AEDC-TR-.

78-63 COPUE

LEVELEI1,
FOR SUPERSONIC AND

A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE AERODYNAMIC DESIGN OF AXISYMMETRIC AND PLANAR

ONOZZLES

WIND TUNNELS
J. C. Sivells ARO, Inc., a Sverdrup Corporation Company

VON KARMAN GAS DYNAMICS FACILITY ARNOLD ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CENTER AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

.ARNOLD

AIR FORCE STATION, TENNESSEE 37389

LUL December 1978

Final Report for Period December 1975 - October 1977

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Prepared for ARNOLD ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CENTERIDOTR ARNOLD AIR FORCE STATION, TENNESSEE 37389

D D D
JAN 8 1979

79 0
BEST AVAIL.ABLE -COPY

"4.

NOTICES When U. S. Governiment drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than a definitely related Government procurement operation, the Government thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever, and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise, or in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. Qualified users may obtain copies of this report from the Defense Documentation Center. Reterences to named commerical products in this report are not to be considered in any sense as an indorsement of the product by the United States Air Force or the Government.

This report has been reviewed by the Information Office (01) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations.

APPROVAL STATEMENT report has been reviewed and approved.

LThis

Project Manager, Research Division Directorate of Test Engineedng

Approved for publication: FOR THE COMMANDER

ROBERT W. CROSSLEY, Lt Colonel, USAF Acting Director of Test Engineering Deputy for Operations

UNCLASSIFIED
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

(6

W. COMPUTER.PROGRAM FOR THE AERODYNAMIC

nal

epaDc

J.

C./Sivellsl ARCO, Inc.,

a Sverdrup

Air Force Systems Command

ArnldAiFrcSatonTenese_338__

ogram Element 65807?

16.

AGERSLI N S C NAT MET AoIhi. OREpo(f dfeetfolotoln

fi

1,SCRT

LS,(fti

eot

IApproved

for public release;

distribution unlimited.

17, L3STRIOUTION STATEMENT (of tho abstract onteted ir Block 20, It different from Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Available in

DDC.

19. KLY WORDS (Contitnuo on reverse side It nce...ry and Identify by block "limber)

wind tunnel design transonic nozzles supersonic nozzles

nozzles

boundary layers

* *..hypersonic

exhaust nozzle performance computer program

20. ISTYAA CT (Con linue on .nrer.o .1do I I nteo eeary and Identify by block numbe r)

A computer program is presented for the aerodyna-mic design of axisymmetric and planar nozzles for supersonic and hypersonic wind The program is the culmination of the effort expended at tunnels. various times over a number of years to develop a method of designing a wind tunnel with an inviscid contour which has continuous curvature and which is corrected for the growth of the boundary layer in a manner such that uniform parallel flow can be

DD FOR

1473

EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLET E

~~~ ~UNCLASS 7
IT

1
%j 01

2
0ow

2
1

UNCLASSIFIED
20, ABSTRACT (Continued)
The continuous curvature is which has first and second derivaexpected at the nozzle ex-t. * of -'elocity (or Mach number)

achieved through specification of a centerline distribution tives that 1) are compatibl* -Lth a transonic solution near the throat and with radial flow near the inflection point and 2. approach zero at the design Mach number. The boundary-layer growtb ia calculated by solving a momentum integral equation by nuws'lcal iaitegration.

YEJ LEV
i, ,oilii W
........... ............. IT ............... Slt. AVAIL

AI

D D C
JAN 8 1979

11B

UNCLASSIFPTD
,,,.
--

AE DC-TR-78.63

PREFACE
The work reported herein was conducted by the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC), Corporation Company), V32A-P1A. Air Force Systems Command (AFSC). The results of the research were obtained by ARO, Air Force Station, Tennessee, Inc., AEDC Division (a Sverdrup

operating contractor for the AEDC, AFSC, Arnold under ARO Project Numbers V33A-A8A and Elton R. Thompson. 1978.

The Air Force project manager was Mr.

The manuscript was submitted for publication on September 12,

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. W. C. Moger and F. C. Loper, ARO, Inc., for providing thr. basic subroutines L. Shope, ARO, Inc., provided for smoothing and spline fitting, respectively, which were adapted for use with the subject program. Mr. F. technical assistance in the preparation of this report. publication of this report, the author retired from ARO, Prior to the Inc.

'I

AEOC-TR-73-63

*l

CONTENTS

1.0

INTRODUCTION ...................

......................

2.0 *
4

TRANSONIC SOLUTION ...........

INVISCID CONTOUR ...........

.................. .........
.................

...

10 15
20

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

CENTERLINE DISTRIBUTION .................. BOUNDARY-LAYER CORRECTION ..... DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM ....... SAMPLE NOZZLE DESIGN ........... ............. ................ ..............

....

..... ..... ....

24 34 38 41

SUMMARY ..............................
REFERENCES ............. ......................

...
....

41

ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. A Foelsch-Type Nozzle with Radial Flow at the Inflection Point .............. 2. .................. 6 7
, ,

Nozzle with Radial Flow and a Transition Region to Produce Continuous Curvature ............
Nozzle Illustrating Design Method of Ref. 13 ,

3. 4. 5.

8 9

Nozzle Throat Region ............

...............

Relationships Obtained from Cubic Distribution of Velocity from Sonic Point to Point E for Axisymmetrin Nozzle ...... ................. ..............
=

....

18 19 23 28 29

6. 7. 8. 9.

Limitations of Fourth-Degree Distribution of Mach Number from Eq. (39) ..... ... 1 . ... Characteristics Near Throat of Nozzle with R Variation of Wake Parameter, A, w.,ith Reynolds Number (Incompressible) ... .......... Variation of Skin-Friction Coefficient with Reynolds Number (Incompressible) ... ........ .... Variation of Velocity Profile Exponent with Reynolds Number Based on Boundary-Layer .................. Thickness ...... .........
3 h 4;

10.

...

30

A EO C-TR-78-63

TABLE
Page

1. Input Cards for Sample Design

......

. . . .

. . .

39

APPENDIXES A. TRANSONIC EQUATIONS ..................

. .. ...

...

45 49

. . .. . . . . . . . . 0. CUBIC INTEGRATION FACTORS. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . C. INPUT DATA CARDS . ....... D. COMPUTER PROGRAM................ . . . . . . . . . . :"NOMENCLATURE .......................

.52
61 139

AE DC-TR-78-63

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnel nozzles can be placed in

two

general categories, planar (also called two-dimensional)

and axisymmetric. the

Early supersonic nozzles (circa 1940) were planar for many reasons:

state of the art was new with regard to both the design and the fabrication; the expansion of the air - the usual medium - was in one plane only, thereby simplifying the calculations and requiring two contoured walls for each test Mach number and two flat walls which could be used for all the Mach numbers; and the relatively low stagnation temperature and pressure requirements did not create dimensional stability problems in the throat region. Dimensional stability would in later years become

a primary factor in the development of axisymmetric nozzles. Prandtl and Busemann, Ref. Ref. 2, 1, laid the foundation for determining Foelach,

the inviscid nozzle contours by the method of characteristics.

simplified the calculation of the contour by assuming that the

flow in the region of the inflection point was radial, as if the flow

1',-

came from a theoretical source as illustrated in Fig. 1. The downstream boundary of the radial flow is the right-running characteristic AC from the inflection point, A, to the point,
C,

on the axis of symmetry where

the design Mach number is first reached. The flow properties along this characteristic can be readily calculated; and inasmuch as all leftrunning characteristics downstream of the radial flow region are straight lines in planar flow, the entire downstream contour can be determined analytically. curve. Upstream of the inflection point, it was assumed that the source flow could be produced by a contour which was a simple analytic In the Foelsch design the Mach number gradient on the axis is This discontinuity produces a disdiscontinuous at the juncture of the radial flow region and the beginning of the parallel flow region. the theoretical exit of the nozzle. continuity in curvature of the contour at the inflection point and at

.-

AE DC-,TR-78-63

S~Flow

Uniformr

Figure 1. A Foelsch-type nozzle with radial flow at the inflection point.

As the state of the art progressed, it became desirable to cover a

range of Mach numbers without fabricating different nozzle blocks for each Mach number. A limited range of Mach numbers could be covered by using blocks with unsymmetrical contours which could be translated relative to each other to vary the mean Mach number in the test section. The widest range of Mach numbers with acceptably uniform flow in the test section has been obtained in wind tunnels in which the contoured walls consist of flexible plates supported by jacks which can be adjusted to vary the contour to suit each Mach number. Inasmuch as the curvature of a plate so supported must be continuous, methods of calculating contours with continuous curvature were developed (Refs. 3, 4, and 5) by introducing a transition region, A B C J, downstream of the radial flow region (see Fig. 2). The shape of the wall between points A and J was controlled to give continuous curvature. The contours used for the von K~rmgn Gas Dynamics Facility 40- by 40-in. Supersonic Wind Tunnel (A) at AEDC were obtained by the method of Ref. 5. Not only is a continuous-curvature contour easier to match with a Jack-supported plate, but it also satisfies the potential flow criterion for zero vorticity,, dq/dn
-

Kq

(1)

where q is the velocity measured along a streamline of curvature K and n is the distance normal to the streamline. Inasmuch as the inviscid contour is a streamline, this criterion implies that the flow will be disturbed where a contour has a discontinuity in curvature.

AEDC-TR-78-63

Figure 2.

Nozzle with radial flow and a transition region to produce continuous curvature.

The usual wind tunnel criterion concerning temperature is that the constituents of the gas should not liquefy during the expansion process required to reach the test Mach number. For the usual pressure levels involved, ambient stagnation temperatures can be used up to a Mach number of about five. As the stagnation temperature is raised, dimensional stability becomes more difficult to maintain in a planar nozzle. Therefore, axisymmetric nozzles are used when elevated stagnation temperatures are involved. Axisymmetric nozzles have also been used for low-density tunnels (Ref. 6) because their boundary-layer growth is more uniform than that of planar nozzles, which inherently have transverse pressure gradients on the flat walls. The obvious disadvantage of axisymmetric nozzles is that each one must be designed for a particular Mach number. Moreover, disturbances created by imperfections in the contour tend to be focused on the centerline. Before the advent of high-speed digital computers, it was extremely time consuming (Ref. 7) to calculate axisymmetric nozzle flow by the Inasmuch as the assumption of method of characteristics (Ref. 8). source flow saved time in designing a planar nozzle, it was logical to use source flow as a starting point in the design of an axisymmetric nozzle. In Ref. 9, Foelsch develops an approximate method of converting the radial flow to uniform flow. Beckwith et al., Ref. 7, show that Foelsch's approximations were quite inaccurate but utilized the idea of

7
./.

AE DC.TR-78-63

a region of radial flow followed immediately on the axis by uniform flow, as in Fig. 1. As in the case of planar flow, the discontinuity in 10). Such discontinuities have been eliminated by 11, and 12; here, an axial distribution thus Mach number gradient on the axis produces a discontinuity in curvature on the contour (Ref. the design methods of Refs. 10,

of Mach number (or velocity) between points B and C (Fig. 2) introduces a transition region between the radial and parallel flow regions, radial flow values at the beginning of the parallel flow. Fig. 3, the upstream boundary of the radial flow region is flow angle is the same at points G and A. gradually reducing the gradient and/or second derivative to zero from the As shown in a left-running The

characteristic from the inflection point, G, to the axis at point E. a general nozzle design. As described in Ref. 12,

Both are shown to illustrate the contour upstream

of the inflection point can be calculated for an axial distribution of velocity in the region between points I and E, which makes the transition from sonic values to radial flow values. On the axis, the sonic values of first and second derivatives of velocity with respect to axial distance were calculated by an adaptation of the transonic theory of Hall, Ref. 13, or Kliegel and Levine, Ref. the axis. Inflection Reglon 14. The upstream limit of these cal-

culations was the left-running characteristic from the sonic point on

M *
SI
Figure 3.

6
F
-

Nozzle illustrating design method of Ref. 13,

.'*. -:

..'. U,,.J-

AEDC-TR-78-83

This characteristic is

also called a branch line.

Between the theo-

retical location of the throat and the intersection of the branch line

with the contour was a region which was not calculated but which increased in size as the throat curvature increased. This gap in the contour has been eliminated by the method described herein which utilizes a right-running characteristic originating at the throat as shown in Fig. 4 (where point I has been moved from the sonic line to the With this latest improvement upon the method of throat characteristic). Ref. 12, contours can be designed which have throat radii of curvature of the same order of magnitude as the throat radii although such an extreme curvature would not normally be recommended from other standpoints. A recent (1975) design of a Mach 6 nozzle utilized this method with a throat radius of curvature of about 5.5 times the throat radius.

Sonic Line

Branch Line

YO

Throat Characteristic

Figure 4.

Nozzle throat region.

After the design method was developed for axisymmetric nozzles, was adapted for planar nozzles having a prescribed centerline tribution of Mach number (or velocity). dis-

it

This approach to such a design

The current design is considerably different from that of Ref. 5. method is incorporated into the computer program included herein. As an option in the program, a complete centerline Mach number distribution

AEDC-TR-78-63

can be used which does not include a radial flow region. Parts oZ the computer program are subroutines for computing the boundary-layer correction
to the inviscid contour, for smoothing the contour, and for interpolat-

ing points at even axial positions by means of a cubic spline fit of the
contour.

2.0

TRANSONIC SOLUTION

In many early nozzle designs, it was assumed that the flow at the throat was uniform (M - 1) and parallel. This assumption impliey that the wall curvature is zero and that the acceleration of the fl, Is the zero (i.et, the acceleration starts from zero at the beginning .-. contraction, reaches a maximum in the contraction but is reduced to zero again at the throat, and must be increased again in the beglaning of the supersonic contour and reduced to zero at the nozzle exit). A nozzle so designed therefore becomes considerably longer than one in which the flow reaches its maximum acceleration in the vicinity of the throat, where it is approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the square root of the radius of curvature. The above argument indicates the fallacy of some so-called "minimum length" nozzles, although some designers have combined a contraction having a relatively high throat curvature with the supersonic section having zero throat curvature. For a throat with a finite radius of curvature there have been many transonic solutions. Hall, Ref. 13, developed a small perturbation transonic solution for irrotational, perfect gas flow, in both twodimensional and axisymmetric nozzles, by means of expansions in inverse powers of R, the ratio of the throat radius of curvature to the throat half-height, or radius. His solution gives the normalized (with the velocity at the sonic point) axial and normal velocity components in the form
(y,Z) R
+

. R2 . ..
10

R3

.Y.

(2)

10

AEDC-TR -78-63

where

2 +
12

Lv (y,z)

L,( L.

v+(y,z)
2

+ v,(y,)V(

.(

3)

and x and y are coordinates normalized with the throat half-height or radius, yo. The value of a is zero for two-dimensional flow and one for Kliegel and Levine in Ref. 14 extended the applicaaxisymmetric flow.

bility of Hall's axisymmetric solution to lower values of R essentially by making the substitution S-1 + 9-2 + S(2) and (3). (4) . .(5)

where S

R + 1, into Eqs.

In the method used herein, the

same substitution is made in Eq.

for two-dimensional flow as well as

for axisymmetric flow and therefore becomes a special case of the general transonic solution described in Ref. 15. The complete general equations in terms of S are given in Appendix A. At the throat, x - 0, y - yo' v
n=

0, for planar flow, 0

(274Y2 - 861y,+ 3 170100
2

1+

_1_

3S d u dx/y.

(14y-7 5 ) 2 270S

4464)

-(32y

+ 87y
540S2

561)

and, for axisymmetric flow,

(2364y 2

4S

2 1-4y -57)

288S

- 3915y + 14337) + .. 82944S 3

(8)

Sd__+__ dX/yu

-(64y2

as

+ I 17y 2 1152S

1026)

(9)

;!:

11

AEDC-TR-78-63

where the derivatives are with respect to x nondimensionalized by the throat half-height or radius, respectively, and
2

A On the axis, y
u
=

_____(10)

0, v
_i 6S
+

0,

for planar flow,

782y 2 + 3 5 07y 2721 60S' 1
12+

+ Y-5 2 270, ].4Y"

34y2+

- 7767

429y_ 4320S 2

,Y,"

36S

(,&
-z'
S1 -

(2y 2

33y + 9)/72 + .

(1)

and, for axisymmetric flow,

_. 4S
1 + IOy-. 2 L5 _ 2708y2 + 2079y + 82944S 2 288S
2 11

5+

+& -1 t Y

I - 8S + 92y2 + 180X - 9 115282

++

()2

(.2~

(--A)' Yr,

(4Y2

57y

27)/144 +

(12)

Because the sonic line is curved for finite values of R, the mass flow through the throat is reduced by the factor CD (discharge coefficient), which is the rat 4 .o of accual mass flow to that which could flow if R were infinite and the sonic line were straight. For planar flow,
CD
I-

[i

4y24 + 3342 - 457y + 4353

(] 13)

I12

12

AEDC-TR -78-63

and,

for axisymmetric flow,

C[ 1
-

y 96 S'

[1

24S

.754y2

28EIOS'

-757y +36U.

(14)

The flow which passes through the throat also passes through the sonic area of the source flow which is at a distance r
In planar flow,
0(

from the source.

or oY 0 /r 1
=

,/C 1

(16)

where the inflection angle, n, is in radians.

In axisymmetric flow, = 7y. ry~o CD =21 r or 1 -cs

I

(17)

yo/r-

2 sin (1/2)/cD

(18)

In

the calculation of the throat characteristic used herein,

the

value at x - 0, y - yo

Eq.

(6),

is the starting point.

The half-height'~
Inasmuch

or radius, y0 , is divided into 240 equally spaced values of y. as the characteristic is right running,
dy/dx
tan(

its slope at each point is

(19)

where
sin
=

I 1/M

(20)

Also
W
=

+ K-l

y+1 sin
=

Y+-

M2)

(21)
(22)

v/W

and
o + ddrdo
'""a

d
y

(23)

13

--

AEIDC-TR-78-63

Sde

dx/cos(o - t)-

dy/sin(o - 1)

(24)

'The term i is the Prandtl-Meyer angle in two-dimensional flow,

Y-1 yan. y+l

(2I -

2 - tan-1 (I -1)

(25)

Equations (19) and (23) are the characteristic equations and are solved
by finite differences. If at point 2 are found (y is
S

all values are known at point 1, known a t both points) by

+ 2(y-y) l-A, + tan

the values

x2 -

tan(

(26)

A(Y2

-Y)2

+ (x2!

x1 )2

(27)

V0 2 = 01 + 01 - 0 2
At the starting point W is

VI

+ - V 2

(28)
0. Values of v2I

the value of u because v -

are calculated at each point (x 2 , y 2 ) and Eqs. (26) to (28)

from the transonic solution, reached. For

are iterated until convergence is

evaluating the term in brackets in Eq. (28), the ratio v/y is defined by the transonic solution even on the axis where both v and y are zero. This fact eliminates thbi general problem ia axisym-etric characteristics solutions of evaluating the indeterminate sin */y in Eq. axis of symmetry.
It istic

(23) on the

may be noted that the value of W as calculated from the character,value from Eq. (21) differs from the value (u2 + V 2)I12 calculated

from the transoutic equations, but the difference decreases wT:Uh increasing R. on the axis, For the final point of the throat characteristic which 1,us the value of d 3 u/dx3 from the transonic solutioa for the "corrected" to make u - W for the axisymmetric The correction is abvut 16 perccnt made

axial distribution is

case fur values of R less than 12. for R

I and decreases rapidly as R increases.

This correction is

14

F ' i " i I I iii '

ln

n.

"

..

AE :)C-TR -78-63

so that v,'alues of du/dx and d udx solution I1 for later application. 'much

can be calculated from the transonic

The correction is believed to be Juatified truncated

as the accuracy of the transonic solution -s limited, particularly

for low values of R, because the series expression for u is after the x term.

3.0

CEN'TERLMN

DISTRIBUTION

In the radial flow region, the distance r, measured from the sourne, is related to the locAl. Mach number by
Lr)+

(_L

Y+1

h.-y+ I+ M 2)qy

++

(29)

'

or
)1+a W-(Y+' I W2--

(30)
can

First, second, and third derivatives of W -itM with respect to r/r be obtained as described in Ref. measured from the source. by the same factor, r,, can be transormed by Eqs. 12. Along the axis x
-

r when x is

Inasmuch as all, coordinates ma.st be normalized (16) and (18), after which the distance froom

the transonic equation in terms of A/yo and y/yo

the source to the throat station must be taken I.-ntc account. This latter distance is generally unknoun until after the distance from point I to point E is determined. In radial flow, the term on the right-hand side of Eq. (23) can be y/r and d& - dr/cos v, evaluated dimply. Inasmuch as sin

H
but
.

ik9!

S21

tan

= -tan (M

-I

"15

AEDoC-TR-78-63

and, from Eq. (29)

.

'for a

1,
dr (24M
2

2(1 +2 E:
2

M)

Mi

Thus
,tnan dr s r
=

(M -1) 2 2(1+-Z2 MN )
2

dM M

From Eq. (25),

do
(I +Y-1
2

2 ) M

M
M

"therefore, Eq. (23), in radial flow, becomes

dot/ + do4 - 2- dot

21
Similarly, for the left-

(31)

which applies for characteristic AB or GF. running chaivacteristic EG, do - do Thc.:efore,

1 3 -

ad
2

(32) (33)
(34)

-G

and

G - OF, = (a + 1)

and, from the design values n and MB (and/or the necessary derivatives can be calculated.

), MA, M, M' WE, and

Within the accuracy of Eqs. (11) and (12), the second derivative of velocity ratio at the sonic point is negative for values of R loss than 11.767 for planar flow and 10.525 for axcisyrmetric flow. The second derivative of Mach number at the sonic point is positive for all values of R. Inasmuch as the second derivative of either W or M is negative for source flow, it seems better to use a velocity distribution rather thau a Mach number distribution between points I and E. On the other hand, a Mach number distribution between points B and C is preferable

16
-IT

A E DC-T R -78-63

because the velocity ratio approaches the constant value of

[(Y + the

1)/Y _ 1)] 1/2 as the Mach number increases to infinity; therefore,

change in velocity between points B and C becomes small relative to the change in Mach number.
I.

The velocities and their first and second derivatives at points I and E are used to determine the coefficients of the general fifth degree
polynomial

.,W C1 + C2 X + C3 X2 + C4 X3 + C'5X4 + C6X5

where

(35)

X - (x - xl)/(XF - X[) (36) Similarly, the Mach numbers and their first and second derivatives at points B and C are used to determine the coefficients of the polynomial
2 M = 1) + D2 X + D 3 X + 0) 4 X + D 5 X4 + D6X"

(37)

where, in this case,

X .: (x - XI)/(X. - xv) (38)

and the first and second derivatives at point C are usually set equal to
zero.

In these equations, the lengths (xE-xI) and (xC-xB) must be specified, but can be determined by the conditions that C6 and D 6 equal zero, thereby reducing the polynomials to fourth-degree ones. If the velocity at point E is determined by iteration, the third derivative at point I or E can be included as a criterion for the fourth-degree polynomial; or, by setting C5 - 0, one can find a third-degree polynomial with a constant third derivative. In either case, the Mach number at point B is found from Eqs. (33) and (34) after the value at point E is found. All "of these options are included in the program, but unless there are other factors involved, the preferred options are the cubic between points I and E and the quartic between points B and C.

17

T-n

i n

.'i-

AEDC-TR-78-63

For the cubic distribution for axisymmctric flow, the Mach number at point E is related to the radius ratio as shown in Fig. 5 for y 1.4 for various values of inflection angle. of constant values of the ratio *E/n.
h + 4,

Cross plotted are lines

Such values for most axisymmetric

nozzles lie in the range covered in this figure, and inasmuch as *F/n
values of MF can also be obtained. 2,8

1,4

2.4 -2, 22

"-2

1,8 -

12

.11.6
1,2 4

16 12 Radius Raik (R)

20

24

Figure 5.

Relationships obtained from cubic distribution of velocity from tonic point to point E for axisymmetric nozzle.

- -

- -

-'

j18
,. -

AEDC-TR-78-63

In

determining the length of the segment between points B and C, a minimum

using the fourth-degree polynomial distribution, there is

value of the Mach number at point B for the design Mach number at point C. As given in Ref. 12, M= ,; + 0.715 M " /M (39)

where the primes indicate derivatives with respect to r/rI. relationship is shown in Fig. 6. for a Mach number greater than about 3.4, 20
+

This

For an axisymmetric nozzle designed the minimum Mach number at

~18
16
14 ,, 12 10 Axisymmetric

Planar

0
0 Figure 6. 2

6 8 10 4 Minimum Mlach Number at Point B

12

14

Limitations of fourth-degree distribution of Mach number from Eq. ?39).

point B is

about two-thirds of the d2sign Mach number.

Using such a

value visually causes the length to be xcessive,

and more realistic

19

zzzizI,7,.: 71

,.

AEDC-TR-78-63

values of

B are 75 to 80 percent of M

It is important, however, as

illustrated in Ref. 16, that the distance between points B and C be sufficient to allow for accurate machining of the contour between points A and J, which lie on the characteristics through points B and C, respectively. 4.0 INVISCID CONTOUR

The flow properties are determined at a desired number of points along the key characteristics (i.e., the throat characteristic, TI, as described earlier (a sub-multiple of 240 is used for subsequent calculations), the characteristics EG and AB bounding the radial flow region by Eqs. (33) and (34) for equal increments in n, and the final characteristic CD along which the Mach number is constant and the flow angle is zero). The flow properties are also determined at axial points from Eqs. (35) and (37). The network of characLeristics is then calculated in the region TIEG starting at point E and progressing upstream and in the region ABCD starting at point B and progressing downstream. The equations for a right-running characteristic were given previously.
dy/dx
+
=

tan(o - p,) ,. d dy/sin(r/ - p) tan (0 + p)

(19) (23)

where
de - dx/cos(
-It)

(24) (40)

For a left-running characteristic, the equations are

dy/dx
do=b

'!2s_0nL,uiJ y

d4

(41)

where Aldo
:, Also

dx/cos (0 + p) = dy/sin(0 + do .~J2

p)

(42)

2 (1 + 1.i M )

dM M

acot I

dW

(43)

[I

20
__

A__

AEDC-TR-78-63

Values of x, y,

*,and M are

known at the general point 1 on the

right-running characteristic, C, and at the general point 2 on the leftrunning characteristic, C. The characteristics intersect at the general point 3 where the values are calculated by numerical integration of Eqs. (23) and (41) along the respective characteristics.

S(si

6,mn A

02. n P~2

(44) (45)
(0 2 + A2

where A4 ( -c and
Y3 Y2
3 222
-3

" 2) sec 1

tan~ 0

tan (0

+ jA 3 ) + 1.tan

(46)

011

+ (3-

01)

4,

(Min0mi&AMn

+. sinl 6minp

(47
(48)

where

(3-

x1) sec. a

and
=tan X -X

Itan ((3

13

+1L
2

tan(~

(49)

Adding, substracting, and rearranging gives

03 2 (0 +
-

+ S6

+ P2 +

)(50)

03

(01

+ 0,+

02

-(51)

In planar flow, P1 14-1

p2

0 because a

-0

and Eqs. (50) and (31)

can be solved directly, 14 is obtained from *j by t~he inverse application of Eq. (25), and vNsin (1/M ). In axisymnietric flow, the equations must be solved by iteration. A useful first approximation for P 1 ) /2. ~3 )/2 and P2 and P2 is the radial flow values, P 1 1 -(p-

21

--

.. ..

AEDC.TR-7S-63

At all points except on the axis in axisymmetric flow, Eqs. (44) On the axis, the and (47) are defined because Y2 and y, are nonzero. /Y2 and sin 0,/y, are indeterminate with the form zero/zero. terms sin These indeterminates can be evaluated by assuming that the general points 1 and 2 on the axis are very close together and that U f P s 13 and W OW W2 * W 3. Equation (41) Cot g L and Eq. 23 can be written
cot A dW= W

can be written do +
'in 6 sin I dx

(52)

y cos ( + -)

-d9

+ sin 0 idnp dx y cos( S -)

OIA-.ts

(53)

as and

964

9S-Psino,

tan

= i__i..-3 2

=.
1

3
3

In finite-difference form, co t a (W3 - W 2) = 3 + int anIA..(X3 -x2

. 3
3 2)

tan Y3

sin 0.

tan P

(X 3 - X2)

Y3

--

2 sin 03 tan M3 (x3

x2)/y 3

(55)

Similarly
Wa
- W S(Wl 3)

=3

+ sin 0, tan /I3 (x1

x 3)/y

x3)/y

(56)

-*

2 sin 03 tan p 3 (xl -

(57)

Adding Eqs.

(55) and (57)

and rearranging,

lia
y4O Y

=i
2

~ __ w
W dx

(58)

and

s"' 0'2 Min

(M1 -)Y

(d'

(59)

22

,.

- .

,,

. ,

./

'. ,

2 2

AEDC-TR-78-63

for use in Eq.

(44)

when point 2 is
HilIl

on the axis, 2W W \I on the axis.

and

st

410

Yl

(60)

for use in Eq. (47)

when point I is

In

starting the calculation of the network of characteristics in

the region TIEG, point E becomes point 1 and the first axis point upsteam of point E becomes point 2. The complete left-running characteristic approximately parallel to EG is calculated, and the point on the contour is determined from mass flow considerations as described in Ref. 17. The flow properties along this characteristic are then used to calculate the next left-running characteristic, again starting on the axis. This process is repeated until point I is reached, after which the starting point for each left-running characteristic is a point on the throat characteristic as illustrated in Fig. 7. The process in region ABCD is similar except that right-running characteristics are calculated for each point on the contour. 1,4 UI

1.0

0.8

Y
0.6 0.4 "-

0.2
01

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1,0
x

1.2

1,4

1,6

1.8

2.0

Figure 7.

Characteristics near throat of nozzle with R = 1. 23

-.

'IL,

AEDC-TR-78-63

5.0

BOUNDARY-LAYER CORRECTION

To each ordinate of the inviscid contour must be added a correction for the boundary-layer growth to obtain the viscid or physical contour of the nozzle. Except for very low stagnation pressures, the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent. Generally, the boundary-layer correction will be made for one design condition of stagnation pressure and temperature although it is theoretically possible to reshape a flexibleplate type of planar nozzle to account for different boundary-layer thicknesses corresponding to different stagnation conditions. The correction for a planar nozzle is usually applied to the contoured walls only, but the correction also allows for the growth of the boundary layer on the parallel walls in order to maintain a constant Mach number along the test section centerline. Therefore, the correction applied is greater than the displacement thickness on the contoured walls, and the flow in the test section is diverging in the longitudinal plane normal to the contoured walls. In the longitudinal plane normal to the parallel walls, the flow is converging because of the boundary-layer growth; moreover, there is a tendency for the boundary layer to be thicker on the wall centerline because of the transverse pressure geadients present on the parallel walls. Although these physical effects make a true correction impossible for a planar nozzle, the calculations described herein are made as if the cross section were circular, with the circumference at each station equal to the periphery of the actual rectangular cross section.
The method of calculating the boundary-layer growth is based on

obtaining a solution to the von Kfrmfn momentum equation written for

axisymmetric flow.
0I
dx M 2 -M 2 M El + (y.-_)

+H 2

M /2

dM + I
dx

rw

dr

dx

C
2

(61)

The term

[(I/rw)(drw/dx)1 becomes an effective one for planar flow as

just described.

For either type of nozzle, the inviscid value is used

24

,.k

AEDC.TR -78-63

as a first approximation.

The entire solution is iterated several times

with new values of rw and drw/dx - tan 0w obtained each time by adding vectorially the displacement thickness to the inviscid contour. The value of mcmentum thickness used in Eq.
PI

(61)
q

is defined by

-__d__(62)

0___
where z is measured normal to the wall. Also

P'I

'(

1--

)d

(2

iiO.

5 (,_ dz (63)

The quantities P* and 0 may be considered to be the displacement and momentum thicknesses when the boundary-layer thickness is small with respect to the radius, r . These values are related to tota2 values w a* and 0, obtained from mass-defect and momentum-defect considerations by
12

(64)

and

-- . 62

(65)
(64) may

Because rw-6 coo Cw + y, where y is the inviscid radius, Eq. w a~ be rearranged to give w
4--

w I

Y 2

SC 2

y sec 9W

(66)

For the final correction, the value

*a sec

w is added to the in-viscid

radius in order that no correction be made to the longitudinal location. The integrations of Eqs. using Gauss' velocity distribution
q/q,

(62) and (63) are performed numerically

16-point formula, with the assumption of the power-law (67)

25

.-.

.......

'..

AEDC-TR-78-63

ai

and pl/p " TT where

T
=

(68)
Tw] (q/q.) 2

(Taw

Tw) q/q, + [Te

Tw)

(69)

which is Crocco's quadratic temperature distribution if a - 1. 'However, as shown in Ref. 12, a value of a - 0 gives a parabolic distribution 1' data obtained in hypersonic wind tunnels with which agrees better wit water-cooled walls. The same distribution is obtained if T - Taw' w & which is likely to be the case for planar, flexible-plate nozzles. Before using the Gaussian integration, one must replace the values of z and dz with 6(q/q dN and N6 (q/qe)N-1 d(q/qe), respectively, in order to avoid the infinite slope, dq/dz, when q and z equal zero. The value of the compressible skin friction coefficient, Cf, in Eq. (61) is assumed to be related to an incompressible value, Cfi by a factor Fc, introduced by Spalding and Chi, Ref. 18, Fc Cf =Crf
and Cf is related to an incompressible Reynolds number, R,

(70)
which is

relate to the compressible value, Re

FIa RO,

fI

by a factor F, RO

c
(71)

The factor Fc, also used by van Driest, Ref.

19, is given by
(72)
'

L I/(p/pe)
which uses Eqs, (68) and (69),
was implied, but Eq. (72)

d (q/qe)]

In Refs. 18 and 19, a value of a

is used herein with a - 0 also, to give

ia "modified" value of V ~c.

The factor Fc may be considered to be the

The (73)

ratio of a reference temperature to the free-stream temperature.

factor FR , as used by van Driest, is

V
F68 =
,/JAW

26
-. Ni

Zi

A E DC-TR-78.63

The compressible momentum thickness,

upon which R

is

based is

the flat-plate valueC

li q P% P q" 74 'z

because the values of Fc and FR plate data.

were developed to correlate flat-

The equation used herein for incompressible skin-friction coefficient is that of Ref,
If

20,
(log H0 + 4.56]) (log t0o
-

0.546)

This equation is believed to agree with experimental data slightly better than the von Kgrm~n-Schoenherr equation,
, (fI

(0,242)2 (log 110+ 1.1696) (log lie + 0.3010) Also as shown in Ref. 20, Eq. (75) agrees

(76)

at high Reynolds numbers.

with the equation, Ref.

21,

based on Coles'

law of the wall and law of

(77)

S~L

the wake,
(2/C 1 ) 2 fn 15 + 0.5 Fn (C /2) + YC + 211
-

if

1Ivaries as shown in Fig. 8 from about 0.41 at R6

- 7i50,000

400 to a maximum

of 0.5885 at Re 107.

and then decreases to about 0.49 at R. to agree with Eq. (77), I1must continually The data shown in Fig. as shown in Fig. 8.

in order for Eq.

(76)

increase with increasing R0

8 were computed by Coles iniRef. 21 from Wieghardt's flat plate data, Ref. 22. A comparison of friction coefficients from Eqs. (75) and (76) is shown in Fig. 9 together with Wieghardt's values as recomputed by Coles. The constants K and C are 0.41 and 5.0, respectively. The relationship between e and 6 is obtained from the logarithmic velocity

profile by neglecting the laminar sublayer, representing the wake function 2 by a sine distribution, and integrating to obtain
____

(78)

j27

A ED C-TH -78-63

and _8*
C=i(~,.

179 11 + 1.5 n2)

(Y9)

2K

,'
"0.6
' 0 0

0.50

From Eas. (76) and (77) '-Iata Tabulated InRef. 21;

Identifled as Wloghardt Flat Plate Flow

0.3

0.2
I~ l Ill I l J lll ] I I

ll

I I I f

ll

I I J I ll

103

104

105

106

107

Figure 8.

Variation of wake parameter, n, with Reynolds number (incompressible).

(67) is assumed to be a function of Reynolds

The value of N in Eq.

and is

number based on the actual boundary thickness, not corrected by FR evaluated through the use of the kinematic momentum thickneis

q Ifrom which
Ok/6

dz
3N + 2)

(80)
(81)

N/(N 2

or

-a+

- 6\

+ 1I

(82)

28

A EDC-TR -78-63
0. 006
I

I Tl l r

1 TrTiJ

lfl

! I

I 11 I 1 [1 1

0,003 5

Ct,

O.004

Wleqhardt's Flat Plate Data Tabulated In Ref, 21

0.003

0.002

Eq .(75)

0.L0
0 1 1 11 tl 111 ilj ,J

Eq. (7610
I J1 1 iIlll f ,I I I I ILill'

104 Re,

106

Ia7

Figure 9. Variation of skin-friction coefficient with

Reynolds number (incompressible).
(79), The value of 0k/ 6 is obtained from Eq. evaluated from Eqs. (75) and (77) where the value of nIis The re-

with ek used instead of 0i. 10.

sulting variation of N with Rd is shown in Fig.

Two options contained in the program subroutine for the boundary layer utilize Coles' law of corresponding stations (Ref. 23), (83) if Cf /Cf
i

. F
c

is

calculated from Eq.

(72)

for a - 0 or a

1, then one 1

option gives F 10 ''~ 1 8 The second option divdes Eq. (83)

Cfl/(

~ ~(84) ~/I~

into the two parts,

=f I' /T,, P11 (85)

29

AEDC,.TR-78-63

and
=

!S/!L.(86)

where pis evaluated at the temperature

'T',

1?.2(Cf/2)2 a(Ta

T)

305(Cf,/2) [a(Taw

Tw) + Tw

T.] (87)

10

.1

N 6

104 R6

106

Figure 10.

Variation of velocity profile exponent with Reynolds number based on boundary-layer thickness.

Still another option defines the incompress~ible skin-friction coefficient as Cf

0,0888 (log 11 8 + 4.6221) (log 118 1.4402)

(88)

where
CTWAW

(89)

and FCis calculated from Eq. (72).

30

V t.

AEDC-TFR-78.63

The wall temperature in the above equations can be the adiabatic wall temperature or can be allowed to vary between a throat wall temperature, T WT, and a nozzle-exit wall temperature, T WD, both of which are input to the program. of wall temperature,
I(A i/A*)'I A/A*

Two options are available for the variation

(90)

where m can be 1/2 or 1, A/A* is

the area ratio corresponding to local

Mach number, and Ac/A* is the area ratio corresponding to the design Mach number at the nozzle exit. Equation (90) is used in lieu of more accurate values and approximates the way the heat transfer decreases as the Mach number increases from 1 at the throat to the design value at the exit. For a water-cooled throat, the value of T can also be calculated by the program, T
'I; T=
' T + 00 l)-1 I('l' )

(91)

h. + 0
where h a is the airside heat-transfer coefficient at the throat as calculated by Reynolds analogy from the throat skin-friction coefficient Sp

C p 2/ c2

(92)

with a constant specific heat based on the thermochemical BTU

T (y
-.

i) 777,64885,

(93)

and Q is an input which is a function of the properties of the throat

material, the cooling water, and the geometry and would be a constant if the properties were constant. The assumption is made that the bulk temperature of the water is 15*F less than T and that p2 /3 is the square of the recovery factor used to obtain Vhe adiabatic wall temperature, T

S31

AEDC.TH ,78.63

For "he integration of Eq. '61),

the values of x, y,

dy/dx, M,

and d&/dy

obtained from the iviscid contour at unevenly spaced points as a result of the characterio:t:cs solution. With the inputs of stagnation pressure and temperature, ga, constant, and recovery factor, the unit Reynolds number and static and adiabatic wall temperatures can be calculated at the same points as functions of Mach number with Sutherland's equation used for viscosity. With the inputs of Tw_ and
.. :

TWD, the wall temperatures can also be calculated as functions of Mach number, although TwTmay need to be obtained by interation if the option to input a value of Q is exercised. Sutherlandts equation is also used with wall temperatures to obtain the viscodities at the wall. For any static temperature below the Sutherland temperature, 198.72*R as used herein, the viscosity variation with temperature is assumed to be linear. The integration of Eq. (61) is started at the throat where it is Iteration is

assumed that dOidx w 0 in order to obtain a value of e.

involved at each point because Cf is a function of Reynolds number based upon 8, and the relations e/6 and 8*/8 depend upon the value of N, which is a function of Reynolds number based upon 6. After all iterations converge within specified tolerances, the value of P is calculated a from the value of 6*, and the values of B and dO/dx are used in the calculation at subsequent points. The values of dO/dx are integrated numerically to obtain the increment in 0 to be added to a previously determined value of 8. The trapezoidal rule is used to determine the second point, the parabolic rule for the third point, and cubic integration for the fourth and subsequent pointa.
For convenience, Eq. (61) may be written 8' + 8P - Q. The general

integration for the nth point is

On

=On3 + Gu_3 1

+ Gn-2

n-2 +I Gn

1+

Gn 0.

(94)

32

" S.... . ... . : ':.-:.... " -- '.... .. -.. . . . ..

+ ++

"+"

..... ,

.................

..........

AF DC.TR-78-63

where th' C's are functiw~s of the spacings s, t, and u between the points and are given in Appendix B. Except tor e and ef, the other fn n values in Eq. (94) are known from previous calculations. Inasmuch as

0
Eq. (92)

P 0

(95)

can be rearranged to g(ve on. (011_,1 111 0.,, : 3+ 1.G "_

(0 + Gri

t + G; 0' 4.G Q. .(6

)

After convergence of the iterations, Eq. Inasmuch as Eq.

(95)

is used to obtain de/dx.

(94) depends upon the knowledge ot en-3, the value of a2 is calculated by

on-2 =

On-. 3 + "'

+ "'n-1 0,1-1 +

p, lon

(97)

which becomes the Gn 3 for the next point to be calculated. The values of the Fls are also given in Appendix B. The values of 02 and e3 obtained from Eq. (95) are used in the calculation of P* and 6P instead of the a initial values obtained by the trapezoidal or parabolic integration. The success of the above type of integration depends upon the spacing of the points. The values of the increments s, t, and u must be of the same order of magnitude, although t is usually larger than s and smaller than u if the parameters itnvolved in the characteristics solution are selected with care. After the values of 6* sec w are calculated, the values of a w d(6* sec 0 )/dx are obtained by parabolic differentiation and added to a the inviscid values of dy/dx to obtain dr /dx. This procedure is believed w to be more accurate than differentiating the value (* sac w + y) .a w because dy/dx is obtained directly from the characteristics solution and not by differentiating y with respect to x. In general, the boundary-layer correction at the throat will have

a gradient such that the viscid throat will be slightly upstream of the

33

AEOC-TR-78,63

inviscid throat.

This displacement and the value of the viscid curve-

ture at the throat are calculated using the assumption that both the inviscid throat and the boundary-layer correction are parabolic in
shape.

6.0

DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM

The computer program is written in Fortran 1V for use with the IBM 370/165 Computer. The program consists of a main section, three functions, 4 ,d to and 16 subroutines arranged so that the program can be overla conserve computer storage. The four overlays consist of AXIAL, CONIC, SORCE, and TORIC; PERFC; BOUND and HEAT; SPLIND and XYZ. The input data cards are described in Appendix C, and a listing of the program is given in Appendix D. Program MAIN. MAIN calls for the various overlays. The title card is read in with the designation as to whether the nozzle is planar or axisymmetric. A card defining the gas properties and a few pertinent dimensions is then read in. The first subroutine called is AXIAL, in which the upstream axial distribution is defined. PERVC Is called to calculate the upstream contour. AXIAL is recalled to define the downstream distribution, and PERFC is recalled to calculate the downstream contour. BOUND is called to calculate the boundary-layer growth. SPLIND is called to determine the coefficients of cubic equations to fit the
unevenly spaced points along the contour, and XYZ uses these coefficients to obtain ordinates at evenly spaced points along the axis or, in

the case of the planar nozzle, at discrete points along the surface of the flexible plate at which the supporting jacks are located.
Subroutine AXIAL. In this subroutine, cards are read in with the

parameters used to define the axial distributions of velocity and/or Mach ,Lumber and with integers which define the number and spacing of the
points on the axis and on the key characteristics and the sequence of

34

AEDC-TR-78-63

subsequent calculations.

If

the throat characteristic is called for, An option can be exercised

the upstream end of the upstream distribution starts at the intersection of the throat characteristic and the axis. at the point where M to not use the throat characteristic and thereby start the distribution 1. This option would normally be used for a e.g. a planar nozzle, or nozzle with a large throat radius of curvature,

if it were desired to repeat a calculation as in Ref. 13. Another option is to avoid a radial flow section altogether by using a polynomial distribution from the throat to the beginning of the test cone or rhombus. Other options will be described in Appendix C when the input cards are discussed. Subroutine BOUND. This subroutine is used to calculate the turbulent The stagnation

boundary-layer correction to the inviscid contour.

conditions are input, as are the parameters to describe the wall temperature distribution, the temperature distribution in the boundary layer, and the factors relating the compressible skin-friction coefficients to incompressible values. Subroutine CONIC. (29). Function CUBIC. This subroutine is used to obtain the smallest positive This subroutine is used within AXIAL to give the
1

derivatives of Mach number with respect to r/r

in radial flow from Eq.

root of a cubic equation. Function FMV. This subroutine determines the Mach number for a given

Prandtl-Meyer angle. Subroutine FVDGE, This subroutine is used within PERFC in conjunction

with NEO Lo smooth the inviscid coordinates as desired.

35

.-

AEDC-TR-78-63

Subroutine HEMT.

This subroutine is

a dummy called by BOUND but is

included so that with a more elaborate subroutine a heat balance can be

made to determine the wall temperature if the material conductivity is specified and the cooling water passage geometry and quantity of flow are specified. Subroutine NEO, This subroutine is used with PERFC in conjunction with

FVDGE to smooth the inviscid coordinates as desired by modifying the ordinate such that the second derivative is more nearly linear after smoothing than beforehand, This subroutine is used within PERFC to calculate the properties at the intersection of a left- and a right-running charSubroutine OFELD. acteristic. Subroutine OREZ. This subroutine is used to make all values of an array

equal to zero prior to a new calculation. Subroutine PERFC. In this subroutine, the properties along the key

characteristics are first calculated to go with those along the axis. The intermediate characteristics are then calculated and the contour points obtained by integrating the mass flow crossing each characteristic. If desired, certain designated intermediate characteristics may

be printed out.

If smoothing of the ordinates is desired, the inputs

associated with the smoothing are read and the smoothing applied. Inasmuch as the wall angle is interpolated from mass-flow considerations, independently of the coordinates, the wall slopes are integrated from the inflection point toward the throat for comparison with the

"interpolated ordinates.

Parabolic integration is used for this purpose Also calculated for comparisorn are the

as well as for the mass flow.

ordinates of a parabola and a hyperbola which have the same radius ratio, R, inasmuch as the transonic solution should be equally applicable to these shapes for the number of terms retained in the series,

U,,

36

AEDC-TR-78-63

Eqs.

(2)

and (3).

Finally, the scale factor,

the value of rI in inches,

is applied to obtain the inviscid coordinates in inches, and the abscissas are also shifted as desired. Subroutine PLATE. This subroutine is also a dummy to allow additional

calculations to be made for a flexible plate contour after the coordinates at each Jack location have been interpolated by SPLIND and XYZU Subroutine SCOND. This subroutine is used in BOUND, NEO, and PERFC for

parabolic differentiation of coordinates to obtain the slopes, or of Three points at a slopes and abscissas to obtain second derivatives. time are used to establish the parabola, and the slope is the center point. but with less accuracy. Subroutine SORCE. from Eq. (30). This subroutine computes the coefficients of cubic the unevenly spaced points obtained from the charThe initial and final slopes are used together This subroutine is used within AXIAL to give the obtained at The slopes at the first and last point are also obtained,

derivatives of velocity ratio, W, with respect to r/rI in radial flow

Subroutine SPLIND. equations that fit

acteristics solution.

with the coordinates to determine the cubic coefficients. Function TORIC. If the velocity gradient is known at the axial point

where M - 1, this function gives the value of radius ratio, R, which This would produce such a gradient from the transonic theory used. function is used in AXIAL if the option is exercised of specifying the Mach number at point F but not specifying the value of R. It is also used to determine the value of R for calculating streamlines other than the contour itself.

37

A E DC-TR-78-63

Subroutine TRANS.

This subroutine calculates the throat characteristic In AXIAL, at the point where the throat

from the transonic theory.

characteristic intersects the axis, the derivatives of velocity and Mach number are used to determine the coefficients of the polynomial describing the axial distribution. one plus a submultiple of 240. Subroutine TWIXT. This subroutine is used in PERFC and BOUND to interA fourIn PERFC, the flow properties along this key characteristic are used at the number of points specified as

polate the ordinate and other properties at a specified point. the specified point. Subroutine XYZ.

point Lagrangian interpolation is used with two points on either side of

This subroutine uses the cubic coefficients obtained in

SPLIND for calculating the ordinate, slope, and second derivative at specified values of the abscissa read as inputs in the MAIN section of the program. The points may be at even intervals in the abscissa or at The points may be the same points as those a comparison is desired between the derivatives so arbitrary uneven intervals. input to SPLIND if

determined and those obtained el8ewhere in the program.

7.0

SAMPLE NOZZLE DESIGN

The design of a Mach 4 axisymmetric nozzle is selected to illustrate use of the computer drogram. The input cards for the sample

design are given in Table 1. An axiiymmetric nozzle is specified by leaving JD blank (JD - 0) on Card 1. degree polynomial. Leaving SFOA blank ou Card 2 specifies that the upstream axial velocity distribution is not a fifthLeaving FMACH blank cn Card 3 specifies that the The computed value of FMACH is value of FMACH will be computed by the program, and leaving IX blank on Card 4 specifies a cubic distribution. 3.0821543, which is greater than the value of BMACH specified on Card 3;

t38

A ED C-TF-78.63

therefore,

BMACH also becomes 3.0821543.

The negative value of SF 12.25 in. The

means that the inviscid exit radius of the nozzle is

value of PP means that the inflection point will be 60 in. an arbitrary point. Leaving XC blank specifies

downstream of

the downstream axial and the positive value The values of MT,

distribution will be a fourth-degree polynomial,

of IN on Card 4 specifies a Mach number distribution. NT, MD, ND, NF,

and LR determine the number of points on the key chardivided into an even number of the contour points to be

acteristics and are all odd numbers because each includes both end points of each distribution which is increments.

The negative value of NF specifies

smoothed according to Card 5,

and the negative value of LR specifies page of the

that the transonic distribution be printed as the first sample output.

The NX value of 13 specifies the spacing of the axial

points between points I and E to be close together near Point I with the last increment about 3.17 times as large as the first (201.3 191.3). increment,

The JC value of 10 specifies that every 10th left-

running characteristic will be printed for the upstream contour together with the right-running characteristic through Point E. The smoothing

incegers on Card 5 are used to control the emoothing subroutine. Table I.

CARD I ITLE MACH4 CARD 2 GAM 144 CARO 3 8.67 FTAD CARD 4 MT NT 41 21 JU

Input Cards for Sample Design

AN 1716s563

ZO 1.

RO 0,896

VISC 2.26968E-8

VISM 198,7a

SFOA

XAL 10000

60 RC Ix IN 10

FMACH IG MO 41

3. BMACH NO 49 NF -61

4. CNC MP MG

-12.25 SF dA 1 Jx

60. PP JC 10 IT

MC LR -21 NX 13

CARD 9 NOUP NPCT NODO S,) 5S 85 CARO 6 PPQ 200. CARD 7 XSt 1000. TO 16J8* XLOW 46. TwT 900. XENO 172. IWAT 540. XINC 2. GFUN .36 ALPH IHT IR I1 1 CN LV 5

Hi

XMID

XINC2

39

-.

A EDC-TR-78-63

For the boundary-layer calculations

for stagnation conditions of

200 psia and 1638R, the value of QFUN of 0.38 overrides the specified throat temperature of 900R and produces the throat temperature of 866R as indicated on the output. Leaving ALPH blank causes the temperature distribution in the boundary to be parabolic for both the calculation of the boundary-layer parameters and the calculation of the reference temperature. * :' Leaving IHT blank causes the longitudinal distribution of (90). ILeavi.ng IR wall temperature to vary as a square-root function of the area ratio corresponding to the local Mach number; m a 1/2 In Eq. blank causes the transformation from incompressible to compressible values of skin friction coefficient to be calculated using a modified Spalding-Chi reference temperature and a Van Driest reference Reyuolds number. * Specifying ID - I takes into account that the boundary-layer thickness is not negligible relative to the radius of the inviscid core, and its positive value causes the boundary-layer calculations to be printed for the first and last iteration; the number of iterations is specified by the absolute value of LV (LV m 5 fcr the example). For the final coordinates, interpolated at even intervals, speci-

fying XST - 1,000 (the same value as XBL on Card 2) keeps the Xcoordinates consistent with the location of the inviscid inflection point at 60 in. downstream of an arbitrary point.

The main parameters selected for the sample problem were the inflection angle, the curvature ratio, and the Mach number at the point B. and 3.0821543 (computed), respectively, The selected values of 8.67 deg, 6, length of about 14 in. length of about 31 in. and nearly 120 in. of the nozzle.

are not necessarily optimum but result in a nozzle with an upstream from the throat to the inflection point, a from the inflection point to point 3 (see Fig. 3),

from the inflection point to the theoretical end

Such dcwnstream lengths are probably conservative and

could be reduced to some degree although experience with Mach 4 axisymmetric nozzles is very limited.
40

.:,.40

"AEDC-TR-78-63
The number of points used on the key characteristics should be consistent with the number of points used in the axial distributions in

order that the individual nets in the characteristics network should not become too elongated (e.g., see Fig. 7). The spacing of the points on the final contour should also progress in an orderly manner. Several trials may be necessary to optimize the various inputs to the program.

8.0

SUMMARY

A method and computer program have been presented for the aerodynamic design of planar and axisymmetric supersonic wind tunnel nozzles., The method uses the well-known analytical solution for radial source flow and connects this radial flow region to the throat and test section regions via the method of characteristics. Continuous curvature over the entire contour is attained by specifying polynomial distributions of the centerline velocity or Mach number and matching various derivatives of these polynomials at the extremities of the radial flow region, the test section, and a throit characteristic. The inviscid contour is obtained by initiating characteristics outward from the centerline and then integrating the mass flux along these characteristics to compute the inviscid nozzle boundary. The final wall contour is then obtained by adding to the inviscid coordinates a boundarylayer correction based on displacement thickness computed by integrating the von KArmAn momentum equation. To illustrate the method, a sample design calculation was presented along with the associated input and A listing of the computer program and an input descripoutput data. tion are included.

REFERENCES
1. Prandtl, L., and Busemann, A. "Nahrungsverfahren zur zeichnerischen

Ermittlung von ebenen Stromungen mit uberschall Geschwindigkeit."

Stodola Festschrift.

Zurich: Orell Susli, 1921.

41

r
AEDC-TR-78-63

2. Foel2ch, K.

"A New Method of Designing Two Dimensional Laval Report NA-46-235-1, Downey, California, March 1946.

Nozzles for a Parallel and Uniform Jet." North American Aviation, Inc., 3. Riise, Harold N,

"Flexible-Plate Nozzle Lesign for Two,.Dimensional Jet Propulsion Laboratory Report

"No. 20-74, California Institute of Technology, June 1954.

4. Kenney, J. T. and Webb, L. M.

Supersonic Wind Tunnels."

"A Summary of the Techniques of

Variable Mach Number Supersonic Wind Tunnel Nozzle Design." AGARDograph 3, October 1954. 5. Sivells, J. C. "Analytic Determinatiton of Two-Dimensional Supersonic Nozzle Contours Having Continuous Curvature." AEDC-TR-56-11 6. (AD-88606), S. July 1956. Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer at "Design and Testing of a

Owen, J. M. and Sherman, F.

Low Pressures and Temperatures: Rept. HE-150-104,

Mach 4 Axially Symmetric Nozzle for Rarefied Gas Flows." July 1952, University of California, California. "The Aerodynamic Institute of Engineering Research, Berkeley, 7. Beckwith, I. E., Ridyard, H. W., and Cromer, N.

Design of High Mach Number Nozzles Utilizing Axisymmetric Flow with Application to a Nozzle of Square Test Section." NACA TN 2711, 8. June 1952.

Cronvich, L. L. "A Numerical-Graphical Method of Characteristics for Axially Symmetric Isentropic Flow." Journal of the Aeronautical. Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 3, March 1948, pp. 155-162.

9.

Foelach, K.

"The Analytical Design of an Axially Symmetric Journal of Vol. 16, No. 3, March 1949, pp.

Laval Nozzle for a Parallel and Uniform Jet." the Aeronautical Sciences, 161-166, 188.

"i' '

42 4

AEDC-TR -78-83

,*

10.

Yu,

Y. N.

"A Summary of Design Techniques for Axisymmetric

* 11.

Hypersonic Wind Tunnels." Cresci, R. J.

AGARDograph 35,

November 1958.

"Tabulation of Coordinates for Hypersonic Axisym12, and 20." WADD-TN-58-300,

nmetric Nozzles Part I - Analysis and Coordinates for Test Section Mach Numbers of 8, Wright Air Development Center, Dayton, Ohio, October 1958. 12. Sivells, J. C. "Aerodynamic Design of Axisymmetric Hypersonic Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1970, pp, 1292-1299. 11, Nov.

Wind-Tunnel Nozzles." Vol. 7, No. 13. * Hall, I. M.

"Transonic Flow in Two-Dimensional and AxiallyThe Quarterly Journal of Mechanics 15, Pt. 4, November 1962,

Symmetric Nozzles." pp. 487-508. 14. Kliegel, No. 15.

and Applied Mathematics, Vol.

J. R. and Levine, J. 7, July 1969, pp. Thompson,

N.

"Transonic Flow in Small AIAA Journal, Vol. 7,

Throat Radius of Curvature Nozzles." 1375-1378.

May, R. J.,

H. D.,

and Hoffman, J. D.

"Comparison AFAPL-TR-

of Transonic Flow Solutions in C-D Nozzles." 74-110, October 1974.

16.

Edenfield, E. E. "Contoured Nozzle Design and Evaluation for Hotshot Wind Tunnels." AIAA Paper 68-369, San Francisco, California, April 1968.

17.

Moger, W. C. and Ramsay, D. B.

"Supersonic Axisymmetric Nozzle

Design by Mass Flow Techniques Utilizing a Digital Computer."

AEDC-TDR-64-110 (AD-601589), June 1964.

AEOC.TR 78.63

18.

Spalding,

D. B. and Chi,

S. W.

"The Drag of a Compressible Turbulent

Boundary Layer on a Smooth Flat Plate With and Without Heat Transfer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics, pp. 117-143. Vol. 18, Part 1,

January 1964,

19.

Van Driest,

E. R.

"The Problem of Aerodynamic Heating." 15, No. 10, October

Aeronautical Engineering Review, Vol. 1956, pp. 26-41.

20.

Sivells, J.

C.

"Calculation of the Boundary-Layer Growth in a AEDC-TR-75-118 (AD-A018630), December 1975.

Ludwieg Tube."

21.

Coles,

D. E.

"The Young Person's Guide to the Data."

Proceedings

AFOSR-IFP-Stanford 1968 Conference on Turbulent Boundary Layer Prediction. Vol. II, Edited by D. E. Coles and E. A. Hirst.

22.

Wieghardt, bei

K. and Tillmann, W. Zur Turbulenten Reibungsschicht Z.W.B., K.W.I., U&M6617, 1944, translated

Druckanstieg.

as "On the Turbulent Friction Layer for Rising Pressure." NACA-TM-1314, 23. Coles, D. E. Fluid." 1951. a Compressible September 1962.

"The Turbulent Boundary Layer in RAND Corporation Report R-403-PR,

AEDC-TH-78-63

APPENDIX A TRANSONIC EQUATIONS

When Eq. (5) is substituted into Eqs.
1 u i 3-- cy)S GR
-S2

(2),(3) and (4),

Eq.

(2)

can be written as:

GS S3 "

GT S

+x(i -aF
8S
+2X2 +,-/-(1-

+ GT +Gv''
2
-2 - V +
/

x,
.)- +

33

K +

...

2
+ 2++ 2S (2+ UxP2 Y

S
4 4y4 ... U2 U
2 + y2 Y

U63

3 +U 23 2y2 y6 . U 43 y4 +

_2__3

U0 PO

S y42
222

+ 2 \

(10 - 30)y\+
4S + A i

where the coefficients are written in the terminology of the program and x and y are normalized with respect to yo. For planar flow,
GR
-

(15 (782

- y)/270

(A-2) (A-3) (A-4)

US

2 + 3507 y + 7767)/272160

GT

(134 y2 + 429 y + 123)/4320

av - 5 y/18
GK
-

(A-5)
33y + 9)/24

(2y 2

(A-6)
(A-7) (A-8)

U4 2 -

(y + 6)118

U 2 2 - y/9

45
,j

.1,,

AEDC-TR-78.63

+ 3177)/12960 63 = (362 y 2 + 1449 ,y y U 43 43 ' (194 y

+ 549 y - 63)/2592

(A-9) (A-10) (A-11) (A-12) (A-13)

U 23 "
Up 2

(854 yL + 807 y + 279)/12960 (26 y

+ 27 y + 237)/288
-

LU 0 = (26 y 2 + 51 y
For axisymmetric flow,

27)/144

GR - (15 - 10 y)/288

(A-14)

GS - (2708 y 2 + 2079 y + 2115)/82944

GT w (92 y2 + 180 y
-

(A-15)
(A-16)

9)/1152

GV - (y + 0)/8
* GK - (4 y2 - 57 y + 27)/48

(A-17)
(A-18)

U4 2 U2 2

(2 y + 9)/24
(4 y + 3)/24

(A-19)
(A-20)

U6 3 - (556 y U4 3 -(388 U 23 U

+ 1737 y + 3069)/10368

(A-21) (A-22) (A-23) (A-24) (A-25)

y2 + 777 y + 153)/2304

Y2 (304 y + 255 y - 54)/1728 + 51 y + 327)/384

P2 - (52

Up0 - (52 y2 + 75 y - 9)/192 The first part of Eq. (A-i),

which is independent of y, can be recognized

as Eq. (11) for planar flow or Eq. (12) for axisymmetric flow inasmuch as x and y are normalized here with the value of yo.

46

own'!
--lo o ... ") :- ig i:,, _ T3:I r"l~:IIrI ]1'

AEDC-TR-78-63

In a similar manner, Eq.

(3)

can be written as 4 2

NS

2(3 2-) )s +
6 v

42
y4 +V +v 3'

s2V 2 2
2

+V 0 2

+ V6 3

43

23

-V

03

x 6U 6

I
3

2 (2y +-12 - 3+)y (9 - 3o)S y4 -4 S2

U4 3 + 2 U 23

2y
+,

1 .5q

(2 X12x2

4 U

Up

PO+

'

-2

+ x3

"4

..

)/

(A-26)

For planar flow, V4 2 - (22 y + 75)/360 (A-27)

V2 2 - (10 y + 15)/108
V0 2 V 63
-

(A-28)
(A-29)

(34 y - 75)/1080 (6574 y + 26481 y + 40C59)/181440 2979)/25920

(A..30) (A-,31) (A-32)

'

V4 3 "

(2254 y2 + 6153 y +
-

V 2 3 - (5026 y2 + 7551 y
2
-03

4923)/77760

(7570 y

+ 3087 Y + 23157)/544320

(A-33)

47

44'i

i:

A EDC-TR.78.03

III
L,
,

For axisymmetric flow, t

v 4 2 " (Y + 3)/9

v, 22

(20 y + 27)/96

(A-35) (A-36) (A-37) (A-38) (A-39) (A-40)

V0 2 " (28 y - 15)/288 V6 3

-

(6836 y2 + 23031 Y + 30627)/82944

V 4 3 " (3380 y2 + 7551 Y + 3771)/13824

V 23

(3424 y2 + 4071 y - 972)/13824 (7100 Y2 + 2151 Y + 2169)/82944

"0O3

48

I ,,

48i

A EDC-TR -78-63

APPENDIX CUBIC INTEGRATION FACTORS

at uneven increments in abscissa, s, t, and u, is defined by a cubic equation, the area under each section of the curve can be found in the following manner: Area b a-b

If a curve through four points with ordinates a, b, c, and d, spaced

F
as

a+
Fbs

b-+ Fc
cs

+dd Fds c +

(B-i)

Areab-c

at a + Fbt b + F u a + Fbu u b + Fcuc

(B-2) (B-3) -3

li
where

Aresc-d c- "F

+F Fdu d

tota

Gb

+ G

c + Gd d

(B-4)

S(s

+ 4t

(+-5)

",2

iij

2 2

SFbs
bs

+ Zs I + 4t + 2u
+--)(B-6)

12 t(t + u)
a 3 (s + 2t+(2B) T2tu(a + t)

cs
I::

's-

7)

Fds

1 (s + t + u)(t + u)u

s_(L+2t,) 2

(B-B)

at F
bt "
-

t 3t+2u

12s(s + t)(s + t + u)
2+ t
+

(-9)

2u

2 t

12s(t + u)

F ct

2-u(s + t)

2 (2s + t -2B1) (B-11)

49

_....__

_%.-_

__._

.,.

AEDC-TR-78-63

Fdt
F

--

t 3 (2s + t) 12u(t + u)(s 32 )(B-1

(B-12)
+ t + U) 3)

3 (2t + u) auFu u 12s(s M)s

+ t + U)

u3(2s + 2t +_y
rbu
-

3i
(B14
(B-14)

'

12st(t + u)

u (2s + 4t + u)
cu 2 12t(s + t)

(-5

du

R .. 2

u2 (2s + 4t + 3u) 12(t + u)(s + t + u)

(B-16)

-F

+ Fat + F

(B-17)

Gb

bs + Fbt + Fbu

(1-18)

Gc

(B-19)

Gd -F ds + F dt + F du If all increments are equal,

s t - u h

(B-20)

then
(B-21)

Fds

-Fat

-dt F

-Fau

-h/24

(B-22)

F Co

-F-5h/24

(B-23)

bu

50

AEDC-TR-78-63

= F

19h/24

(B-24)

Fas

Fdu -9h/24

(B-25)

Fbt

Fct Gt
d

13h/24

(B-26)

3h/ 3h/8

(B-27)

G c

9h/8

(B-28)

The values of G's in Eq. (96) correspond to those in Eq. (B-4). The value of F's in Eq. (97) correspond to those in Eq. (B-i).

* '5

j'"" 2 2$WA,,

AEDC-TR-78 -3

APPENDIX C INPUT DATA CARDS Input

Card 1

Columns

ITLE JD
Lard 2 GAM

2-12 14-15

Title Blank (0) for axisymmetric contour, -1 for planar.

1-10

Specific heat ratio.

AR ZO

11-20 21-30

Gas constant, ft2/sec2 R. Compressibility factor for an axisymmetric nozzle, constant for entire contour. Or, for a planar nozzle, ZO is half the distance (in.) between the parallel walls, and the compressibility
factor is one. Turbulent boundary-layer recovery factor. Constant in viscosity law.

RO VISC

31-40 41-50

V1SM

51-60

Constant in viscosity law. equal to or less than one, VISC* T

VISC*T 1.5

If VISM is

lb-sec/ft 2
2"

If VISM is greater than one, + VISM TVI11S"T

lb-sec/ft2

If

T is greater than VISM, VISC* T

2 VISM1/
2

; T <VISM.
-

SFOA

61-70

Used for nozzle with radial flow region if 5th-deg axial velocity distribution is desired. If positive, the distance, in inches, from the throat to Point A

52

'-

.~-

AEDC.TR-78-63

on the characteristic diagram. If negative, absolute value is distance from the throat to Point G. If Blank, 3rd- or 4thdeg distribution iu used depending on value of IX on Card 4. XBL 71-80 Station (in.) where interpolation is desired (e.g., the end of a truncated nozzle). If XBL1000., the spline fit subroutines are used to obtain values at increments evenly spaced in length. Card 3 ETAD 1-10 Inflection angle in degrees if radial flow region is desired. Two characteristic solutions are obtained, one upstream and one downstream of Point A. If ETAD = 60., the entire centerline velocity distribution is specified and only one solution is obtained and the inflection point must be interpolated. If ETAD - 60., IQ 1, IX - 0, 1 on Card 4. Ratio of throat radius of curvature to throat radius. Must be given if ETAD - 60. If FMACH is given, RC is or FMACH - 0. calculated. If LR - u, IX = 0 givws thirddeg equation betweev Mach 1 and EMACH, matching first and second derivations at each end. If LR 0 0, the value of RC found for LR = 0 is used with given value of FMACH to define a fourth-deg equation. If IX = 1 and FMACH is given, RC is calculated to define a fourth-deg equation. If LR 0, a new value of FMACH is found, compatible with the value of RC calculated for LR = 0. Nega-. Mach number at Point F if ETAD # 60. tive value specifies Prandtl-Meyee angle at Point F as IFMACHI *ETAD (usually around -7). If PMACH and RC are given, IX = 0 If and 4th-deg distribution is used. FMACH - 0 and IX = 0, a 3rd-deg distribuIf FMACH = 0, and IX = i, tion is used.
a 4th-deg distribution is used. FMACH is

RC

11-20

FMACH

21-30

calculated if not given. Point F is not defined.

If

ETAD = 60.,

53

'' '' ' .... ..

'

,"

P, ---

"--

--';

' " ..

... " . ..............

.. ........

............. ..

AEDOCTR-78-63

BMACH

31-40

Mach No.

at Point B if

ETAD 60.

(MC

41-50

Absolute value is design Mach No. at Point 2 2 C. If ETAD 0 60, positive CMC giyes d M/dx 2 -0, and negative CMC gives d M/dx' 0 0. If ETAD - 60., CMC ts positive. Scale factor by which nondimension coordinates are multiplied to give dimensions If SF - 0, nozzle will have an in inches. inviscid throat radius (or half-height) of If negative, nozzle will have an I in. inviscid exit radius (or half-height) of

SF

51-60

ISF1 in.
PP 61-70 Station (in.) at Point A. PP - 0 gives coordinates relative to geometric throat. Negative PP gives coordinates relative to

source or radial flow (ETAD 0 60.).

XC 71-80

Nondimensional distance from source to 1. 1 requires centerline Mach Point C. XC No. distribution from Point B to Point C to be read in as input data on Unit 9. Otherwise, positive XC gives 5th.-dog distribution if CMC positive and 4th-deg if CMC XC - 0 gives 4th-deg dietribution negative. if CMC positive and 3rd-deg if CMC negative. Negative XC and IN gives 3rd-deg distribution with d 2W/dx 2 not matching source flow at Point B. If ETAD - 60. and XC > 1, XC is ratio
of length, from throat to Point C, to throat Negative XC gives 3rd-deg distribuheight. tion in M; XC - 0 gives 4th-deg distribution; XC - 1. XC > 1 gives 5th-deg distribution. requires centerline Mach No. distribution to be read in as input data on Unit 9.

Card4 MT 1-5 Number of points on charact',ristis EG if Maximum ETAD ' 60. or CD if ETAD - 60. A zero or Use odd nuwjer. value about 125. negative value stops calculation after tonterline distribution is calculated if NT positive.

54

i..I f , , =l III . . . ll I .. lN. ... . .

- -63 AED-TR T-78*8 AEOC

NT

6-10

Number of points on axis IE. Maximum value is 149-LR. Use odd number. A zero or negative value stops calculation before centerline distribution is calculated but after parameters and coefficients of distribution are calculated.

IX

11-15

Determines if third derivative of velocity distribution is matched. IX - 1 matches third derivative with transonic solution. IX w -1 matches third derivative with source flow value. IX - 0 does not match third derivative but gives constant third derivative if RC - 0 or FMACH - 0. Determines type of distribution from Point B to Point C, positive for Mach No. distribution, negative for velocity distribution. IN - 0 for throat only. If XC is greater than 1., the downstream value of the second derivative at Point B is 0,1* JINJ times the radial flow value. Similarly, If ETAD - 60., the second derivative at Point I is 0.1i*IN times the "transonic value. Zero for a complete contour if ETAD 0 60., 1 for throat only or if ETAD - 60., -1 for downstream only. Number of points on characteris'ic AB. Maximum value about 125. Use odd number. A zero or negative value stops calculation similarly to MW. Number of points on axis BC. M~aximum value is 150. A zero or negative value acts like NT. Absolute value is number of points on characteristic CD for ETAD , 60. Maximum value is 149
or 200 - ND - MP
-

IN

16-20

IQ

21-25

MD

26-30

ND NY

31-35 36-40

jMQj - number of points on

upstreem contour. Negative value calls for smoothing subroutine.

MP 41-45 Number of points on conical section GA if FMACH 0 BMACH. Use lialue to give desired increments in contour -, usually not known for initial calculation.

55

*.
. .............

|
. . . . . .

--

AEDC-TA-78-63 A

MQ

46-50

Number of points downstream of Point D if parallel inviscid contour desired. A negative value can be used to eliminate the inviscid printout. Positive number if boundary-layer calculation ir desired before spline fit. Negative number transfers control of program to JX. Absolute values greater than one are used to approximately halve the number of points on the upstream contour even though LR + NT - I points are calculated from charnetwork if LR > 2, or (NT + 1)
points if LR a 0.

rB

51-55

Iacteristic *

JX

56-60

Positive number calls for calculation of streamlines, zero calls for repeat of inviscid calculations requiring new cards 3 and 4, or, if XBL 1000., for spline fit after inviscid calcu1 lation, negative number calls for repeat of calculations requiring new cards 1, 2, 3, and 4. If not zero, calls for printout of intermediate characteristics within upstream contour if JC is positive and downstream contour if JC is negative. Characteristics are (NT - 1)/JC or
(ND - 1)/(-JC). Opposite running characteristic

JC

61-65

through Point E (or B) is also printed. IT 66-70 Number of points at which spline fit is desired if points are not evenly spaced, such as Jack locations for a flexible plate. Used only for a planar nozzle, inasmuch as a nonzero value calculates distance along curved plate surface. Positive value of IT tequires additional cards to be read in (8 points per card) after boundary layer is calculated. Absolute value is number of points on throat characteristic used in characteristics solution. Negative values give printout of transonic solution. LR - 0 gives M - 1 at Point I. Number from 10 to 20 determines spacing of pcints on axis for upstream contour. NX w 10 gives linear spacing. NX > 10 gives closer spacing of points at upstream end than at downstream end. 20. Ratio of downstream NX - 0 same as NX

LR

71-75

NX

76-80

56

A E DC-TR-78-63

increment to upstream increment is (NT - 1 )NX/10 (NT - 2) . Optimum values, usually 13 to 15, determined by trial and error for specific contour desired. Negative NX used with negative LR limits printout to transonic solution.
-NX/1O

NOTE:

A zero value of MT, NT, MD, or ND will allow a repeat of calculations for parameters specified by new cards Nos. 3 and 4. A negative value will allow a repeat of calculations for new cards Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Card 5 NOUP NPCT NODO Card 5 orinviscd 1-5 If smoothing is desired, negative NF. times upstream contour is smoothed. Smoothing factor in percent.
- NPCT/100.

Number of

6-10 11-15

Smoothing factor

Number of times doimstream contour is smoothed. If boundary-layer calculation is desired using points smoothing). calculated from characteristics

or

solution.

(No

'

Card 6 or Card 7

If boundary-layer calculation is desired using evenly spaced points interpolated from spline fit of points from characteristics solution. If boundary-layer calculation is desired using evenly spaced points interpolated from spline fit of smoothed points. 1-10 11-20 21-30 Stagnation pressure (psia). Stagnation temperature, Rankine.

PPQ TO TWT

Throat wall temperature, Rankine, if QFUN - 0. If TWT - 0, the wall temperature is assumed to be the adiabatic value. Wall temperature, Rankine, at Point D. For water-cooled wall, the bulk water temperature i.s assumed to be 150 lower than specified The cooled wall temperature distribuTWAT. tiou is assumed to be

TWAT

31-40

57

.. t=,..

......

!.

j.

"u' ..........

I
AEDC-TR-78-63

(TWT TWTWAT +

WT)

"' C A*

1)

where A/A* is the area ratio corresponding to local value of Mach number and Ac refevs to Point C. For negative IHT
TW - TWAT + ,TWT-IA x A A*

QFUN

41-50

Heat-transfer function at the throat.

QFUN - ha(Taw - TWT) TWT - TWAT + 15 where ha has dimensions of BTU/sec/sq ft/R and

is obtained by Reynolds analogy from the skinIf QFUth is specified, friction coefficient. input value of TWT is ignored and TWT is calculated from QFUN. ALPH 51-60 Parameter specifying temperature distribution in boundary layer. ALPH - I. uses quadratic distribution both in the calculazion of the reference temperature TP and the calculation of ALPH w 0 usas boundary-layer shape parameters. parabolic distribution in boti. calculatiovs.
ALPH -u-1. uses quadratic distribution for TP

and parabolic in the calculation of boundaryWithin bcundary layer, layer shape parameters.
T - Tw + a(Taw+ TW) Tw) (U/11) - Twj (U/Ue) 2

Tes-

(Taw-

where a

1 for quadratic dist. a -0 for parabolic dist.

IHT

61-65

Integer which determines temperature distribuIf nonzero, IRiT determines tion (see TWAT). how often subroutine HFAT is called. An absolute value of IHT greater than KO, the number of points "on the upstream contour, will prevent HEAT from being called but will allow the choice of temperature distribution to be made.

58

111.01 11 p1 Ml

AE DC.TR -78-63

NOTE:

HEAT is a special purpose subroutine for determ.ning heat-transfer values for the upstream contour. The subroutine HEAT incorporated in this program is a dummy. 66-70 Integer, parameter specifying transformation from incompressible to compressible values. If YR w 2, Coles' transformation is used for Cf and Re If IR - 1, TP is calculated by a modification of the Spalding-Chi (Van Driest) method. If IR - 0, the Van Driest value of Re 6 is used, but if IR- -1, Colas' lav: of

corresponding stations is used.

Cf ID 71-75 Integer.
Cf i * TE/TP, f Re
-

RD*Ree,

culation of boundary-layer parameters (6 nor negligible relative to coordinate normal to

If ID - 1, axisyminetric effects are included in momentum equation and in cal-

axis). If ID - 0, these effects are omitted. Negative ID suppresses the printout of the boundary-layev calculations. LV 76-80 Integer. Absolute value, usually 5, deterJ
mines number of rimes boundary-layer solution

is iLerated so that radxus terms in momentum equation refer to viscid radius instead of inviscid radius. Value of 0 or absolute val-e of 1 uses inviscid radius, Positive LV repeats boundary-layer calculations for new set of parameters on a new card if XBL j 1000. Card 5 METAD 1-10 If streariflines are desired, JX positive, (No
smnoo thing.)

Inflection angle in degrees for streamline 60. on Card 3, use ETAD - 60 on this card.
desired if ETAD 0 60. for Card 3. If ETkD -

11-20

Fract ion of r'.ottour desir.-ed if ETAD - 60. Otherwise, QON - lTAD (in Card 5 divided by ETAD oa Card 3. Value to updite JX for subr.eq4oent calculation, JX XJ.

X,1

21-30

!*.;.

,,

2
'

a a'11d598Y

I,
AZ-DC.TR-78.63

Card 5

If SPLIND used after inviscid calculation

* or Card 6 or Card 7 XST 1-10

(JX zero or negative and JB zero or nega(No smoothing.) tive). If SPLIND usad after viscid contouir (,7B positive and LV zero or negative). No v'.oothing of inviscid contour. Or, if inviscid contour is smoothed before SPLIND is used. If inviscid contour is smoothed, boundary layer is added and SPLINE Ls desired. Station (in,) for throat value of X. If XST a 1000., program uses value previously determined by specifying PP on Card 3. OtherWise, value of XST is used to shift contour

points by desired increments for arbitrmry Station 0. XLOW XEND 11-20 21-30 Starting value for interpolation. of interpolated X a XLOW + XINC. Second value

End value for interpolation. If zeto, SPLIND is used to calculate slcpe and d 2 y/dx2 at same points as previously defined. Increment in X for interpolation. If zero, and BJ > 10, contour is divided into BJ increments. Value to update JB for subsequent calculation.
JB - BJ. If negative and XEND - 0, interpola-

XINC BJ

31-40 41-50

tion is made at diecreate points read in on subsequent cards similar to case when IT > 0. XMID 51-60 Intermediate value for interpolaticn. Distance (XMID-XLOW) is divided into increments defined by XINC, and distance (XEND-XMID) is divided into increments defined by XINC2. Inctements in X between XMID and XEND if different than XINC.

XINC2 CN

61-70 /1-80

Number of copies desired of final tabulation of coordinates if more than one copy is desired.

,j

I,..60
...........................................
,

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AEDC.TR-78-3

NOMENCLATURE A AC A* Area Exit area, inviscid contour Sonic area Sonic speed Factor in logarithmic skin friction law, Eq. (77) Coefficients, Eq. (35)

a* C

C1 , 2 ,3,4,5,
*

C.

Ratio of actual mass flow to that if infinite

R were

1Cf
C p D 1,2,3,4,5,
6

Cf

Skin friction coefficient, compressible

Skin friction coefficient,

incompressible

Specific heat at constant pressure

Coefficients, Eq. (37) Ratio, Cfi/Cf

Fn

Multiplying factors, Eq, (97) Ratio, R /R i c Multiplying factors, Eqs. (94) and (96)

FR Gn

139

APEDC-TR-78.63

Ratio, h K In log

5*/1

Heat-transfer coefficient Streamline curvature Natural logarithm (base e) Common logarithm (Base 10)

M rm N n

Mach number
Exponent in Eq. (90)

Velocity profile exponent Distance normal to streamline

P1,2

Factors in axisymmetric characteristics equations

Pn
in

Coefficient of 6 at nth point on contour Prandtl number Factor related to heat transfer, Coefficient in momentum equation Eq. (91)

Pr

Q
Qn

Velocity along streamline or, in boundarylayer equations, velocity within boundary layer

qe

Velocity at edge of boundary layer

140

-.

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T --

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..

. ....

. ..

AEOC-TR-78-63

Ratio of throat radius of curvature to throat radius (half height, a - 0)

Rg
,R

Gas constant, ft 2/sec 2R

Reynolds number based on 6, compressible

R1
R0

Incompressible Reynolds number

Reynolds nuitiber beed on 0c, compressible

Re

Incompreauible Reynolds number

i Sr r
Distance from source

Distance from source where M 1, used to non-dimensionalize distances for inviscid calculations

rV
I

Radius of viscid contour SR+ I

,9

s,t,u T T

Cubic integration increments, Appendix B Temperature within boundary layer Adiabatic wall temperature Reference temperature, Eq. (87) Free-stream temperature at edge of inviscid contour 141

aw

Tc T

I..

........ . ,

AEDC-TR-78-63

T T

Wall temperature Wall temperature at nozzle exit

wD TWT u Wall temperature at nozzle throat Axial component of velocity, normalized by a* v Normal component of velocity, normalized by a* W X x Velocity along streamline, normalized by a* Ratio in Eq. (36) or (38)

Axial distance, normalized by yo in transonic equations, normalized by rl in .inviscid calculations, not normalized in boundarylayer calculations

y Y y

Normal distance, normalized same as x Throat half height, used to normalize x and y in transonic calculations

y*

Theoretical throat height if R is

infinite

1Function of x in transonic equations, or distance normal to contour in boundary-layer calculations

142
: ;:: ,,F L i ,= . ! '. : & :|!J . W- s~l ';.4.,.2iL... ,..... ;,.. ,:L..,.,;,',al,.1;,.;,,,ili, ;',' '"" ::' ' i . ., ' . , .,, I,,; ,

AEDC-TR-7843

Mean angle of right-running characteristic, or factor in temperature distribution in boundary layer Mean angle of left-running characteristic

Prefix to indicate increment in value Specific heat ratio

S~Boundary-layer

thickness

6* a*

Displacement thickness in boundary layer Displacement thickness when boundary layer

is large relative to rw

6t

Incompressible displacement thickness in boundary layer

Distance along left-running nharacteris.ic

Inflection angle, radians

e
6

,Momentum

thIckness in boundary layer Momen'tum thickness whon boundary layer

is large relative to r

c c 01
0k

Compressible 0 for flat plate Incompressible value of 0

Kinematic rementum thicknesa

143

-I-

-..

AEDC-TR-78-63

0 n
K

Value of 0 at nth point on contour

Constant in

logarithmic skin-triction law

I2
(L y + I)S Mach angle, sin PC I PW e (1/M)

Viscosity at value of T c Viscosity at value of T Viscosity at value of Tw e Viscosity at value of T Distance along right-running characteristic Wake variable in logarithmic skin-friction law

Density within boundary layer Density at edge of boundary layer Zero for planar flow, 1 for axisymmetric flow

Pe a

4)
w

,Flow

angle
Flow angle of viscid contour Prandtl-Meyer angle

'44

AE2DC-T R-78.83

SUBSCRIPTS
1 Values at point 1 on right-running characteristic Values at point 2 ona left-running characteristic 3 A,B,C,DOE, F,G,I,J,T Values at intersection of characteristics Variables evaluated at points on Figs. 1 through 4F

second-, and third-order approximations, respectively

OTHER NOTATION dx: 4/ OUTPUT NOMENCLATURE

BETA Pressure gradient parameter
ci 2 8* d d
2 YM P~Ci

C(Y)

Coefficient of third-degree term if throat contour is a cubic Coefficient of third-degree term if integrated throat contour is a cubic

C(YI)

145

....

AEDC-Tn-78-63

C(YP)

Coefficient of third-degree term determined from slope of contour

D2A/DX2

Second derivative of boundary-layer correction evaluated at the throat Second derivative of corrected contour evaluated at the throat

D2R/DX2

DA/DX DELR(IN) DELTA* DELTA* FMY

Slope of boundary-layer correction Boundary-layer correction to inviscid contour 6* from Eq. a

-

(66)

6* from Eq. (63)

Bracketed term in Eq. (61)

HYP/YO

Value of hyperbola with same throat curvature ratio 10' [C(YI) - C(Y)] for Point 2

IcY

INT.Y/YO

Value of Y/YO obtained by integrating contour slopes starting at inflection point

KCF KCFI KCFS

1000 Cf 1000 Cf KCF sec cw

146

. ............

AEOC-TR-7843

1000 dO/dx lO MSS Result of mass integration along characteristic

EG or AB (measure of accuracy of numerical integration)

PAR/TO

Value of parabola with same throat curvature ratio

PE/PO

Ratio of static to stagnation pressure

R(IU)

Ordinate of viscid contour C1/0+0)

RASS

RTHI

Incompressible Reynolds number based on momentum thickness

SKPP

Second derivative of Mach number in source flow evaluated for BMACH

SMPPP?

Third derivative of Mach number in evaluated for BMACH

source flow

THETA

0 from Eq.

(62)

used in Eq.

(61)

WE

Velocity ratio at Point E (Fig.

3)

W1

Velocity ratio at Point I (Fig.

3)

WO

Velocity ratio on axis at throat

SWoFP

Third derivative of throat velocity distribution

147

BEST AVAILABL[ COPY

ANDC-TR.7-43

WRPPP

Third derivative of velocity ratio in source

flow evaluated at WE

w0

Velocity ratio on vail at throat

fV

148

BEST AVAILABLE COPY'