper-links will probably have to be re-configured. The supply for the command signals (to the steering and drive) is via the switched supply: once this is switched off the vehicle is immobilised. Any permanent connections to the battery must be very small amperage to avoid draining the battery. The final (optional) connection to the battery is a fused circuit between the terminals of the battery and a jack socket on the rear panel of the hull. This allows a jack plug to be connected to a battery charger for easy charging without having to remove panels. This socket could also be used to supply power to a trailer, etc., if required. Rear-lights were implemented on the prototype using clusters of 12V LEDs that are available for information displays, etc.; the headlights are the business-end of torches bought for 99p from eBay fitted with clusters of white LEDs soldered together. The wires are lead out of the back, the void filled with cotton wool and the wiring exit plugged with black silicone. The white LEDs had a voltage drop that meant six in series (i.e., three per headlight) gave approximately 12V, so no resistors were involved. The horn was a piezo-electric sounder effective, but not loud enough so as to make too much noise and annoy the neighbours; To meet customer requirements another optional-extra fitted to the prototype was an Action Man walkie-talkie base-station. After checking the circuitry, and checking it again, the battery can be connected with all fuses removed. The main fuse can then be connected and the operation of the switched supply verified. Once this is verified as working correctly, testing can commence
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5.9 Testing.
The following commences: should be checked/set-up before any testing
5.9.1 Safety:
Battery secured; Fuse(s) in place; Main switch OFF; Hull and cab free of tools, dust and shavings; Chains and sprockets are clear of wires, tools, debris, etc., Full and free movement of the controls; Hull supported so that the wheels are free to rotate; Spectators well clear;
5.9.2 Tyre pressures

Front tyres should be firm; Mid tyres should be soft; Rear tyres should be firm
(These ensure that the drive and primary steering functions are maximised, whilst allowing the mid pair to compress over any bumps otherwise the rear pair can be left spinning helplessly)
5.9.3 Steering function

Check that the steering is smooth and in the correct sense across the maximum range of deflections; Check that the wheels do not touch the structure; Observe that the torque rod does not bend; Observe that there is no overheating apparent and that fuses remain intact; Check that cab area is not affected by movement of mechanisms etc., Page 60 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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5.9.4 Drive functions
Check that the drive wheels move in the correct direction; Check that with the steering in the straight ahead/neutral position the wheels turn at the same speed; Observe that no overheating is apparent; Observe that the fuses remain intact; Observe that releasing the control causes the drive to stop;
5.9.5 Combined Functions

Verify any additional functions (i.e., electronic differential, etc) that have been included; Observe that the control (s) can be moved to all extremes in all combinations with full and free movement and without any overheating be apparent or fuses blowing;
5.9.6 Other electrical

Check horn; Check lights; Check operation of parental override (if fitted);
Lower the vehicle to the ground and repeat the tests of steering/drive, above, without a driver in place. If satisfied with the results, it can be tested by a test-pilot if required.
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5.10 Finishing & Painting.
The finishing and painting require effort: the more effort, the better the results will be. It is a matter of choice as to whether the insides of the hull and cab are painted: if so, it should be done before the metalwork and electrics are installed! The first stage is to sand the entire area of wood to be painted, concentrating on sanding flush the corners and edges. After removing the dust via vacuum and soft brush all cracks, crevices, screw-heads and joints can be filled with car body filler: this can be applied with a flexible, straight-edged blade (an old credit- or store-card is ideal) and sanded flush. This process has to be repeated until a surface is obtained that is smooth, both to the touch and when viewed by incident light. The car body filler also makes an ideal grain-filler to help to disguise the plywood nature of the beast: I skimped and the grain seems quite obvious at times when it is, I want to kick myself for being so lazy and impatient. Having filled and sanded until the finest paper has been used and a smooth surface obtained the next step is to prime the areas to be painted. This includes the corrugated plastic, which can be primed with un-diluted PVA glue. Even un-diluted the PVA will bead and need dragging-out with a brush as it dries potentially needing several coats. (Consider a spray primer if it can be tested on a scrap piece of corrugated plastic to verify it doesnt melt it or flake off). The primer used will depend upon the choice of topcoat used. The prototype used LandRover Green coach enamel. This, however, is very glossy and some matt Nato Green (BS3831 colour 285) would be ideal. Colour code 7010-G70Y is a good match. Once applied, the primer should be sanded smooth and consideration given to a second coat. The top-coat can be applied according to the makers instructions, but should be allowed to cure before applying the camouflage via matt spray-paint. Dont apply this too soon after application of the previous coat of paint or the spray-applied paint will crackle. Page 62 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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The wheels also need painting. Read this now and consider painting them before they are fitted. The plastic of the hubs is particularly slippery and will require keying with some fine wet-and-dry paper, followed by some patient application of PVA glue/primer. Beading is inevitable, so patience is required. Before the top-coat is applied, consider deflating the tyre to allow the hub to be painted without getting paint on the tyre: this approach is easier than trying to apply masking tape to a curved surface.
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APPENDIX A: Materials List
This list is not exhaustive and will have to be adapted to the final design that is adopted: it is provided as an illustration of the type of materials required and the quantities involved.
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Item No 1. 2 sheets DIY Steel stockholder. DIY / Screwfix DIY / Screwfix DIY DIY / Screwfix DIY DIY DIY DIY RS Components ScrewFix RS Components RS Components 2 off 1m 2 off 2 off 2 off 2 off 1 off As As As As As Req Req Req Req Req As Req As Req As Req 689-401 20600 eBay / Scrapyard 339-8726 311-2689 2 off 311-2780 4216-001 4216-010 4210-002 4210-013 PD00A RS Components Technobots Technobots Technobots Technobots Maplin Electronics DIY As Req 1 off 1.5m 1.5m 1.0m 12 + 5+ 1 off As Req (200+ As Req As Req 2440 x 1220 mm Offcut 40 x 40 x 3 mm 25mm 25 x 5mm 25mm ID 20mm ID 500 ml 20mm DIY As Req
Description
Size
Quantity
Supplier
Part Number
9mm Exterior (WBP) Plywood
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 off M6 x 1m M12 x 1m M6
11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. or or
18mm Exterior (WBP) Plywood Square section steel tube. Round steel bar Flat steel bar Steel washers Steel washers Waterproof PVA wood glue. Screws Planed timber, 38 x 38 mm nom. Mini-Profile Corrugated roofing sheet Studding Studding Rod-end bearings Wheels Wiper motors Pedestal bearing - driveshafts 1 1 8 6 3 2 off off off off off off
18.
Pedestal bearing - steering
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. As Req
IGUS flange bearing Chain Chain links 6mm Sprocket 6mm Sprocket Rear lights
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 6mm 6mm 9T 30T LED 12V
25.
Junction box
Rev B
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Size 30 A 25 A 12 V 5A 12 V 25mm 40 A.hr 4 1 off 1 off 1 off As As As As As As As Req Req Req Req Req Req Req
197-4126
Description As Req 1600-001 As Req As Req As Req As Req As Req As Req
Item No 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
Quantity
Supplier
Part Number
5-pin Automotive relays Electrical flex Electrical flex Jubilee clips Battery Battery connector +ve Battery connector ve
33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 3.2mm
Automotive body-filler Hinges Joystick Primer Paint M10 Bolts M8 Bolts Draw-catches Pop-rivets
1 kg 1 pr As Req 1.0l 1.5l As Req As Req 2 200
Technobots Motor Factors Motor Factors DIY Motor Factors Motor Factors / Maplin Electronics Motor Factors DIY eBay DIY DIY DIY / Screwfix DIY / Screwfix RS Components DIY / Motor factors As Req
DIY is a generic reference to DIY superstores / Ironmongers, etc.,.
Rev B
JollyStolly
Vendor Contact Details.
Name RS Components Maplin Electronics Technobots Wickes ScrewFix B&Q 4QD HPC Gears Namrick fasteners
Website rswww.com www.maplin.co.uk www.technobots.co.uk www.wickes.co.uk www.screwfix.co.uk www.diy.com www.4qd.co.uk http://www.hpcgears.com/ www.namrick.co.uk
Useful eBayers
(These are not recommendations or endorsements. Exercise common-sense and caution, looking at their feedback, etc) Seller Name For 8fcl Gel Batteries motion_control_products Motors/gearboxes europrotrolleys Gel batteries, motors, gearboxes, chargers, etc. louisa2033 Paints
Rev B
JollyStolly
APPENDIX B: Steering Strategies
JollyStolly
This Appendix details the possible methods that could be employed to effect the steering. First is the choice of controller. Choice of controls is driven by the needs for steering and drive implementation, as discussed in Appendix C, below.. If both steering and drive are to be commanded relatively simply, via relays etc., then the controls can be relatively simple too. Choices of control include: Joystick. Advantages: Cheap, easily obtainable, can be used single-handed, doesnt take up too much space in the cab; Disadvantage: Not as intuitive as a steering wheel for small children; forces drive/steering systems to use the same sort of input Joysticks for older home computers come in two flavours: the simpler discrete type where contacts are made or broken as the joystick is moved. A circuit is made between a common input and switches for North/South and/or East/West, with perhaps an extra connection or two for fire buttons. North East
Common South West

Figure 19: "Discrete" Joystick principle.
In the analogue type position information is achieved via a potentiometer for North/South and another for East/West, with a discrete output for firebuttons. Usable types have 15-pin D socket connectors if the connection is via USB or PS/2 then it probably wont be usable without taking it to bits and getting at the sensors directly. + North / South
East/West Gnd
Figure 20: Analogue Joystick Principle.
JollyStolly
Searching on eBay for Amiga or Atari joysticks will result in many possible listings, starting at very reasonable prices. Look for clues as to the type of joystick in the listing, and if it is not clear ask the vendor for clarification. There are quite a few wiring diagrams for joysticks on the internet, or the connections can be deduced using a multimeter or partial dis-assembly of the unit to examine wire-colours (go on, you are tempted!). The prototype used a joystick for drive and steering to good effect. However, there could sometimes be confusion as to which way the wheels were pointing as there is no direct relationship between the position of the wheels and that of the joystick.
Steering wheel. Advantages: More intuitive, allows drive/steering signals to be split if they are required to be of different types (e.g., on/off discrete for one and analogue voltage for the other); Disadvantages: More complex signals to use, more difficult to implement, takes up more room in cab, more expensive. The prototype had a steering-wheel for a short while during development: the wheel (a handwheel from RS) was connected to a series of microswitches that gave left, right and centre commands to the steering gear via relays. Moving the steering-wheel towards the user gave a drive command (i.e., if the vehicle hit something and the user was thrown forward it would disconnect the drive). This three-position system did suit the driving style of younger children (who only seem to use full-lock at any one time) but the microswitch assembly proved difficult to calibrate and to make robust enough within a sufficiently small envelope. A lost-motion assembly (described below) allowed the centre command to be routed to the appropriate relay to allow the steering to be motored towards neutral it gave a modifiable dead-zone to prevent the steering hunting either side of the neutral position.
JollyStolly
B1. Open-loop Relay-controlled Electrical. The simplest, if inelegant, implementation of steering control is as laid out in this document use of a wiper-motor to turn the steering torque-rod. The wiper-motor is controlled in by simple off/on switched signals (an old Amiga / Atari ST joystick from eBay is ideal). In the centred position no current is supplied to the wiper-motor: with the left command current is provided so as to move the wheels left; the reverse applies for a right command. When the torque-rod reaches its limit (the point at which the wheels cannot be turned without rubbing on the structure) the associated command signal is interrupted by a microswitch opening. The microswitches are mounted on Z-section aluminium brackets to allow adjustment of the limit position.
+VE Fuse 1
RL1
RL2
RL2
RL1
Left Command
Right Command
Left Limit
Right Limit
RL1
RL2 -VE
Figure 21: Open-loop relay-controlled steering.
JollyStolly
Figure 22: Z-Bracket
B2. Hydraulics. Some observers of the prototype commented that the steering could be implemented effectively through the use of hydraulics, with a motorised lead-screw advancing or retracting a pair of master cylinders, each linked to a pair of slave cylinders one pair for the front wheels; one pair for the middle wheels. At first glance this seems feasible but expensive: medical syringes of different sizes have been mooted as a possible means of implementation. However, such a system is likely to be complex, messy, and difficult to control. Given the losses in the system, anything capable of driving the master-cyclinders is likely to be equally up to the task of driving the wheels directly.
B3. Closed Loop. The implementation of steering control employed in this manual and in the prototype is (apart from position switches) open-loop, in that the steering command can only ever be in one of three positions (move-left, do nothing and move-right) and there is no feedback of the position of the wheels in the control loop. Two possible alternatives allow for feedback from the steering mechanism to close the loop and allow for more precise control: both use analogue command inputs (a variable voltage from a joystick, steering wheel, etc.,) analogue feedback signals (from a position sensor in the steering mechanism) and a control system. Page 72 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
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The difference between the feedback and the command signals is used to generate an error which, in turn, drives an H-bridge to drive the actuating motor. E.g., If the command voltage ranges from 0V (full left), through to 6V (neutral) to 12V (fully right), the feedback signal would be established to range from 0V (fully left) to 12V (fully right). If the command is changed to 4.2V (left of neutral) and the wheels remain straight-ahead there will be a difference of -1.8V. This is rationalised into a voltage that stimulates the Hbridge in the direction to move the wheels to the left. As the wheels move, the voltage from the feedback device reduces until the feedback voltage also equals 4.2V: the difference is zero and so the drive stops. This is quite complex and issues of gain, dead-bands, etc., have to be examined, but the decision making can easily be performed by an Op-Amp or (for the more ambitious) a PIC controller (www.picaxe.co.uk, for example) indeed, H-bridges with closed loop control and microcontroller are available on one board (www.technobots.co.uk).
+ve
Command Left
M
Comparator
Right Feedback
-ve
Figure 23 Overview of Closed-Loop Position Control.
This principle is applicable to any drive method, but doubled-up it opens up the possibility of separate motors driving the pairs of wheels directly.
JollyStolly
B4. Drive-Augmentation. The original plan for the prototype was to link a closed-loop steering system with a solid-state speed control system: the steering command signal was to be used to slow the drive wheel on the inside of the turn. Using solid-state speed controllers the pulse-width modulation allows for the speed to be reduced without such a significant reduction in torque. The golden standard solution might be a closed-loop system with direct drive steering to the pairs of wheels, linked to the drive via a microcontroller to achieve the optimum steering angles at any given speed.
Drive command Steering commands
Slow
Fast
Mixer Fwd
Control Input
Figure 24:Steering/Drive Mixing.
JollyStolly
B.5 Electronic differential. If you have ever driver a Land Rover on tarmac with diff lock engaged you will appreciate the need to have wheels on different sides of the vehicles travelling at different speeds. This is what the simpler on/off relay controlled drive systems cant achieve. The prototype uses a system of differential steering that is not quite the golden solution of the drive augmentation method detailed above, but that is quite effective in boosting the steering response. Two Egret motor controllers are used to provide independent drive to each motor. When the forward command is given, and if the steering is straight-ahead the motor controllers proceed full ahead, flank. If the steering moves away from the straight-ahead position a lost-motion device causes one of two microswitches to switch. The command voltage to the controller is halved and the wheel on the inside of the turn rotates at (approximately) half speed. This difference in speed reduces the scrubbing of the driven tyres and reduces the turning circle. The change in speed of the wheels is dampened by the ramping inbuilt in the Egret controllers.
40A Drive 1 Open on left turn 100K EGRET MOTOR CONTROLLER LEFT WHEEL 40A
2 100K
Drive 1 100K
Open on right turn 2 100K
EGRET MOTOR CONTROLLER RIGHT WHEEL
Figure 25: Electronic Differential Using 4QD Controllers.
JollyStolly
The lost-motion device uses the hysteresis of the microswitches to ensure that there is a dead-zone either side of the straight-ahead position in which neither drive-command is changed. An arm fitted to the steering torque-rod is connected to the levers of the microswitches via springs with the springs uncompressed in the straight-ahead position. As the arm moves one spring compresses and eventually activates the associated microswitch; the other spring elongates and its microswitch remains unactivated. As the arm returns to the straight-ahead position the springs return to their normal condition and the activated switch deactivates. In the prototype the springs were liberated from retractable ball-point pens and attached to the levers of the microswitches by tywraps. Changing the position of the microswitches changes the tension in the springs and hence the size of the dead-zone: centring the steering and releasing the arm to move freely correctly establishes the midline of the dead zone.
Figure 26: Characteristics of lost-motion device.
The obvious next step would be to make the change continuously variable rather than step changes in speed. This was not implemented on the prototype because I felt that the steering mechanism didnt have sufficient spare torque to turn a dual-dang potentiometer as well as moving the wheels, and this version works well enough.
JollyStolly
Figure 27: When it comes to heatsinks for MOSFETS, one from an old PC can't be beaten...
JollyStolly
APPENDIX C: Drive Control Strategies
JollyStolly
This Appendix details some of the methods that can be employed to control the current being sent to the motor(s). The first criterion is whether the JollyStolly is required to reverse or not: if so, the drive sprockets must be welded to, or otherwise fixed to, the motors so that they dont unscrew if the motor runs in a backwards direction. Having decided that, the drive-control strategy can be chosen. Whatever implementation is used, the command side will generally be low current affairs at the front of the JollyStolly: this has to be used to control large currents passing from the battery (at the rear of the vehicle) to the drive motors (in the middle).
C1.Relays. Automotive relays are cheap, cheerful and easy to use. They can be rather brutal in the nature of their switching since there is either no power or full power, but, on the plus side, they are generally sealed against the weather and capable of switching large currents using low current commands.
C1.1. Forward Only. For a forward only implementation, the negative supply can be permanently connected and one three-pin (i.e., Single-pole NO) relay can be used to switch the positive supply to each motor. Easy it couldnt be any simpler.
JollyStolly
C1.2 Forward and Reverse. To implement a solution that is capable of both forward and reverse motion, a pair of four-pin (i.e., Single-pole CO) relays can be used to determine the forward/reverse running, with a further three-pin relay controlling the live positive supply: e.g., there needs to be a drive signal (0V = stop; 12V = go) and a direction signal (0V = forward; 12V = reverse). Figure C2, below, shows this circuit. Note that this is dependant on the change-over time: if one lags the will blow. A double-pole CO relay you can find one that can take the relays (RL2 & RL3) having an identical other a direct short occurs and the fuse solves this problem very succinctly if current
+VE Fuse 1
RL1 RL1 RL2 RL3
RL2
Drive
Direction
RL3 -VE
Figure 28: Forward/Reverse Relays (single motor shown)
JollyStolly
C2. Solid State Controllers. A number of excellent solid-state speed-controllers are available commercially (www.4qd.co.uk, has some excellent background reading and supplies excellent products) or can be made by a proficient hobbyist. In general, an H-bridge of MOSFETS are driven by electronic circuits that implement pulse-width modulation of the supply to the motors. This allows smooth control over a wide range of speeds without the huge loss of torque associated to operating with merely a reduced supply voltage. Nice functions such as a maximum rate of increase of speed, regenerative braking and user-configurable maximum speed are additional features that suit the more common users of the controllers, e.g., golf-carts, caravan movers, etc. The smooth ramp-up eases the shock on the transmission system. These devices require a low (zero!) current voltage to be applied to the input to effect control. This opens up the possibilities of drive-augmented steering discussed above, and precise, smooth sped control. The trade-off for these advantages is that a lot of heat is generated by the MOSFETS, which must be dissipated. The prototype used an aluminium heatsink and a cooling fan when solid-state controllers were being considered. The smaller (cheaper) controllers use the battery to smooth the voltages induced by the chopping of the supply: this limits the length of wiring between battery and controller, which can constrain the design. As well as the excellent information on the 4QD site, a wealth of information may be found on the internet to assist with the selection, design or use of solid-state speed controllers: not only are they used for golf-carts, etc., but they are a basic staple of the robot-building hobbyist and radio-controlled car fanatic. (See the previous section for steering strategies involving these devices.)
JollyStolly
APPENDIX D: Forces Involved.
JollyStolly
D1. Introduction. This appendix details an outline of the forces involved in the power-train of the JollyStolly.
D2. Wiper Motor Characteristics. There are various types of wiper motors available. The simplest ones have a single worm-gear and gear-wheel arrangement and can only produce a relatively small amount of torque. The better types are those with two or more vortex gears in the gearbox, multiply the torque many times, up to the level required in order to be a candidate for JollyStolly drive motors. The torque/speed characteristics of a generic automotive wiper-motor are shown in Figure D1, below. These were supplied to me by a fareastern supplier of these motors: I am extremely dubious and think they could a factor of five out at least, and I expected them to be more linear! The maximum torque occurs when the motor is almost stationary and about to stall: at greater speeds the torque is less (there is more backe.m.f. in the windings of the motor).
Torque vs Speed
45
40
35
30
Torque, Nm
25
20
15
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Speed, rpm
Figure 29: Typical Characteristics of Wiper Motor.
The chain drive has a 5:1 reduction, which increases the torque, t, by a further factor of 5. The wheel diameter is known at 0.36m and there are two motors. The reaction at the wheel edge can be calculated. Page 83 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
FT = 5t 0.36 Newtons
Converting from Newtons to kg through dividing by g, allows the plot B2 to be generated.

Pulling force vs Speed
160 5:1 Ratio
140
120
Pulling force, kg (N/g)
100
80
Wheel slip (60kg mass, = 1.2)
60
40
20
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Speed, mph
Figure 30: Pulling Force vs Speed.
(Gross error check: 2 motors taking 12A @ 12 V = 288 W [no losses through heating, etc.,]. At 0.5 ms-1, this equals 576 N (58.72 Kg force)) At very low speeds the friction between the wheel and the ground can be overcome and the wheel will slip assuming the welding and bearings hold out At higher speeds the torque runs out and there is much less puff. So, if there is lots of friction to overcome in the transmission the speed will drop off until the available torque increases to match the friction: this is why it is desirable to have low-friction transmission components. For a total mass of 40 kg or 60 kg, the maximum gradient possible gradient can be calculated. This is plotted in Figure D3.
JollyStolly
Gradient vs Speed, 5:1 Reduction
80
70
60
Gradient, Deg
50
40
40kg 60kg
Maximum advisable slope

30
20
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Speed, mph
Figure 31: Achievable Gradient vs Speed
Again, in D3, friction isnt taken into account and it is assumed that the maximum slope is achieved before wheel slip occurs. If the ratio is changed to 5:2, the low speed characteristics are reduced with a lesser effect on the higher speed: the speed will increase (if friction can be overcome), but the effect of slopes and bumps will be to slow the vehicle more noticeable than with the lower gearing. If there is too much friction the vehicle wont be able to accelerate to the maximum speed because it wont get past the initial torque drop-off: frictional losses increase as the square of the rotational speed all the more reason to keep them small.
JollyStolly
160 5:2 Ratio 5:1 Ratio
140
120
100
80
Wheel slip (60kg mass, m = 1.2)
60
40
20
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Speed, mph
Figure 32: Pulling Force vs Speed for Different Ratios
If friction is really bad, the more highly geared system may end up being slower than the lower geared system
160 5:1 Ratio 5:2 Ratio Drag
140
120
100
80
Wheel slip (60kg mass, = 1.2)
60
40
20
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Speed, mph
Figure 33: System with poor drag.
JollyStolly
APPENDIX E: Weight, Balance & Performance.
JollyStolly
E.1 Introduction.
E.2 Weight & Balance. With no driver or passenger the total weight is 52 kg. The distribution is as shown below.
20 kg
Figure 34: CG position, EMPTY
32 kg
The longitudinal centre of gravity is 40% of the distance between the rear and front axles.
JollyStolly
With a 30kg driver, this loading becomes:
31 kg
50 kg
Figure 35: CG position, DRIVER only.
The longitudinal centre-of-gravity is 61.7% of the distance between the rear and front axles.
JollyStolly
E.3 Performance.
E3.1. Duration Duration is a function of the loading placed on the motors (slopes, weight of passengers, etc) and the battery capacity. It is also affected by the use of the lights, horn, etc. Boredom seems to kick in before the battery is noticeably flat. Using a 26Ah Gel battery gives approximately one hours (gentle) running time.
E3.2 Power. Not directly measured as yet. Exhibit A would be the rotary clothes-line that was flattened by an impish five year-old. Exhibit B would be the towing of two adults on kiddie-tractors over grass (Exhibit B cant be used in evidence psychiatric reports have been ordered into the adults involved). Exhibit C would be climbing two car ramps
JollyStolly
Charging.
Up.
Up.
I think its stuckNeed 6WD
Testing arrival-angle.
Phew!
Rev B
JollyStolly
E4 Stability. E4.1 Lateral Stability. This picture shows the unladen prototype JollyStolly at the angle at which it is just starting to tip. (The wooden prop is there merely to allow me to run round and take the picture)
Figure 36: Illustration of lateral tip angle.
This angle is just over 45 degrees. THIS WILL BE REDUCED BY THE PRESENCE OF DRIVER/PASSENGERS and any asymmetry in the loading. Assuming that the CG is on the midline of the vehicle, the vertical position of the CG can be estimated to be as shown above about 50% of the height of the hull.
JollyStolly
E4.2 Longitudinal. From the above, it is reasonable to assume that the CG vehicle is: 40% of the distance between the rear and front axles; Approximately 50% of the height of the hull. (for the empty
This places the CG at the position shown in the picture below.
Figure 37: Position of CG.
The angle shown is approximately 75 degrees, so it is very unlikely to tipup during normal use unless the CG shifts significantly due to heavy passengers, etc., and is likely to be limited by the angle of the rear section of the hull.
JollyStolly
APPENDIX F: Wiper-motor mounting.
JollyStolly
This Appendix discusses the installation of automotive wiper-motors in the plywood structure of the JollyStolly. G1. Background. Wiper-motors come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but invariably have a central driven shaft and three threaded mounting holes on a fixed pitch about this shaft. The pitch and angular positioning of these holes varies with manufacturer and the model of donor vehicle, hence this guide being quite generic. G2. Forces/Moments Involved. When driving a chain the following forces/moments are exerted by the wiper-motor: these are the forces that must be resisted by the mountings.
Direction of rotation
Reaction
Figure 38: Forces on Motor
G3. Mounting Schemes. The following possible schemes can be used or adapted to install the motors (the chosen application will depend upon the configuration of the mounting holes / motor): a) Basic angle bracket: A simple piece of angle can be used to effect a motor mount. Holes can be drilled on one limb to mate with the mounting holes of the wiper motor, and on the other limb to allow bolts to be used to secure to the hull, etc., as required. The latter mounting holes should ideally be oval in shape to allow the motor to be adjusted so as to take up tension in the chain.
JollyStolly
Figure 39: Simple mounting bracket.
Figure 40: Oval holes allow for movement.
JollyStolly
b) Complex bracket: The more desirable bracket emulates the installation in the donor vehicle and is more secure and resistant to deflection. A face-plate is manufactured that allows the driven section to pass through and the original fixings to be used. this is attached to a flat plate using pop-rivets and strengthened further with pieces of flat plate/angle as required.
Figure 41: More complex bracket.
Once installed the tendencies of brackets to deflect will become apparent and can be counteracted through the installation of struts, braces, etc.,
It goes without saying that the structures to which the brackets are attached have to be sturdy: any local deflections can be counteracted by the use of battens, angles, doublers, etc.,
JollyStolly
APPENDIX G: Parental Override.
JollyStolly
This Appendix details the implementation of a radio/control parental override function to enable a responsible adult to interrupt or countermand the commands being made from the cab. G1. Background. It is possible that the driver of the JollyStolly: a) b) c) d) Has not driven a powered vehicle before; Is upset with something/someone; Is desperate not to relinquish their turn; Is overtired;
As such it might be a good idea to be able to interrupt the command signals or override them remotely. The latter allows the owner of the remote controls to have a very large radio-controlled vehicle, which can be fun in its own right G2. Methods. All of the methods and means detailed herewith use radio-control equipment, the servos operating microswitches that either break or short parts of the command circuitry: if variable voltages are being used in the control of steering or speed it is conceivable that the servos could also vary the voltage via potentiometers etc., Note that it is necessary to match the throw of the servo to the operational range of the microswitches to avoid loading the servos permanently as they hold a given position: this can be achieved via programmable systems or by careful arrangement of servo and switch. G2.1. Kill-switch The simplest form of override is to place a microswitch in the supply circuit to the control system when the servo activates the microswitch the circuit is broken and the vehicle stops (this option can also be implemented via a lanyard if radio control gear is not available). G2.2 Ownership. The above technique can be extended to use the microswitch to switch between the normal commands from the cab to the override commands supplied via additional servo/microswitches. In the prototype the servos and microswitches were mounted in a module that could be removed at will, with the electrical connections being made via a 9-pin DIN plug/socket.
JollyStolly
Left
Right
Forward / stop
Figure 42: Detail of parental override module.
JollyStolly
APPENDIX H: Things I didn't get round to
JollyStolly
I didnt get round to doing anything more than thinking about these ideas: 1) I did consider the use of small chain-driven jockey-wheels to transmit torque to the middle pair of wheels. Positioned under the loadbed they might not be too obvious and could be arranged so as to cope with the movement of the wheels during steering; 2) Wing-mirrors would be a good addition - as would a few other scale additions; 3) My garage contains a prototype winch: electrical driven (another wiper-motor!) and feeding cord through 10mm steel tube to an outlet at the front of the hull. It languishes in the garage because I could not decide how to make such a device completely safe; 4) The prototype has the un-intrusive whine of a milkfloat, not the roar of a straight-eight: some form of sound-generation would be a bonus (let me know if you have any luck);
Figure 43: This sound module came from a toy tractor.
5) Im told the seat could do with a cushion, and, by one user at least, some curtains!
JollyStolly
APPENDIX I: Atlas Crane.
JollyStolly
I.1 Introduction. The MKII Alvis Stalwart FV623 was an adaptation of the FV622, modifications including the fitment of an Atlas Crane to fulfil an artillery limber role. The crane was able to slew from side to side, to lift heavy loads with the job folded and lift lighter loads at a distance of up to 4.05 m. This was always on the wish-list for the JollyStolly and, having now been added, is detailed in this Appendix. There was no design-aim to allow the lifting of heavy loads, or for the lifting of humans or delicate items! I.2. Design Breakdown. The design is broken down and described in sections, detailing how they are constructed and designed and how they are integrated.
Boom
Boom centre
Column
Figure 44: Components of Prototype Crane
JollyStolly
Figure 45: Components of Original Crane.
JollyStolly
I2.1 Column. The column supports the boom and allows the boom to be lifted (dericking) and for the boom to slew. The column supports the electrical and fluid connections to the other components. The column is of glued-and-screwed plywood construction mounted on a platen of circular plywood that allows the column to slew. The platen has an access hole that allows for electrical and other connections to be made. Both sides of the column are manufactured at the same time, whilst screwed together, to ensure maximum accuracy. The column allows other components (i.e., the boom and the boom-lifting mechanism) to pivot: to facilitate this short lengths of steel tube are epoxied into the plywood ensuring that they are kept co-axial whilst the epoxy cures. Note that small diameter steel tube can often be neatly cut using a pipe-cutting tool designed for domestic plumbing. I2.2 Boom The boom pivots up and down (derricking) on the column and performs the lifting capability. The boom is manufactured from glued-and-screwed plywood, with steel tube epoxied into accurately drilled holes where required. A central rib of 18mm plywood facilitates the connection of the boom-lifting mechanism. I2.3 Boom Lifting Mechanism The boom is lifted through the action of Linak linear actuator from a motorised arm-chair. This was bought from eBay and is operating at half of its 24V rating.
JollyStolly
I3. 1 Construction The components of the column and column-base are cut out from 12mm plywood. Before they are assembled the motor, the actuator and the boom-centre have to be laid out against a column-side to ensure that the following criteria are met: The actuator mount is as low as possible whilst allowing the motor to pivot; The actuator is mounted on the mount so as to be as far aft as possible. The actuator is mounted so that it can reach both fully-extened and fully-retracted conditions unimpeded by the movement of the boom
Pivot of boom lifting mechanism
Angle
Figure 46: Section View of Crane Column
When the boom is at its lowest position the angle between the column base and the axis of the wiper-motor output shaft (Angle ) must be less than 90 Deg, otherwise the boom will not lift.
JollyStolly
The components of the crane can now be glued and screwed together and the various holes fitted with the short lengths of steel tube ensuring that they are kept aligned as the epoxy cures. A short length of steel or aluminium angle has to be screwed to the motor mount and drilled to match the pivot holes in the column-sides.
JollyStolly
Figure 47: Actuator Mount
The crane platen can be assembled and the crane column secured to it by fixing the lower circular plate. Note that this is best achieved after Page 109 of 155 Rev B Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
painting, to ensure a smooth surface and to prevent water ingress that might swell the plywood.
I4.1 Control
JollyStolly
I5.1 Performance As an indication, the prototype crane is capable of lifting the 6kg kiddietractor shown in the Figure from the floor to the sort of height shown. The boom is at its minimum length: extending the reach reduces the lifting capacity accordingly. With the 6kg load there is no apparent tendency to tip-over at all.
Figure 48: Crane Capability
JollyStolly
I5.1 More. During development of the prototype a powered jib was attempted using medical syringes as hydraulic pump (vehicle end) and hydraulic actuator (jib end) to extend the jib. Unfortunately, the elasticity of the pvc hose and relatively loose tolerances of the linkages meant that there was a lot of backlash in the system, with the jib deflecting under load to the extent that it couldnt really lift anything. Nice smooth movement though
JollyStolly
APPENDIX J: Kitchen Pass
JollyStolly
KITCHEN PASS
I, (The Applicant) hereby formally request permission from . (The Authority) to build a JollyStolly. The approval of this pass by The Authority under the powers invested in Him/Her* infers an understanding that this will involve time alone in the shed / garage / workshop*. The Authority understands that this will mean that The Authority shall know where the applicant is at all times, and that the aforementioned applicant is not down the pub and/or with other women/men*. The Applicant undertakes to attempt to comply with the following conditions where possible: (The Authority to delete as applicable) Not to bring sawdust / dirt into the house; Not to work in his/her* best clothes; Not to use kitchen utensils for workshop tasks; Not to use the household vacuum cleaner in the workshop; Not to stink the house out with thinners / white-spirit / paint*; To try to limit time spent in the shed / garage / workshop*
In turn, The Authority hereby undertakes to attempt to comply with the following: Not to stand silently watching and/or sucking air through his/her* teeth; Not to go all moody on The Applicant; Not to attempt to obtain fiscal, material or emotional advantage through emotional blackmail, to whit moaning about time spent in the shed / garage / workshop*; Not to keep mentioning for the next happen to go wrong during construction; ten years things that might
To supply tea / coffee and biscuits (of a type to be agreed between The Applicant and The Authority) on a regular basis; Signed
The Applicant
../../
The Authority
..//..
*delete as applicable.
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply.
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 000 ISSUE A FORWARD BULKHEAD HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
Steering torque tube passes through here Modify as required
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 001 ISSUE MID BULKHEAD HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
Included for ventilation. Include as required
Steering torque tube passes through here Modify as required
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 002 ISSUE AFT BULKHEAD HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Does not show pilot holes for screws.
Factory-prepared edge if possible.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 003 ISSUE HULL SIDE HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Does not show pilot holes for screws.
FWD B/HEAD FWD AXLE C/L
521
340
130
MID B/HEAD
MID AXLE C/L
Factory-prepared edge if possible.

AFT B/HEAD
390
AFT AXLE C/L
230
..
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 004 ISSUE HULL BASE HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Cut over-size as trimming will be required. Does not show pilot holes for screws.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 005 ISSUE A HULL FWD PANELS HWN SHEET1 Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 005 ISSUE A HULL FWD PANELS HWN SHEET 2 Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 005 ISSUE A HULL AFT PANEL HWN SHEET 1 Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Position and size of access panels must be decided according to installation of components. Total length shouldnt exceed 40% of total length: less if possible.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 007 LOADBED HWN Hugh Neve 2006
ISSUE SHEET 1
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Position and size of access panels must be decided according to installation of components. These holes 20mm smaller on each edge that those on previous sheet.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
ISSUE SHEET2
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
ISSUE SHEET 3
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
ISSUE SHEET 4
JollyStolly
Forward panel
Battens used to build up rear boxing. Panel removed for clarity) Side panel
Batten framework
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
ISSUE SHEET 5
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 008 ISSUE CAB AFT PANEL HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Mark rivet holes (not shown) 10mm from edge of windows MKII Vehicle shown.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 009 ISSUE A CAB FWD PNL & BEAD HWN Hugh Neve 2006
2 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. MK II Vehicle shown
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 010 ISSUE CAB SIDES HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 011 CAB TOP HWN Hugh Neve 2006
ISSUE
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from 9mm WBP ply. Modify as per specific design.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 012 ISSUE CAB BASE 1 HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
1 Off required. Manufacture from planed timber, 20 x 20 approx Modify as per specific design. The angle does not have to be achieved to the stated level of precision! NUMBER TITLE DRAWN DWG 012A ISSUE CAB BEAD SHT2 HWN Hugh Neve 2006 A
JollyStolly
Weld
4 Off required. Manufacture from mild steel. Modify to suit wheels/design.
Weld
Optional
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 013 ISSUE STUB AXLES HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
2 Off required. Manufacture from mild steel. Modify to suit own design.
Weld top & bottom each side.
To suit pedestal bearings being used.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 014 ISSUE AXLE BEAMS HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
2 Off required. Manufacture from mild steel. Modify to suit own design.
Contains grub screw.
Angle to suit hull-sides. Refer to DWG001 or measure.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 016 ISSUE REAR AXLES HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
2 Off required. Manufacture from mild steel. Modify to suit own design. Requires lathe access Do not paint.
Weld & grind.
Design to suit wheels.
Design to suit sprocket fixing method
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 018 ISSUE DRIVESHAFTS HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
Woodruff key / weld(!?) IGUS bearing
Fixed to 18mm WBP Ply pad fixed to underneath of hull.
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 019 ISSUE CAB SIDES HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 020 ISSUE A PEDESTAL BEARING HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 021 ISSUE IGUS BEARING HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 022 ISSUE A BEARING T/MISSION HWN Hugh Neve 2006
4 Off required. Manufacture from softwood or hardwood (preferable).
JollyStolly
(This angle is the same as the angle of the bulkheads) NUMBER TITLE DRAWN DWG 023 BEARING HWN Hugh Neve 2006 ISSUE A
JollyStolly
40 mm
42 mm
12 mm
7 mm
Not to Scale To be modified to suit any modification of the profile of DWG014, elongated by 5% vertically. NUMBER TITLE DRAWN DWG 024 BEARING HWN Hugh Neve 2006 ISSUE A
JollyStolly
Resize fuses as necessary based on current drawn (Wattage divided by voltage)
+12V
10A
40A
40A
RL1 Steering
Keyswitch
Controller; Horn; Lights; Drive
Master switch
RL1
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 025 ISSUE MAIN WIRING HWN Hugh Neve 2006
JollyStolly
9mm WBP Ply Assumes 35mm battens & 9mm ply used in loadbed boxing (DWG 007) Assumes 22mm battens are being used. Measure gap before cutting, re-sizing if necessary. Fit with corrugated plastic. If possible cut out recess after construction using a router (a bit with a bearing fitted)
NUMBER TITLE DRAWN
DWG 026 TAILGATE HWN Hugh Neve 2006
ISSUE
JollyStolly
Its weatherproof lair The corrugated sheet is pop-riveted to a sheet of 18mm ply, and the tailgate is open to let water run off the tarp and out the back 10mm holes are also drilled at the far corners of the loadbed just in case!
JollyStolly
Bit more detail of tailgate, hinges, etc
JollyStolly
Main human-machine interface. Ex Commodore Amiga
JollyStolly
Keyswitch, light switch and horn button.
JollyStolly
Do as I say, not as I do It shows the scars of a thousand modifications, revisions and re-wires, but hey thats what prototypes are for!
JollyStolly
A jubilee clip can be just as effective as a split-pin, doesnt have so many sharp edges, it can be re-used and only needs a screwdriver.
JollyStolly
Polycarbonate sheet, sprayed matt black on the inside makes a great alternative to plywood for glazing the windows.
JollyStolly
Personal Role Radio fitted to provide two-way communications. This is wired in to the vehicle supply.
JollyStolly
Rear
Front Rear lights are LED clusters used for advertising, etc.,. Front lights are 3 white LEDs fitted into the front of a torch bought from eBay for 99p. (One each side)
JollyStolly
Version 2 tailgate (DWG026) with recessed corrugations.

Jollystolly - Alvis Stalwart

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Jollystolly - Alvis Stalwart

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Prototype: #0001 (Aged 1 yr+)

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Acronyms & Abbreviations

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Table 3: Revision History.

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Good. Tight joint with no gaps

Poor. Gaps make for weak joing and poor glueline.

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Poor. Will result in splitting/splintering.

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Chains and Sprockets.

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Constant speed. Spray started/stopped when can moving. Good

Varying speed. Spray started/stopped when can stationary. Bad

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Align bulkheads to this edge

Figure 1: Alignment of hull-side and bulkheads.

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Trim this face level with bulkheads

Figure 2: Trimming of hull-sides.

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Plane flush to sides

Figure 3: Faces of base that are required to be trimmed.

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Figure 4: Part-Assembled Hull

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These faces tweaking.

That is the basic construction of the hull completed

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Figure 5: Cab Assembly.

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Figure 6: Cab base and cab rear-panel.

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Figure 7: Cab base, rear-panel and front-panel.

Figure 8: Cab after fitment of right-hand side-panel.

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Figure 9: Cab with front, rear and both side-panels in place.

Figure 10: Seat added to cab.

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Figure 11: Holy side-panels Batman!

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Split-pin will fit here

Figure 12: Typical Stub-axle

Track rod will fit here

* A jubilee clips is a good alternative!

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