Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quadratic Functions
1
1
(d) f (x) = 2 (x 3)2 +
4
2
1
= (x 3)2 +
2
2. f (x) = 4x2 8x + 6
When x = 2,
f (2) = 4(2)2 8(2) + 6
= 16 + 16 + 6
= 38
1
Therefore, the minimum value is .
2
1
2
(e) f (x) = [6 (x + 1) ] + 5
3
1
= 2 (x + 1)2 + 5
3
1
= (x + 1)2 + 7
3
Therefore, the maximum value is 7.
3. f (x) = x2 3x + 2
When f (x) = 0,
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1 or
x=2
4. f (x) = 3x2 + 5x 1
When f (x) = 1,
3x2 + 5x 1 = 1
2
3x + 5x 1 1 = 0
3x2 5x + 2 = 0
(3x 2)(x 1) = 0
3x 2 = 0 or x 1 = 0
2 or
x =
x =1
3
5. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
4 2
4 2
= x2 4x + + 2
2
2
= (x 2)2 4 + 2
= (x 2)2 2
Hence, the minimum value is 2.
(b) f (x) = 2x2 + 6x 5
= 2(x2 + 3x) 5
3 2
3
= 2 x2 + 3x +
2
2
3 2 9
=2 x+ 5
2
4
2
3
9
=2x+ 5
2
2
(f)
3 2 19
= 2 x +
2
2
6. (a) Two different real roots
(b) One real root or two similar real roots
(c) No real roots
19
Hence, the minimum value is .
2
(c) f (x) = x2 + 5x
5 2
5
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
2
5
25
= x +
2
4
25
Hence, the minimum value is .
4
(d) f (x) = 6x x2
= (x2 6x)
6 2
6 2
= x2 6x +
2
2
= [(x 3)2 9]
= (x 3)2 + 9
Hence, the maximum value is 9.
9. (a) f (x) = x2 4
Therefore, the minimum point is (0, 4).
2 2
= 2 x 2x +
2
= 2[(x 1)2 1]
= 2(x 1)2 + 2
Hence, the maximum value
(e) f (x) = 3 4x x2
= x2 4x + 3
= (x2 + 4x) + 3
4 2
4 2
= x2 + 4x + + 3
2
2
= [(x + 2)2 4] + 3
= (x + 2)2 + 4 + 3
= (x + 2)2 + 7
Hence, the maximum value is 7.
f (x)
12
f (x)
is 2.
12
(g) f (x) = 10 + 5x 3x
= 3x2 + 5x + 10
5
= 3 x2 x + 10
3
+ 10
5
5 2
5
= 3 x2 x +
3
6
6
0
4
5 2 25
= 3 x + 10
6
36
5
25
= 3 x + + 10
6
12
f (x)
32
f (x)
5 2 145
= 3 x +
6
12
32
145
Hence, the maximum value is .
12
(h) f (x) = (2x 1)(x + 3)
= 2x2 + 5x 3
5
= 2 x2 + x 3
2
5
5 2
5
= 2 x2 + x +
2
4
4
2
5
25
= 2 x + 3
4
16
2
5
25
= 2 x + 3
4
8
2
5
49
= 2 x +
4
8
8
5
1 0
(c) f (x) = 8 x2
Therefore, the maximum point is (0, 8).
f (x)
f (x)
8
49
Hence, the minimum value is .
8
x
3
0
3
8 1
8 3
f (x)
22
f (x)
20
f (x)
5 3 +
5
3
0
f (x)
(3, 5)
10
3
5
0
8
2 40 3 5
3 + 5 6
22
20
(h) f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5
= x2 + 4x + 22 22 + 5
= (x + 2)2 + 1
Therefore, the minimum point is (2, 1).
f (x)
f (x)
10
f (x)
f (x)
8
10
5
2 0
(1,1)
(2, 1)
x
1
1
2
1 2
1
= 2 x 1
4
16
1 2 1
=2x 1
4
8
1 2 9
=2x
4
8
25
3
Therefore, the minimum point is ( , ).
2
2
9
1
Therefore, the minimum point is (, ).
8
4
x
f (x)
f (x)
12
f(x)
12
f(x)
5
2
0
1
1
1
2
x
1 2
3 25
)
( ,
2
2
x
1
1
9
,
4
8
0
8
f (x)
16
(c)
x2 3x 4 0
(x 4)(x + 1) 0
f (x)
f (x)
1 0
16
1
0
x
4 5
2x2 + 5x 3 0
(2x 1)(x + 3) 0
f (x)
(k) f (x) = x2 + 6x 9
= (x2 6x) 9
= (x2 6x + 32 32) 9
= [(x 3)2 9] 9
= (x 3)2
Therefore, the maximum point is (3, 0).
x
f (x)
1
The range of values of x is 3 x .
2
(e) (x 3)(x + 2)
x2 x 6
x2 x 2
(x 2)(x + 1)
f (x)
4
4
0
0
(3, 0)
f (x)
0
1
0 1
1 0
(f)
10. (a) x(x 2) 0
(2x 1)(x 3)
2x2 6x x + 3
2x2 11x + 15
(x 3)(2x 5)
f (x)
4(x 3)
4x 12
0
0
f (x)
x
2
5
The range of values of x is x 3.
2
(b) (x 3)(x 4) 0
f (x)
(g)
x
3
x
5 3
x2 + 4
5
x2 + 4
x2 + 4
x2 10x + 9
(x 1)(x 9)
2x 1
5(2x 1)
10x 5
0
0
4.
f (x)
x (x + 2) 3
x2 + 2x 3 0
(x + 3)(x 1) 0
f (x)
0 1
x (1 4x)
x 4x2 5x + 8
4x2 4x + 8
x2 + x 2
(x + 2)(x 1)
x
1
f (x)
5x 8
0
0
0
0
2x2 12x + 5
2(x2 6x) + 5
2[(x 3)2 32] + 5
2(x 3)2 18 + 5
2(x 3)2 13
p = 2, q = 3 ,
r + 1 = 13
r = 14
1+7
1. (a) x-coordinate of the maximum part =
2
=4
Therefore, the equation of the axis of symmetry
is x = 4.
(b) f (x) = p (x + q)2
= 5 (x 4)2
Hence, p = 1, q = 7
4 + 0
1. x-coordinate of maximum point =
2
= 2
1
x + p = 0 when x = 1,
2
1
1 + p = 0
2
1
p=1
2
p=2
2
x=6
The coordinates of A are (6, 4).
3. Let x be the x-coordinate of A
x+6 =2
2
x=46
x = 2
The coordinates of A are (2, 0).
0+8
4. x-coordinate of A =
2
=4
2q = 3
3
q=
2
p1=0
p=1
O
2
AC = OA OC
= 52 42
=9
AC = 3
(b) y = x2 2(1)x + 1
= x2 + 2x + 1
= (x + 1)2
0+4
5. x-coordinate of minimum point =
2
=2
x-coordinate of minimum point for the image is 2.
Minimum value of y is 0.
10. f (x) =
=
=
=
=
=
1
7. f (x) = 2k + 1 x + p
2
Given (1, k) is the maximum point.
Therefore, 2k + 1 = k
k = 1
x2 8x + k 1
(x2 + 8x) + k 1
(x2 + 8x + 42 42) + k 1
[(x + 4)2 16] + k 1
(x + 4)2 + 16 + k 1
(x + 4)2 + 15 + k
+7
3 5
The minimum point is (, ).
2 2
x
f (x)
15
10
f (x)
1 0
15
3
(2, 1)
5
7
3
5
,
2 2
10
The range is 10 y 1.
5
The range is f (x) 15.
2
15. y = 9 (x 3)2
Maximum point is (3, 9).
y
(3, 9)
7
When f (x) = 1,
2(x + 1)2 + 7 = 1
2(x + 1)2 = 8
(x + 1)2 = 4
x + 1 = 2
x = 2 1
= 3 or 1
1 0
6 7
The range is 0 y 9.
16.
13. y = (x 3)2 4
Minimum point is (3, 4).
3x2 x
3x2 x 0
x(3x 1) 0
f (x)
12
5
x
12
1
The range is 0 x .
3
5
1 0
17.
x
1
5 6
(3, 4)
3x x2 1
2
3x x2 2
x2 + 3x 2 0
x2 3x + 2 0
(x 1)(x 2) 0
f (x)
14. y = x2 + 4x 5
= (x2 4x) 5
= (x2 4x + 22 22) 5
= [(x 2)2 4] 5
= (x 2)2 + 4 5
= (x 2)2 1
x
1
The range is x 1 or x 2.
7
f (y)
y
3
3
The range is 1 y .
4
19.
f (x) 0
5x2 4x 1 0
(5x + 1)(x 1) 0
f (x)
f (x)
x
1 0
1
The range is x 1.
5
20.
14
g(x)
Therefore, a = 2, b = 2 and c = 18
3
3
The range is x or x .
2
2
23. 5 2x 0
2x 5
5
x
2
5
x
2
14
The range is
14 x
14 .
g(x) 0
4x2 9 0
(2x + 3)(2x 3) 0
3x2 4x 1
3x2 4x + 1 0
(3x 1)(x 1) 0
f (x)
x
1
1
x , x 1
3
26. x2 + 5x 10 4
5
x
2
x2 + 5x 10 4
x2 + 5x 6 0
(x + 6)(x 1) 0
1 1
5
3
2
f (x)
f (x)
1
x
3
x1
5
The range is x .
2
24. 5
f (x)
9
5 5 3x + x2 9
5 5 3x + x2
0 x2 3x
0 x(x 3)
0 1
x
7
6 x 1
x
x
1 0
x 0, x 3
1 x 4
x<0
3 4
Use
b2 4ac 0,
( 6)2 4(2)(9 k) 0
36 72 + 8k 0
36 + 8k 0
8k 36
36
k
8
9
k
2
1 < x < 4
The range is 1 x 0 or 3 x 4.
25. 1 x2 + 3x 3 3
,
1 x2 + 3x 3
0 x2 + 3x 4
0 (x + 4)(x 1)
x2 + 3x 3 3
x2 + 3x 0
x(x + 3) 0
f (x)
x 7, x 2
28. Given that f (x) = 9 6x + 2x2 does not have real root
when f (x) = k,
9 6x + 2x2 = k
2x2 6x + 9 k = 0
x>3
1 0
f (x)
5 3x + x2 9
5 3x + x2 9 0
x2 3x 4 0
(x 4)(x + 1) 0
f (x)
x2 + 5x 10 4
x2 + 5x 14 0
(x + 7)(x 2) 0
f (x)
x
1
8 2x2 + 10x 20
0 2x2 + 10x 12
0 x2 + 5x 6
0 (x + 6)(x 1)
x 3, x 0
4 x 1
2x2 + 10x 20
2x2 + 10x 28
x2 + 5x 14
(x + 7)(x 2)
f (x)
8
0
0
0
f (x)
4 x 1
4 3
0 1
6
x < 3
0 1
x
7
x
2
x>0
x 6, x 1
The range is 4 x 3 or 0 x 1.
7 x 2
The equation y = x2 + 2x nx + 16
= x2 + 2x 2x + 16
22 2
22 2
= x + + 16
2
2
= x2 + 16
x1
76
1 2
7 x 2
= 0,
=0
= 16
=
16
= 4
Therefore, B = (4, 0)
30. y = x2 + 5x 6
52
49
5
The minimum point is ( , ).
2
4
x
13
98
18
y
98
21
4
(b) Substitute k = and n = into
3
2
y = 2[(3k x)2 + n] 10,
21
y = 2 (4 x)2 10
2
= 2(4 x)2 + 21 10
= 2(4 x)2 + 11
18
0
6 1 3
13
5 ,
49
2
4
31. y = x2 + 2x nx + 16
= x2 + (2 n)x + 16
= [x2 (2 n)x] + 16
2n 2
2n
= x2 (2 n)x +
2
2
2
2
2
n
2
n
= x + 16
2
2
2
2
n 2
2
n
= x + + 16
2
2
+ 16
2
When y = 0,
2(4 x)2 + 11 = 0
2(4 x)2 = 11
11
(4 x)2 =
2
11
4 x =
2
11
x = 4
2
11
11
= 4 , 4 +
2
2
= 1.655, 6.345
49
The range is y 98.
4
When y
x2 + 16
x2
x
The range is 7 x 6 or 1 x 2.
5 2
= x2 + 5x +
2
2
25
5
= x +
2
4
2
49
5
= x +
2
4
10
39
21
(4, 11)
(5, 9)
x
21
(1, 39)
2
4
4
2
2
k
k
= 2 x + 4r
4
16
2
2
k
k
= 2 x + 4r
4
8
3,
k = 0 when x = k2
x+
4
4
3
k
2
Therefore, k + = 0
4
4
4k2 3 + k = 0
4k2 + k 3 = 0
(4k 3)(k + 1) = 0
3
k = 1 or
2
4
k 4r = k
8
1 4r = 1
When k = 1,
8
1
4r = 1
8
7
=
8
7
r =
32
9
16
3
3
When k = , 4r =
4
4
8
9
3
4r =
128
4
9
3
4r =
128
4
(b) 3 p = 0
p=3
q 1 = 6
q = 5
(c) The turning point is (3, 6).
34. (a) f (x) = 2x2 + 12x + p
= 2(x2 6x) + p
= 2(x2 6x + 32 32) + p
= 2[(x 3)2 9] + p
= 2(x 3)2 + 18 + p
Given f (x) = a(x + b)2 + 18
By comparison,
a = 2, b = 3, p = 0
(b) The turning point is (3, 18).
35. (a) y = 4x2 2kx + 6k has a minimum value of 20
2k x + 6k
y = 4 x2
4
k
k 2
k
2
= 4 x x +
2
4
4
k 2 k 2 + 6k
=4 x
4
16
2
2
k k + 6k
=4x
4
4
+ 6k
9 + 96
=
128
105
=
128
105
r =
512
11
x < 4
1+5
3. (a) p =
2
=3
9
x= 2
2
(b) y = (x 1)(x 5)
= x2 6x + 5
9
9
= 2 or 2
2
2
= 0.1213 or 4.121
4. y = a(x 2)2 + 1
Substitute x = 0, y = 9 into the equation,
9 = a(2)2 + 1
8 = 4a
a=2
When x = 0, y = 2(2)2 9
= 1
The minimum point is (2, 9).
y
0 0.1213
1
5. x2 + (1 + k)x k2 + 1 = 0
For quadratic equation to have real roots,
b2 4ac 0
2
(1 + k) 4(1)(1 k2) 0
1 + 2k + k2 4 + 4k2 0
5k2 + 2k 3 0
(5k 3)(k + 1) 0
(2, 9)
f(k)
(x + 3)(x 1)
x2 + 2x 3
x2 + 2x 8
(x + 4)(x 2)
1
f(x)
x
2
21
21
0
0
k
3
3
The range of values of k is k 1 or k .
5
x 4, x > 2
(x + 3)(x 1)
x2 + 2x 3
2
x + 2x 24
(x 4)(x + 6)
The range is 6 x 4 or 2 x 4.
6 < x < 4
9
x+2=
2
x>2
6 4
5
5
0
0
6 x 4
4.121
12
Substitute into ,
q2
q + 6 = 0
48
q2
q+=0
8
8q + q2 = 0
q(8 + q) = 0
q = 0 or q = 8
6. y = x2 + 7x 8 2k
Therefore, b2 4ac
72 4(1)(8 2k)
49 + 32 + 8k
8k
Alternative
y = x2 + 7x 8 2k
7 2
= x2 + 7x +
2
7 2 49
= x +
2
4
72
02
When q = 0, p =
48
=0
(8)2
When q = 8, p =
48
64
=
48
4
=
3
8 2k
8 2k
4
Therefore, the values of p = and q = 8.
3
3
8. (2 3k)x2 + x + k = 0
4
3
b2 4ac = 12 4(2 3k) k
4
= 1 6k + 9k2
= 9k2 6k + 1
= (3k 1)2
= px2 + qx,
= p(6)2 + q(6)
= 36p + 6q
= 0 .........................
y = px2 + qx
q
= p x2 +
px
q
q 2
q
= p x2 +
x
+
p
2p
2p
q 2
q2
= p x +
2p
4p2
q 2 q
= p x +
2p
4p
q
= 12
4p
q2 = 48p
q2
p = ..........................................................
48
Hence, r = 2 and t = 8
13
(b) When p = 2,
y = 2x2 + 8x + 8
= 2(x2 + 4x) + 8
= 2(x2 + 4x + 22 22) + 8
= 2[(x + 2)2 4] + 8
= 2(x + 2)2 8 + 8
= 2(x + 2)2
Therefore, the minimum point is (2, 0).
When x = 0,
y =8
y
(3, 16)
(b) When x = 3, y = 5
For p = 5, q = 5,
When x = 6, y = |5(6 3)2 5|
= |40|
= 40
y
p=8
8
2
x
2
For p = 5, q = 5,
When x = 6, y = |5(6 3)2 + 5|
= | 40|
= 40
1 0
13. (a) y =
=
=
=
1
Therefore, the minimum point is ( , 0).
2
When x = 0, y = 2
1 2
When y = 0, 0 = 8 x +
2
1
x=
2
p=2
20
=0
= 16
=4
= 2
= 2 + 3
= 2 + 3 or 2 + 3
= 1 or 5
14
8
2
x2 + 1
x + 3x + 2
therefore
x2 + 1
x2 + 3x + 2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
15. Since
0
0
0
f(x)
y = x2 + 2x + px 8 becomes
y = x2 + 2x + 4x 8
y = x2 + 6x 8
When y = 0,
x2 + 6x 8
x2 6x + 8
(x 2)(x 4)
x
0,
Hence, x 2, x > 1.
=0
=0
=0
= 2 or 4
4
16. x
1 3x
4
0 x +
1 3x
x(1 3x) + 4
0
1 3x
x 3x2 + 4
0
1 3x
3x2 + x + 4
0
1 3x
(3x + 4)(x + 1)
0
1 3x
For 3x + 4 0,
4 3x
4
x
3
For x + 1 0,
x 1
For y = x + 2x + px 8
= x2 + 2x + 4x 8
= x2 + 6x 8
When x = 3,
y = 9 + 18 8
=1
Maximum value of the curve is 1.
For 1 3x 0,
3x 1
1
x
3
1
x<
3
3x2
therefore 0
(2x 1)(x + 4)
(2x 1)(x + 4) 0
x 1
4
x
3
f(x)
0 1
1
4
Therefore, the range is 1 x , x .
3
3
1
Hence, 4 x .
2
15
17. y2 9 = x
x = y2 9
When x = 0,
y2 = 9
y = 3
y
4
3
When y = 0,
x = 9
When x
7
y2
y
= 7,
= y2 9
= 16
= 4
x
7
3
4
16