1935 State ownership of natural resources (Jura Regalia) Classified lands of the public domain into agricultural, forest

or timber

Filipinization of Natural Resources Adoption of the concession system, expressly permitting the State to grant licenses, concessions, or leases for the exploration, development and utilization of any of the natural resources (grants limited to Filipinos or entities at least 60% Filipino) Note: 1946 Parity Amendment (Ordinance Appended to the Constitution, ratified in a plebiscite) extended from July 4, 1986 to July 3, 1974 the right to utilize and exploit natural resources to US citizens Level of States control is not as strict

1973 Maintained the Nationalization of natural resources Agricultural, industrial or commercial, residential, resettlement, mineral, timber or forest and grazing lands, and gave the government leeway for classification Maintained the Filipino-only policy in the enjoyment of natural resources Private corporations Allowed Filipinos, upon authority of the Batasang Pambansa, to enter into service contracts with any foreign person or entity: financial, technical, management, or other forms of assistance for the exploration, development, exploitation or utilization of any of the natural resources

1987 Same Reverted to the 1935 classification with one addition, national parks

Maintained the Filipino-only policy The utilization of inalienable lands of public domain through license, concession or lease is no longer allowed; Limitation of service contracts (See No. 4 of Options of the State)

Level of States control is not as strict

The State assumes a more dynamic role in the exploration, development and utilization of natural resources Note: Options of the State, in consonance with its full control and supervision: 1) State may directly undertake these activities itself 2) May enter into coproduction, JVA, or PSA with Filipino citizens at least 60% of whose capital is owned by such citizens 3) Allow small-scale utilization of natural resources

25-year limit on the exploitation of natural resources Allowed private corporation to acquire lands of the public domain, but only a max of 124 hectares or by homestead in excess of 24 hectares Note: National assembly may determine by law the size

Same Disqualified private corporations from acquiring lands of the public domain; Can only hold alienable lands of the public domain by lease up to a max of 1000 hectares

4) Allow participation of foreign-owned corporations -technical or financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development and utilization of minerals, petroleum -based on real contributions to economic growth -promote the development of local scientific and technical resources -President shall notify the congress of every contract entered into, within 30 days from its execution Note: This new rule is not retroactive. Same Retained 1973: The acquisition of alienable public lands is open only to public corporations and qualified natural persons; Note: Not retroactive May hold alienable lands of the public domain by lease up to a maximum of 1000 hectares (25 years renewable for 25 years) 12 hectares Note: For lease, up to a max of 500 hectares

The limit on the area of public land which may be acquired by private individuals: 144 hectares

Aliens could not acquire land of the public domain , but he could hold by lease or succession Aliens can acquire private land by succession

24 hectares Note: Such could be reduced to a smaller size if it comes under limitations imposed by land reform laws Note: For lease, up to 500 hectares Same

Same

Same

Same

Private Agricultural Land Note: Meant any private land which was neither timber nor mineral land (Krivenko vs. Register of Deeds)

Private land

Private land