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2 22 2
nd nd nd nd
Topic Topic Topic Topic
Z-Transforms
Inverse Z-Transform
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 13-11-2007)
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2
If ( ) [ ]
n
1
u z U Z =
and ( ) [ ]
n
1
v z Z =
, then
( ) ( ) [ ]
n n m n m
n
0 m
1
v * u v . u z V . z U Z = =
,
where the symbol * denotes the convolution operation.
Proof: We have ( )
n
n
1 n
z u z U
= , ( )
n
n
1 n
z v z V
= .
( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + + =
........ z u ....... z u z u u z V z U
n 2
n
2
2
1
1 0
( ) + + + + +
........ z v ......... z v z v v
n 2
n
2
2
1
1 0
( )
( )
0 n 1 n 1 n 0
0 n 2 n 2 1 n 1 n 0
0 n
v u ...... v u v u Z
v u ...... v u v u v u
+ + + =
+ + + + =
Thus ( ) ( ) [ ]
n n m n m
n
0 m
1
v * u v . u z V . z U Z = =
.
This completes the proof.
Remarks: The convolution theorem plays an important role in the solution of difference
equations and in probability problems involving sums of two independent random
variables.
Q.No.1.: Find
( )( )
b z a z
z
Z
2
1
, using convolution theorem.
Sol.: We know that { } ) z ( G ) z ( F g * f Z = .
Let
a z
z
) z ( F
= .
n 1 1
a
a z
z
Z )} z ( F { Z ) n ( f =
)
`
= =
.
b z
z
) z ( G
= .
n 1 1
b
b z
z
Z )} z ( G { Z ) n ( g =
)
`
= =
.
n n 1
b * a g * f )} z ( G ) z ( F { Z = =
m
n
0 m
n m n m
0 m
b
a
b b a |
\
|
= =
=
=
(a GP)
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
3
b a
b a
1
b
a
1
b
a
b
1 n 1 n
1 n
n
\
|
=
+ +
+
. Ans.
(ii) Long division method:
Since Z-transform is defines as the series
n
0 n
z ) z ( f ) z ( F
= (one sided).
To find the inverse Z-transform i.e. ( ) [ ] z F Z
1
, expand F(z) in the proper power series
and collect the coefficients of
n
z
to get f(n).
Q.No.1.: Find the inverse Z-transform of (i)
2 z 3 z
z 10
2
+
,
(ii)
( )
( )
2
2
3
1 z
z z 2
+
.
Sol.: (i) Given
2 1
1
2
z 2 z 3 1
z 10
2 z 3 z
z 10
) z ( F
+
=
+
= .
By actual division,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 4 -
5 4 3
4 3
4 3 2
3 2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 2 1 -
1 2 1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 2 1
z 140 150z
z 140 z 210 70z
z 60 70z
z 60 z 90 30z
z 20 30z
z 20 z 30 10z
10z ) z 2 z 3 1
....... z 70 z 30 z 10
+
+
+
+
+ + +
........ z 70 z 30 z 10 ) z ( F
3 2 1
+ + + =
.
Now comparing the quotient with
( ) ( ) ........ z 2 f z ) 1 ( f ) 0 ( f z n f
2 1 n
0 n
+ + + =
,
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
4
we get the sequence f(n) as f(0) = 0, f(1) = 10, f(2) = 30, f(3) = 70, ..
In general, . .......... 2, 1, 0, n ), 1 2 ( 10 ) n ( f
n
= =
(ii) Given
( )
( )
4 2
3 1
2
2
2
z z 2 1
z 2 z 2
1 z
1 z z 2
) z ( F
+ +
=
+
= .
By actual division, we get ....... z 14 z 10 z 6 z 2 ) z ( F
7 5 3 1
+ + =
Comparing the quotient with
( ) ( ) ........ z 2 f z ) 1 ( f ) 0 ( f z n f
2 1 n
0 n
+ + + =
, we get
f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2, f(2) = 0, f(3) = 6 , f(4) = 0, f(5) = 10, f(6) = 0, ..
In general, ,
2
n
sin n 2 ) n ( f
= , n = 0, 1, 2, .. .
Q.No.2.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
2
1 z
z
+
by division method.
Sol.: ( )
1 z 2 z
z 2
z
1 z 2 z
z
z U
2
1
1
2
+ +
+
=
+ +
=
by actual division
1 z 2 z
z 3 z 4
z 2 z
1 z 2 z
z 2 z 3
z 2 z
2
3 2
3 1
2
2 1
1
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
+ =
.
Continuing this process of division, we get an infinite series i.e.
( )
n 1 n
0 n
nz 1 ) z ( U
=
=
.
Thus ( ) n 1 u
1 n
n
= .
(iii) Partial fraction method:
This method is similar to that of finding the inverse Laplace transforms using
partial fractions. This method consists of U(z)/z into partial fraction, multiplying the
resulting expansion by z and then inverting the same.
Q.No.1.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
(i)
10 z 7 z
z
2
+ +
, (ii)
( ) ( ) 4 z 2 z
z 20 z
3
3
, (iii)
( )( ) 1 z 4 1 z 2
z 8
2
.
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
5
Sol.: (i) Given
10 z 7 z
z
2
+ +
.
( )( ) 5 z
B
2 z
A
5 z 2 z
1
10 z 7 z
1
z
) z ( F
2
+
+
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
5 z
1
.
3
1
2 z
1
3
1
+
+
=
|
\
|
= =
3
1
B ,
3
1
A Q
( )
5 z
z
3
1
2 z
z
3
1
z F
+
+
= .
( ) ( ) { }
|
\
|
+
)
`
+
= =
5 z
z
Z
3
1
2 z
z
Z
3
1
z F Z n F
1 1 1
( ) ( )
n n
5
3
1
2
3
1
= .
|
\
|
=
a z
z
) a ( z
n
Q
(ii) Given
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 z 2 z
20 z
z
) z ( F
4 z 2 z
z 20 z
) z ( F
3
2
3
3
= .
Now
( ) ( ) ( )
4 z
D
2 z
Cz Bz A
4 z 2 z
20 z
z
) z ( F
3
2
3
2
+ +
=
= .
2
1
C 0, B 6, A ,
2
1
D = = = = .
( )
4 z
2
1
2 z
z
2
1
6
z
) z ( F
3
2
\
|
+
=
( )
)
+
=
4 z
z
2 z
z z 12
2
1
) z ( F
3
3
( )
( )
)
+ +
=
4 z
z
2 z
z 8 z 4 2 z z
2
1
3
2 2
( ) (
(
+
+
=
4 z
z
2 z
z 4 z 2
. 2
2 z
z
2
1
3
2
.
Now ( ) { } { }
n n 2 n
4 2 n 2 2
2
1
z F Z ) n ( f + = = ,
( ) (
(
+
n 2
3
2 2
1
a n
a z
z a az
Z Q
1 n 2 2 n 1 n
2 n . 2 2
+ = .
(iii) Given
( )( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
4
1
z
2
1
z
z
1 z 4 1 z 2
z 8
) z ( F
2 2
.
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
6
4
1
z
1
2
1
z
2
4
1
z
B
2
1
z
A
4
1
z
2
1
z
z
z
) z ( F
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
= .
4
1
z
z
2
1
z
z 2
) z ( F
= .
{ }
n n
1
4
1
2
1
2 ) z ( F Z ) n ( f
|
\
|
\
|
= =
, n = 0, 1, 2, ..
Q.No.2.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 4 z 2 z
z 3 z 2
2
+
+
.
Sol.: We write
( )( ) 4 z 2 z
z 3 z 2
) z ( U
2
+
+
= as
( )
( )( ) ( ) 4 z
B
2 z
A
4 z 2 z
3 z 2
z
z U
+
+
=
+
+
=
( )
4 z
z
6
11
2 z
z
6
1
z U
+
+
= .
On inversion, we have
( ) ( )
n n
n
4
6
11
2
6
1
u + = .
Q.No.3.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
( )( ) [ ]
2
2
3 z 2 z
5 . 6 z 5 z 2
+
, for 3 z 2 < < .
Sol.: Splitting into partial fractions, we obtain
( )
( )
( )( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
3 z
C
3 z
B
2 z
A
3 z 2 z
5 . 6 z 5 z 2
z U
=
+
= , where A = B = C =1.
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 z
1
3 z
1
2 z
1
) z ( U
=
2 1 1
3
z
1
9
1
3
z
1
3
1
z
2
1
2
1
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
= , so that 1
z
2
< and 1
3
z
<
|
|
\
|
+ + + + |
\
|
+ + + = .........
27
z
9
z
3
z
1
3
1
.........
z
8
z
4
z
2
1
z
1
3 2
3 2
|
|
\
|
+ + + + + .........
27
z 4
9
z 3
3
z 2
1
3
1
3 2
,
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
7
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
|
|
\
|
+ + + + = .........
3
z
3
z
3
z
3
1
.........
z
2
z
2
z
2
2
1
4
3
3
2
2 4
3
3
2
2
|
|
\
|
+ + + + + .........
3
z 4
3
z 3
3
z 2
3
1
5
3
4
2
3 2
( )
n
2 n
0 n
n
1 n
0 n
1 1 n
1 n
z
3
1
1 n z
3
1
z 2
+
=
+
=
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
=
.
On inversion, we get
1 n
n
2 u
, 1 n and ( )
2 n
n
3 2 n u
+ = , 0 n .
(iv) Inverse integral method
(Inversion integral method or Residue method):
By using the theory of complex variables, it can be shown that the inverse Z-
transform is given by ( ) ( ) dz z z F
i 2
1
n f
1 n
C
+
, (vi)
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 z
1 z z
+
.
Sol.: (i) Given
10 z 7 z
z
) z ( F
2
+ +
= .
( )dz z F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
= = sum of residues.
dz
10 z 7 z
z
z
i 2
1
2
1 n
C
+ +
( )( )
dz
5 z 2 z
z
i 2
1
n
C
+ +
=
.
Poles are 5 , 2 z = . These are simple poles.
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
8
Residue at ( )
( )( )
( )
3
2
5 z 2 z
z
2 z Lt 2 z
n n
2 z
=
+ +
+ = =
Residue at ( )
( )( )
( )
3
5
5 z 2 z
z
5 z Lt 5 z
n n
5 z
=
+ +
+ = =
f(n) = sum of residues
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
n n
n n
5 2
3
1
3
5
3
2
=
= .
(ii) Given ( )
2 z 2 z
z
z F
2
+
= .
( )dz z F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
= = sum of residues.
dz
2 z 2 z
z
z
i 2
1
2
1 n
C
+
dz
2 z 2 z
z
i 2
1
2
n
C
+
= sum of residues.
The poles are given by 0 2 z 2 z
2
= + i 1 z = both are simple poles.
Residue at i 1 z + = is ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( )
i 2
i 1
i 1 z i 1 z
z
i 1 z Lt
n n
i 1 z
=
+
+
+
.
Similarly residue at i 1 z = is ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( )
i 2
i 1
i 1 z i 1 z
z
i 1 z Lt
n n
i 1 z
=
+
.
f(n) = sum of residues
( ) ( )
i 2
i 1
i 2
i 1
n n
+
= ( ) ( ) [ ]
n n
i 1 i 1
i 2
1
+ = . (i)
We know that ( ) ( )
)
`
= +
4
n
sin i
4
n
cos 2 i 1
n
n
, ( ) ( )
)
`
=
4
n
sin i
4
n
cos 2 i 1
n
n
.
( ) ( ) ( )
)
`
= +
4
n
sin i 2 2 i 1 i 1
n
n n
.
Substituting in (i), we get ( ) ( )
4
n
sin 2 n f
n
= . Ans.
(iii) Given
( )( ) 1 z 1 z
z z
) z ( F
2
2
+
+
= .
( )dz z F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
( )
( )( )
dz
1 z 1 z
1 z
z
i 2
1
2
n
C
+
+
.
Residue at ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
n
n n n
n
1 z
i
2
1
i 1 2
i 1 i
i 2 1 i
1 i i
i z i z 1 z
1 z z
z 1 z Lt i z =
+
+
=
+
=
+
+
= =
.
Similarly, residue at i z = is ( )
n
i
2
1
= .
) n ( f = sum of residues ( ) { }
n n n n
i i
2
1
1 ) i (
2
1
i
2
1
1 + = = . (i)
2
n
sin i
2
n
cos i
n
+
= ; ( )
2
n
sin i
2
n
cos i
n
=
( )
2
n
cos 2 i i
n n
= + . Substituting in (i), we get
2
n
cos 1
2
n
cos 2
2
1
1 ) n ( f
=
)
`
= .
(iv).
( )( ) 1 z 1 z
z 2
1 z z z
z 2
) z ( F
2 2 3
+
=
+
= .
dz ) z ( F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
= = sum of residues
( )( )
dz
1 z 1 z
z 2
z
i 2
1
2
1 n
C
+
( )( )
dz
1 z 1 z
z 2
z
i 2
1
2
n
C
+
.
Poles are z = 1, i z = .
Residues at (z = 1) ( )
( )( )
1
1 z 1 z
z 2
1 z Lt
2
n
i z
=
+
=
.
Residues at (z = i) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )( ) i 1
i
i 2 1 i
i 2
i z i z 1 z
z 2
i z Lt
n n n
i z +
=
=
+
=
.
Residues at i z =
( )
i 1
i
n
= .
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
10
) n ( f = sum of the residues
( )
+
+
=
i 1
i
i 1
i
1
n n
4 / i in n
4 / i
in n n
e . P . R 2 1
e 2
e
. P . R 2 1
i 1
i
R.P. 2 1
= =
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
=
4 2
n
cos 2 1
)
`
=
2
n
sin
2
n
cos 1 .
(v) Given
( )
( )
3
1 z
1 z z
) z ( F
+
= .
dz ) z ( F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
= = sum of residues
( )
( )
dz
1 z
1 z z
z
i 2
1
3
n
C
+
= sum of residues.
z =1 is a pole of order 3.
Residue at
( ) ( )
( )
)
+
= =
3
n 2
2
2
i z
i z
1 z z . i z
dz
d
Lt
! 2
1
1 z ( ) ( ) { }
2 n 1 n
1 z
z 1 n n z 1 n n Lt
! 2
1
+ + =
{ }
2 2 2
n n n n n
2
1
= + + = .
2
n ) n ( f = , n =0, 1, 2, ...........
(vi) Given
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 z
1 z z
) z ( F
+
= .
dz ) z ( F z
i 2
1
) n ( f
1 n
C
= = sum of residues
( )
( )
dz
1 z
1 z z
i 2
1
) n ( f
2
2
2 n
C +
=
= sum of residues.
i z = are poles and each is the pole of order 2.
Residue at ( )
( )
( ) ( )
)
= =
2 2
2 n
2
i z
i z i z
1 z z
i z
dz
d
Lt i z
( )
( )
)
2
2 n
i z
i z
1 z z
dz
d
Lt
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
11
( ) [ ] ( ) ( )
( )
1 n
4
2 n 1 n n 2
i z
i
2
n
i z
i z 2 . 1 z z nz z 2 . z i z
Lt
=
+
+ + +
= .
Similarly, R
2
, Residue of (z) at ( ) ( )
1 n
i
2
n
i z
= = .
) n ( f = sum of the residues ( ) { }
1 n 1 n
i i
2
n
+ = , n = 0, 1, 2, ..
Q.No.2.: Using the inversion integral method, find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 2 z 1 z
z 10
.
Sol.: Let
( )( ) 2 z 1 z
z 10
, its poles are at z = 1 and z = 2.
Using the U(z) in the inversion integral (residue method), we get
( ) dz z z U
i 2
1
u
1 n
C
n
( ) [ ] ( )
( )( )
n
n
2 z
2 z
1 n
2 . 10
2 z 1 z
z 10
. 2 z Lt z z U Res =
.
Thus, the required inverse Z-transform ( ) ......... 2, 1, 0, n , 1 2 10 u
2
n
= =
(v) Power series method:
This is the simplest of all the methods for finding the inverse Z-transform. If U(z)
is expressed as the ratio of two polynomials which cannot be factorized, we simply divide
the numerator by the denominator and take the inverse Z-transform of each term in the
quotient.
Q.No.1.: Find
)
`
\
|
+
1 z
z
log Z
1
by power series method.
Sol.: Given
)
`
\
|
+
=
1 z
z
log ) z ( F . Let
y
1
z =
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
12
Then ( ) y 1 log
1
y
1
y
1
log ) z ( F + =
+
=
( )
n
n
3 2
3 2
z
n
1
........
z 2
1
z 2
1
z
1
......... y
3
1
y
2
1
y
+ + + = + + = .
( ) { }
( )
=
= =
otherwise
n
1
0 n for 0
z F z ) n ( f
n
1
.
Some useful inverse Z-Transforms:
Sr. No. U(z) Inverse Z-transforms u
n
1
a z
z
( ) n u a
n
2
( )
2
2
a z
z
( ) ( ) n u a 1 n
n
+
3
( )
3
3
a z
z
( )( ) ( ) n u a 2 n 1 n
! 2
1
n
+ +
4
a z
1
( ) 1 n u a
1 n
5
( )
2
a z
1
( ) ( ) 2 n u a 1 n
2 n
6
( )
3
a z
1
( )( ) ( ) 3 n u a 2 n 1 n
2
1
3 n
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Using convolution theorem, find the
1
Z
of
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
13
(i).
( )( ) 3 z 4 z
z
2
, (ii).
( )( ) 1 z 4 1 z 2
z 8
2
, (iii).
( )
2
2
a z
z
,
(iv)
( )( ) 3 z 1 z
z
2
, (v)
3
1 z
z
|
\
|
.
Ans.: (i)
1 n 1 n
3 4
+ +
, (ii)
n 2 1 n
2
1
2
1
|
\
|
\
|
, (iii) ( ) ) n ( u a 1 n
n
+ ,
(iv) ( ) 1 3
3
1
1 n
+
, (v) ( ) 1 n n
2
1
.
Q.No.2.: Find the inverse Z-transform of f(n) by any method:
(i)
( )
2
2
1 z
z z
+
, (ii)
( )( )( ) 3 z 2 z 1 z
z 2 z
2
+
, (iii)
( )( )( ) 3 z 2 z 1 z
z
,
(iv)
( )( ) b z a z
z
2
, (v)
30 z 11 z
z
2
+ +
, (vi)
( )( ) 3 z 1 z 2
z 5
,
(vii)
( )( ) 4 z 2 z
z
2
2
+ +
, (viii.
( )
2
1
1
z 1
z 4
, (ix)
( ) ( )
1
2
1
2 1
z 1 z 2 1
z 6 z 8 4
+
+
,
(x)
4 z 8 z 5 z
z 2 z 4
2 3
2
+
.
Ans.: (i) 1 n 2 + , (ii)
n n
3 .
2
5
2 . 4
2
3
+ , (ii)
n n
3 .
2
1
2 .
2
1
2
1
+ ,
(iv) [ ]
1 n 1 n
b a
ab
1
+ +
, (v) ( ) ( )
n n
6 5 , (vi)
n
n
2
1
3
|
\
|
,
(vii)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) i 1 i 2
i 2
i 1 i 8
i 2
8
2
1 n 1 n 1 n
+
+
+ + +
, (viii). ( ) ( ) n u 1 n n 2 ,
(ix) ( ) ( ) 2 n 2 1 2
n n
+ + , (x). ( ) 2 n 3 2 2
n
+ .
Q.No.3.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
a z
z 4
, a z = .
Ans.
n
a 4
Q.No.4.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 1 z 3 z 2
z 5
.
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
14
Ans.
n
n
2
3
1
\
|
Q.No.5.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
2
1 z
z
.
Ans. n
Q.No.6.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 2 z 5 1 z 5
2 z 3
2
+
+
.
Ans. ( ) ( )
n n
4 . 0
75
4
2 . 0
75
13
+ .
Q.No.7.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
3
3
z 4
z z 8
.
Ans. ( )( )
1 n 2
4 4 n 7 n
+ +
Q.No.8.: Find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
( )( )
at
at
e z 1 Z
z e 1
.
Ans.
at
e 1
Q.No.9.: Obtain
( )( ) [ ]
)
`
3 z 2 z
1
Z
1
for (i) 2 z < ; (ii) z 2 < ; (iii) 3 z > .
Ans. (i).
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
.......... _
2
z
2
z
2
z
2
1
..........
3
z
3
z
3
z
3
1
4
3
3
2
2 4
3
3
2
2
,
(ii) ( )
n 2 n
z 2
, n > 0, (iii) ( )
n 2 n 1 n
z 2 3
, 0 n , 1 n
Q.No.10.: evaluate ( ) { }
3 1
5 z Z
for 5 z > .
Ans. ( )( )
3 n
5 2 n 1 n
2
1
, 3 n and = 0, 0 n .
Q.No.11.: Using inversion integral, find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 2 z 1 z
3 z
+
+
.
Ans. ( ) ( )
1 n 1 n
2 i 2
Q.No.12.: Using inversion integral, find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
( )( ) 5 . 0 z 1 z 2
z 1 z 2
+
.
Z-Transforms: Inverse Z-Transforms Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
15
Ans.
n
2
1
3
2
3
1
|
\
|
+
Q.No.13.: Using inversion integral, find the inverse Z-transform of
( )( ) 5 . 0 z 1 z z
1
+
.
Ans.
1 n
2
1
3
1
3
1
|
\
|
Q.No.14.: Using inversion integral, find the inverse Z-transform of
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 z
1 z z 2
+
.
Ans.:
|
\
|
2
n
sin n 2 , n = 0, 1, 2, 3,..
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