Full employment or All Employment?

Figure 1

Unemployment rate
%
14 12

Germany
10 8

U.S.A
6 4 2

Japan
0
1948 53 58 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98

Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei (Practical Handbook of Labor Statistics), each year.

Figure 2

Employed persons
(ten thousand) 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
1953 57 61 65 69 73 77

employees

Self-employed and family workers

Source: Labor force survey

Figure 3

Discouraged workers (1993)

% 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

involuntary part-timers discouraged workers

unemployed

Japan

U.S.

UK

France

Note: Data on Germany are not available. Source: OECD Employment Outlook, July 1995.

Figure 4

Employment status of married women

others 11% self-employed and family workers 30%

part-timers and arubaito 31%

regular workers 28%

Source: Basic survey on employment structure 1992.

Table 1

Three employment models

big-firm model small-andmedium-sizedfirm model not long-term employment lifetimeemployment employment selfemployment model will to continue business income by all family members family worker

income wife

family wage

Quasi family wage part-timer

full-time housewife

Table 2

Wage difference
No. of employees

Japan U.S. Germany

43.4 54.7 58.4 71.0 84.0 100 100 81.0 64.9 ---71.4 74.5 80.1 86.1 100

19 10 49 50 99 100 499 500 999 1000 -

Note: Japan in 1985, U.S. in 1977, West Germany in 1977. Average wage = total wage / total number of employees Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei 1998.

Figure 5

The employed by industry

(ten thousand)
4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1920 30 40 44 47 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Tertiary industry Secondary industry

Primary industry

Source: Until 1950 National Census, from 1955 labor force survey

Figure 6

Self-employed and family workers

%
60 50 40

Japan
30 20 10

Germany U.S.A

0 1956 61 66 71 76 81 86 91

Ratio of self-employed and family workers among the civilian employed For Germany, until 1990 only West Germany. Source: OECD, Labour Force Statistics

Figure 7

Stable peripheral workforce

(ten thousand)

3000 2500 total 2000 1500 self-employed and family workers 1000 500 female part-timers 0
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Part-timers are those whose working hours in the week are below 35 hours. Source: Labor force survey.

Figure 8

Women who lost jobs

(self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1992 93 94 95 96 97

not in labor force

unemployed employed

Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home) Source: Special survey of the labor force survey

Figure 9

Women who lost jobs

(part-timers and arubaito)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
1992 93 94 95 96 97
Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former part-timers and arubaito) Source: Special survey of the labor force survey

not in labor force

unemployed

employed

Figure 10

Labor force participation of married women

GDP growth rate (%)
14 12 10 49 8 6 4 2 44 0 1962 -2 Source: Labor force survey Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 43 42 48 47 46 45
G D P grow th rate Labor force pati ci pati on

Labor force participation rate (%)

52 51 50

Figure 11

Launching and quitting of SMEs

%
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1966-69 69-72 72-75 75-78 78-81 81-86 86-89 89-91 91-94

Launching

quitting

Source: White paper on SMEs 1997

Figure 12

Female workers to be not in labor force (part-timers and arubaito)

65 60 55 50 45 40 1986 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Note: The ratio of former part-timers and arubaito who lost job within a year and became not in labor force Source: Special survey of the labor force survey

Figure 13

Labor force participation of married women

GDP growth rate (%)
14 12 10 50 8 6 4 2 44 0 1962 -2 -4 Source: Annual report on national accounts and Labor force survey Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women Economic growth rate = year-to-year increase rate of GDP at constant prices 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 42 40 48
Economic growth rate

Labor force participation rate (%)

54 52

46

labor force participation rate

Figure 14

Ratio of social security expenditures to national income

Germany

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 65 70 73 75 80 86 U.S.A

Japan

88

90

92

94

Source: Health and Welfare Statistics in Japan

Figure 15

Aging society
% 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1950 1960
Sweden

Germany

U.S.

Japan

1970

1980

1990

1995

Note: Proportion of the people over 65 in the total population Source: Management and Coordination Agency, Aging society in figures 1997, Tokyo 1997.

Figure 16

Divorce rate
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1972 76 80 84 88 92 96 Sweden France Japan % U.S.A

Source: Japan, Jinko Dotai Tokei (Dynamic Population Survey), France and Sweden, U.N. Demographic Yearbook U.S.A., Statistical Abstract of the U.S.

Figure 17

Single mothers
(in thousand households)

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1960 65 70 75 80 85 90
Notes: For the U.S., single-mother household with under 18-year-old children. For Japan, single-mother household in the age over 20 and younger than 60 with children younger than 20 years old. Source: U.S. Nakada (1997), Japan Trend of Welfare in Japan 1997.

U.S.A

Japan