MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY LABORATORY EXERCISE NO.

1 INSPECTION OF THE MATERIALS & TESTING LABORATORY

LAB. EXERCISE NO.: 1 TITLE: INSPECTION OF THE MATERIALS AND TESTING LABORATORY OBJECTIVE: To become acquainted with the materials testing laboratory, the equipment
available, and the requirements of the course.

PROCEDURE:
1. Visit the CE Laboratory and notice where the general Materials Testing equipment are located. Make a floor plan. 2. Make a list of the major types of equipment available. Note the units of calibration and the dial divisions. 3. Ask or research on the use of these major equipment. 4. Write an informal report that includes. a. A guide to the laboratory, with the major features indicated on a sketch/floor plan. b. A brief description of each major testing machine apparatus. This should include the units of calibration. c. An assessment of the role of the course in your education.

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Engr. E. G. Ronquillo MTM3.07

MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 2 STUDY OF THE TESTING MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
An important phase in the study of engineering materials is the determination of strength and other mechanical properties. Such properties are measured quantitatively by use of testing machines. If precise results are necessary, it is therefore important to learn the operation, capacity and the limitations of the testing machine. The significant tests performed on engineering materials are tension, compression and flexure. These three tests can be done in a universal testing machine, thus, the designation universal.

OBJECTIVE:
To study the operation of universal testing machine with hydraulic loading and weighing system; how the loads for the different tests applied and how the loads are measured.

APPARATUS:
A Universal Testing Machine and its accessories, Compression machine

PROCEDURE:
1. The main parts of the testing machine will be indicated to the class, then the operation will be explained. 2. Compression and tension tests will be demonstrated. The dimensions of the specimen shall be measured prior to testing. 3. The force at the breaking point of the specimen shall be determined. 4. The compressive and tensile stresses of the specimen shall be calculated/recorded.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The Universal Testing Machine consists of two essential parts: a means for loading specimens in compression and also in tension, and a method of observing the applied load. A large variety of tests are possible with a UTM with suitable accessories. The following are some of the more common tests:

Tensile Force Tests:

tensile strength modulus of elasticity elongation

Compression Force Tests:

compression of ductile and brittle metals compression of ceramics and concrete Brinell hardness testing shear strength beam strength and deflections column strength guided bend weld strength

SET-UP AND GENERAL OPERATION:

For the most of the test possible with the machine, the operation is much the same. In a typical test, the appropriate test fixture or specimen-holding accessory is placed in either the tensile or the compression space, and specimen is inserted.

THE ELECTROMECHANICAL UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

The Electromechanical Universal Testing Machine consists of a robust two column frame with a lower platen/gripper which is moved via an endless ball screw drive powered by a DC motor. This ensures a smooth application of load at a constant speed. The upper crosshead can house grippers, platens or other accessories for various tests. The machine has a 200 kN load call for load measurement, a linear displacement transducer for displacement measurement and a digital display, and a potentiometer for speed setting.

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The machine is controlled by the PA/ADTR-2 program that is designed to automatically perform compression and tensile tests. For the tensile test, calculations include the maximum force and tension reached, the elastic limit, the Agt or deformation under maximum load, the maximum load/elastic limit ratio, among others. Ensure that the red mushroom button (to the right of the machine) is disengaged. Switch the machine on. Make sure also that the machine is interfaced with the computer and all necessary accessories are attached.

SAFETY:
Safe working practices should be observed at all times when using the equipment. Only qualified and trained personnel should be entrusted to use the equipment. The machine is equipped with the following safety devices: Electrical cut-out at full scale Permanent travel limit switch Moving travel limit switch

DOING TESTS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the sample to be tested with the appropriate button. Indicate the sample area to be tested. Indicate the base length of the area that is going to be measured Fill the user fields that are necessary for the specific data of the sample. Place the specimen manually in the appropriate position to be able to clip the sample to be tested and hold it with the clamps. 6. Click with the mouse the first button on the left to start the test. If it is a control module that permits this, the program will then select the speed the test will be made at, which is transmitted immediately. 7. The program will now start to plot the graph until the sample breaks or until the test button is pressed again or when the ESC key is pressed. 8. After the test is finished, the program calculates the test results and shows them in the area on the right of the main window. The test is stored in the disk at the same time for later retrieval.

THE COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

The machine is built to conduct compression on concrete cylinders of up to 150mm and flexural test on concrete beams. Its platens are surface hardened and ground. The upper one is 4
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spherically seated and the lower one has inscribed markings to facilitate centering of the specimen. Stress measurement is via a microprocessor digital readout unit DIGIMAX III 48. The apparatus comprises a CPU, a built in conditioning unit and 24-column printer. The front panel comprises a membrane keyboard with function keys and 8 characters LCD display.

OPERATING INSTRUCTION
1. Set the vertical daylight of the machine by placing the distance pieces under the lower platen in order to obtain a vertical daylight of 10 15 mm higher than the specimen to be tested. 2. Switch on the DIGIMAX. 3. Place and center the specimen on the compression platen. 4. Set up the first flow control valve to apply the correct rate of loading. Move the lever A upward and lever B backward. Lever a control the load (upward) or unload (downward) of the machine. Lever B when closed (forward) control the flow of oil. 5. Press button ENTER. The display shows the last set surface value in mm2. Accept this value or input new surface area. The display shows +0.0. 6. Switch the pump and zero the value, which appear on the load display while the piston is going up but before the beginning of compression. 7. When the load does not increase anymore, the display shows the max load that has been reached followed by a flashing * indicating the end of the test. 8. Immediately switch off the motor. 9. Press button FEED/PRINT for hardcopy of the result.

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Engr. E. G. Ronquillo MTM3.07

MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
LAB. EXERCISE NO. :________________ TITLE: ____________________________ DATE PERFORMED: ________________ DATE SUBMITTED: _________________ NAME: ____________________ CLASS CODE:_______________ GROUP NO.: ________________ RATING: ___________________

SAMPLE TESTS 1. Length of specimen, mm. 2. Cross- sectional area of specimen, mm. 2 3. Reading at breaking point, P2 , N/mm.2 4.Initial reading, P1, N/mm2 5. Correct gage reading at breaking point (3-4), PR, N/mm2 6. Stress, N/mm2 or MPa 7. Stress, kg/cm2

TENSION

COMPRESSION

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MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 3 TESTING OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS
INTRODUCTION
Steel is one of the most widely used engineering material. One very important engineering use of steel is in the form of bars for concrete reinforcements. The two main classes of steel bars are plain and deformed; and these are further classified into three grades: structural, intermediate and hard. The standard sizes of deformed bars are listed in Table 3-1. The standard sizes of plain bars are designated by their nominal diameters. Three important tests are done on billet-steel bars; chemical, cold-bend and tension tests. The chemical test is for determining the phosphorous content and the cold-bend and tensile test for checking the mechanical characteristics. In this laboratory exercise, only the tensile test will be done. This tensile test furnishes the yield and tensile strengths of the steel bars, and is used to classify the bars into grades. Percentage elongation is calculated and compared with the requirement for each grade (refer to Table 3-2).

OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the suitability of reinforcing steel bars for concrete reinforcement by performance of the physical test. 2. To determine the grade of the steel bars.

APPARATUS:
UTM Tensile Grips Extensometer Balance Vernier Caliper Suitable pin

PROCEDURE:
Two approximately 20 long samples are needed for the test.

TEST FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES

1. Measure accurately the length of the tension sample and determine its weight. Determine the actual cross-section of deformed bars by dividing the weight per linear inch by 0.2833 (weight in lbs. per cu. of steel). 2. Mark in the center of the test specimen an 8 gage length. If possible, machine the specimen to a reduced section in the middle about 11. Set suitable grips in the testing machine to hold 7
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the specimen and apply the load to failure at a uniform rate. If available, attach to the specimen an extensometer for reading deformation. 3. Record the sudden halt of red-hand pointer and compute the corresponding stress which will be the yield point. Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maximum load carried by the specimen. 4. After fracture, put together the ends of the specimen and measure accurately the distance between gage marks. 5. Express the increase in length of the gage length as percentage of the original gage length of 8. The value obtained shall be the percentage elongation.

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TABLE 3 - 1 DEFORMED BARS DESIGNATION

BAR NO. 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9** 10** 11** NOMINAL DIMENSIONS DIAMETER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA INCHES MM SQ. IN. SQ. MM 1/4 = 0.250 6 0.05 28.27 3/8 = 0.375 10 0.11 78.54 1/2 = 0.500 12 0.20 113.10 5/8 = 0.625 16 0.31 201.10 3/4 = 0.750 20 0.44 314.20 7/8 = 0.8751 22 0.6 280.13 1.000 25 0.79 490.87 1 1/8 = 1.128 28 1.00 615.75 1 1/4 = 1.270 32 1.27 804.25 1 3/8 = 1.410 36 1.56 1,017.90

BAR NO. 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9** 10** 11**

UNIT WEIGHT LB. PER FT. KG. PER METER 0.167 0.222 0.376 0.616 0.668 0.887 1.043 1.577 4.502 2.463 2.044 2.980 2.670 3.848 3.400 4.827 4.303 6.305 5.313 7.980

* 1/4 in. bar in plain round only ** Bar Nos. 9, 10, and 11 correspond to the former 1 in. sq., 1 1/8 in. sq., and 1 1/4 in. sq. sizes and are equivalent to those former standard bar sizes in weight and nominal cross-sectional areas.

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Engr. E. G. Ronquillo MTM3.07

MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
LAB. EXERCISE NO. :________________ TITLE: ____________________________ DATE PERFORMED: ________________ DATE SUBMITTED: _________________ NAME:_____________________ CLASS CODE:_______________ GROUP NO.: ________________ RATING: ___________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Bar Sample No. 1 1 Type 2 Nominal Diameter, mm 3 Average Diameter, mm 4 Length, cm 5 Weight, gm 6 Tensile Load, kN a. At Yield Point b. At breaking Point 7 Elongation, cm a. Final Length b. Gage Length c. Change in Length 8 Area, mm2 a. Plain: (/4)x(3) b. Deformed:(5)/[(4)x0.0785] 9 Yield Point, Mpa: 6a/8a or 8b 10 Tensile Strength, Mpa: 7c/7bx100% 2

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Engr. E. G. Ronquillo MTM3.07