CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

The introduction of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. With vacuum tubes the manipulation of signals became possible, which could not be done with the early telegraph and telephone circuit or with the early transmitters using high-voltage sparks to create radio waves.

1745 Cuneus and Muschenbrock, in Leyden (Netherlands) - Discover the Levden jar - The first electrical capacitor--a storage mechanism for an electrical charge. - The first ones were a glass jar filled with water--two wires suspended in the water. 1746-52 Benjamin Franklin - He flew kites to demonstrate that lightning is a form of static electricity. - He would run a wire to the kite and produce sparks at the ground, or charge a Leyden jar. This led Franklin to invent the lightning rod. 1785 Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-1806) - Invented the torsion balance.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics - The torsion balance is a simple device: a horizontal cross-bar is mounted on a stretched wire. A ball is then mounted on each end of the cross bar. 1791 Luigi Galvani (1737:-1798) - Investigated electricity as the source of life. - Galvani believed living tissues contained electricity and does a number of experiments: connecting pieces of metal (zinc, copper, iron, tin, etc.) to a piece of wire--zinc and copper worked really well--to create what's called a bimetallic arc. 1800 Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) - He took the same bimetallic arcs (several of them) and dipped them in glasses of brine. - This was Volta's Couronne des Tasses--his first battery. - The-voltaic pile was an improved configuration for a battery. - He showed that the bimetallic arcs (not Galvani's frog legs) were the source of electricity. 1820 Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) in Denmark - He demonstrated a relationship between electricity and magnetism by showing that an electrical wire carrying a current will deflect a magnetic needle. 1822-27 Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) in France - He gave a formalized understanding of the relationships between electricity and magnetism using algebra. - Invented the astatic needle, which made possible the modern astatic galvanometer. - He was the first to show that two parallel conductors carrying currents traveling in the same direction attract each other and, if traveling in opposite directions, repel each other. 1826 Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) - He wanted to measure the motive force of electrical currents. - He found that some conductors worked better than others and quantified the differences. - He waited quite some time to announce "Ohm's Law" because his theory was not accepted by his peers.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) 1820s - Faraday postulated that an electrical current moving through a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire. - He believed that as these "fields of force" when established and collapsed could move a magnet. This led to a number of experiments with electricity as a motive (moving) force. 1821 - Faraday built the first electric motor--a device for transforming an electrical current into rotary motion. 1831 - Faraday made the first transformer--a device for inducing an electrical current Ina wire not connected to an electrical source, also known as Faraday's Ring. It was powered by a voltaic pile and used a manually operated key to interrupt the current. 1820s - Faraday postulated that an electrical current moving through a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire. - He believed that as these "fields of force" when established and collapsed could move a magnet. This led to a number of experiments with electricity as a motive (moving) force. Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) and Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) - Gauss ranks as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. - Weber, a German physicist, also established a system of absolute electrical units.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics - His work on the ratio between the electro dynamic and electrostatic units was crucial to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.

1830 Joseph Henry (1799-1878) - A professor in a small school in Albany, New York. - He worked to improve electromagnets and was the first to superimpose coils of wire wrapped on an iron core. - He insulated the wire for one of his magnets using a silk dress belonging to his wife. -He observed electromagnetic induction, a year before Faraday. 1832 Heinrich F.E. Lenz (.1804-1865) - Born in the old university city of Tartu, Estonia (then in Russia). - He was a professor at the University of St. Petersburg who carried out many experiments following the lead of Faraday. - The electrodynamics action of an induced current equally opposes the mechanical inducing action- which was later recognized to be an expression of the conservation of energy. 1844 Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791 - 1872) - He brought a practical system of telegraphy to the fore front using electromagnets, and invented the code named after him. 1845 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) - German physicist announced the laws which currents, voltages, and resistance of electrical he was only twenty-one. In further studies current flows through a conductor at the speed 1873 - Maxwell published Electricity and Magnetism, demonstrating four partial differential equations that completely described electrical phenomena. 1870 Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821 -1894) - He was an all around universal scientist and researcher. - He was one of the 19th centurys greatest scientists. allow calculation of the networks in 1845 when he demonstrated that of light.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics - In 1870, after analyzing all the prevalent theories of electrodynamics, he lent his support to Maxwells theory which was little known on the European continent. 1878 Sir 1919) William Crookes (1832 -

- He investigated electrical discharges through highly evacuated "Crookes tubes." - These studies laid the foundation for J.J. Thomson's research in the late 1890s concerning discharge-tube phenomena and the electron. - He also discovered the element Thallium and made the radiometer. . 1879- Joseph Wilson Swan (1828 - 1914) - He demonstrated his electric lamp in Britain in February 1879. - The filament used carbon and had a partial vacuum and preceded Edison's demonstration by six months. 1879 Thomas Alva Edison (1847 -1931) - In 1878, Edison began work on an electric lamp and sought a material that could be electrically heated to incandescence in a vacuum. - At first he used platinum wire in glass bulbs at 10 volts. - He connected these bulbs in series to utilize a higher supply voltage 1882 - Edison installed the first large central power station on Pearl Street in New York City in 1882. - Its steam-driven generators of 900 horsepower provided enough power for 7,200 lamps. 1887 Oliver Heaviside (1850 - 1925) - Worked extensively with Maxwell's equations to reduce the fatigue incurred in solving them. - In the process, he created a form of vector analysis called "Operational Calculus"

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics 1887 Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857 -1894) - He was the first person to demonstrate the existence of radio waves. - His inspiration came from Helmholtz and Maxwell. - He demonstrated in 1887 that the, velocity of radio waves also called Hertzian waves) was equal to that of light. 1888 Nlkola Tesla (1856 - 1943) - He devised the polyphase alternating-current systems that form the modern electrical power Industry. - Tesla's other inventions included the Tesla coil, a kind of transformer, and he did research on high-voltage electricity and wireless communication. - In 1905, he demonstrated a wireless remote control boat, while at the same time Marconi was still transmitting Morse code. 1893 Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865 ~ 1923) - He discovered the mathematics of hysteresis loss, enabling engineers of the time to reduce magnetic loss in transformers. - He also applied the mathematics of complex numbers to AC analysis and thus put engineering design of electrical systems on a scientific basis instead of a black art. 1894 Guglielmo Marconi (1874- 1937) - The "father of wireless", an Italian national who expanded on the experiments that Hertz did. - He believed that telegraphic messages could be transmitted without wires. - 1897, Marconi formed his wireless telegraph company, and in December 1901 he did the first trans Atlantic radio transmission in Morse code. 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 - 1923) - He discovered X-rays, for which he received the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901. 1897 Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856 - 1940) - He is universally recognized as the British scientist who discovered and identified the electron. 1905 Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics - He elaborated on the experimental results of Max Planck who noticed that electromagnetic energy seemed to be emitted from radiating objects in quantities that were discrete.

1905 Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849 - 1945) - He made the first diode tube, the Fleming valve. The device had three leads, two for the heater/cathode and the other for the plate. 1948 William Bradford Shockley (1910 - 1989), John Bardeen (1908 -1991) and Walter Houser Brattain (1902 -1987) - They invented the transistor for Bell labs, and all three shared the 1956 Nobel Physics prize for the invention. 1959 Jack S. Kilby (1923) - He developed the integrated circuit while at Texas instruments. While conducting research into miniaturization he built the first true integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator with individually wired parts. - He received a patent in 1959,.the same year in which Robert Noyce received a patent for his own more practical design of an integrated circuit. 1959 Robert Norton Noyce (1927 - 1990) - He developed the integrated circuit with a more practical approach to scaling the size of the circuit. - In 1968 he formed Intel with Gordon Moore, and in 1971 Intel designer Ted Hoff developed the first microprocessor, the 4004. 1976 Seymour Cray (1925 - 1996) -"The Father of the Supercomputer", along with George Amdahl, defined the supercomputer industry 1958

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics The first transistorized computer, the Control CorporationCDC1604 1976 The Cray 1 1985 The Cray 2. 1993 - The Cray 3, using GaAs technology 1996. The Cray 4, completed but not marketed. Data

IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONIC PROJECTS

ELECTRONIC project making is the best hobby in terms of outcome. All electronic projects can always serve a variety of application for so many hours. But besides the utility of projects, constructors make a project for some other compelling reasons. TO SAVE - Ready-made electronic devices are sold at several commercial centers. - They come in various enclosure formats simply to attract buyers. TO LEARN Step by step procedure Reviews the Schematic Diagram Locate the mistake or defective parts. Easy and enjoyable way

TO AVOID SERVICING PROBLEM - Kits are always provided with how to do, what to do and how to avoid tips. - There is a schematic diagram provided. - Parts are also available on stock most of the time. - Even if a kit failed to work the first time or went wrong one, two or more years later, it won't be a problem. Gordon College 8

CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics TO DEVELOP SELF-CONFIDENCE - Kit making for some people is like a big challenge. - The step-by-step procedure and the work involved require resourcefulness and patience to come up with a working electronic kit. - This is essentially a way of building up self-confidence - an ingredient most teeners ought to have to cope up with day-to-day living.

IT'S A GOOD HOBBY - A good alternative and an acceptable hobby for most teeners is electronic kit making. - It is intended to fill up a need economically, to learn, to develop selfconfidence, and to prepare oneself for a career in electronics.

HOW TO READ ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS

IDEAS in electronics are introduced in diagram form called SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM. It shows the components used and their interconnections. Each graphic symbol is also accompanied with a reference designation to distinguish it from other similar symbols. The reference designation is the letter and number nearest the graphic symbol. For example, a section of a circuit is as follows:

The reference designations are R1, Q1, C1, and SPKR. Their values or actual description are given in the PARTS LIST like:

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics R1 - 10 Kilohms, 5% 1/4-watt resistor Q1 - 9013 NPN audio output transistor (TO 92) C1 - 470 F/16 Volts electrolytic SPKR 8 - OHMS 0.5 Watt 2-inch diameter loud speaker BLOCK DIAGRAMS - This form uses blocks, rectangles, or triangles to represent components, groups of components, or units of equipment. - Block diagrams are particularly used to represent internal components of an integrated circuit, calculators, microcomputers, etc. - It indicates with blocks the path of signal through a circuit but it does not give any information about wiring connections of components.

WIRING GUIDE - It shows the wiring connections of components and also shows the auxiliary hardwares such as terminal strips, fuse holder, switches, AC cord and plug. - When intended for assembly lines, the wiring guide also includes color coding of wires and some components.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

RULES AND CONVENTIONS IN ELECTRONICS DIAGRAMS

Electronics diagrams also follow some rules which are agreed upon by several associations of electronics engineers. Among the most common rules are the following: 1. Signal flow in a circuit should be from left to right of a schematic diagram. 2. Voltage potentials are indicated with the highest potential placed at the upper portion of the diagram and the ground (lowest) potential at the bottom. 3. When intersecting lines are to be electrically connected a small solid circle should be used.

4. The meaning of a symbol does not change with its position or orientation in a diagram, its size, or line width. 5. Connecting line linking a symbol should be drawn horizontally or vertically but if ever a connecting line is drawn at an angle it implies the same meaning unless otherwise specified.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

6. The standard symbol for a terminal () could be added to any symbol but should not be considered as part of a symbol itself.

OTHER COMMON PRACTICES Interrupted Lines When a connecting line or group of lines could not be directly continued to its final destination, arrows (brackets) with designation of the destination could be implemented.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

DASHED LINES Dashed lines may be used to indicate an optionally connected component.

Dashed lines may be used to indicate component content enclosed in a single unit.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

Dashed lines may be used to indicate mechanical linkage of two or more components.

TOOLS REQUIRED IN ELECTRONIC

Diagonal Cutting Plier (Size 4 inches) This hand tool is intended for cutting hook up wires, cutting and trimming circuit boards and lead wires on capacitors, resistors and other electronic components.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

Long Chain Nose Plier (Size 5 inches) This plier is used primarily for bending component's leads, to hold screws, to drive nuts, for drawing and looping wires. A long chain nose plier is a very useful tool particularly in getting components in/out of confined areas. It can also be used to hold small components.

Screwdriver Set Those involve in electronics should have one set of high quality screwdriver having a length (excluding the handle) of at least fourinches. A set of screw driver must have the following: Standard Screwdriver slotted screws: for driving

1 piece for driving 3/16-inch slotted screws 1 piece for driving 1/4-inch slotted screws 1 piece for driving 5/16-inch slotted screws Screwdriver for Phillips Head Screws 1 piece for 1/8-inch (size 0) Phillips screws 1 piece for 3/16-inch (size 1) Phillips screws 1 piece Screwdriver for 3/16-inch Pozidriv Screws

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

Soldering Iron For printed circuit board work, a Soldering Iron rated between 20 and 35 Watts is needed. The soldering iron tip should not exceed 3.2 mm in diameter.

Pen knife or stripping blade A pen knife is essential for removing shorts and stripping off thin varnish insulation of magnet wires and coils.

Flat file A flat file (size-6 inches) is essential for sharpening the tip of the soldering iron, and also for removing the burrs left on the edges of a PCB or enclosure.

Auxilliary Tools Wire Stripper For stripping or removing the insulation of connecting wires from AWG No. 12 to 22.

Soldering Tool Stand

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics A soldering tool stand keeps iron handy and ready for soldering. It also prevents accidental burns on bench or work surface. The soldering tool stand should be free-standing. It should also have a non-sliding cast base with sponge receptable and non-heat-sinking spring stand.

Adjustable Wrench (size-6-inches) A wrench is used for driving nuts and therefore primarily in making enclosures. use

Slip Joint Plier (size-6-inches) A slip joint prier is generally used to drive potentiometer nuts and to other related work.

Alligator Clips Plain alligator clips, i.e. without any wire attached to it, are clipped to leads of semiconductor components during soldering work to absorb the heat that would otherwise be received by the components. Alligator clips connected to each end of a wire are also useful for laboratory testing such as connecting two circuit points temporarily.

Paint Brush This is essential for cleaning PCB of dust and other foreign material.

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics

Ruler or Triangle This is used for general measurements. Name :_________________ Course:_________________ Score/Rating:______________ Date: _____________________

IDENTIFICATION: ______________ 1. It uses blocks, rectangles, or triangles to represent components, groups of components, or units of equipment. 2. It shows the interconnections. components used and their

______________ ______________ ______________

3. It is essential for removing shorts and stripping off thin varnish insulation of magnet wires and coils. 4. It shows the wiring connections of components and also shows the auxiliary hardwares such as terminal strips, fuse holder, switches, AC cord and plug. 5. It is a very useful tool particularly in getting components in/out of confined areas. It can also be used to hold small components.

______________

MATCHING TYPE: ______ ______ ______ loss ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 1. Levden jar 2. Tesla coil 3. Mathematics of hysteresis 4. Integrated circuit 5 Ohms Law 6. Father of wireless 7. Crookes tubes 8. Invented the torsion balance 9. Static Electricity 10. Bimetallic Arc a. Guglielmo Marconi b. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen c. Charles Augustus Coulomb d. Seymour Cray e. Benjamin Franklin f. Michael Faraday g. Nikola Tesla h. Robert Norton Noyce i. Georg Simon Ohm j. Sir William Crookes

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CIS 119: Fundamentals of Electronics ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hertzian wava Father of Supercomputer First microprocessor X-ray Operational Calculus k. Oliver Heaviside l. Cuneus and Muschenbrock m. Ted Hoff n. Jack S. Kilby o. Charles Proteus Steinmetz p. Albert Einstein q. Heinrich Rudolph Hertz r. Luigi Galvani

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