DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS

SWITCHING SYSTEMS

Report of Practical Training undergone at the end of VI Semester by

CERTIFICATE This Practical Training Report entitled SWITCHING SYSTEMS is being submitted by Bright Student of 2005-2009 batch as a report of the work undertaken by them at MTNL company. This work is the result of the students own effort, and was undertaken by them at the end of the VI semester.

( Director, ASE)

(H.O.D, ECE deptt.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the various SDEs (Senior Divisional Engineers) in MTNL (NP) who taught and guided me throughout the six week training period. I would also like to thank my Parents(especially my mother) and people in my life. without whom this training report would not have been possible. Finally, I thank God for sending all the above

ABSTRACT
During the six weeks of training at MTNL, I was assigned to various switching rooms for some time.I studied the manuals first and got familiarized with the basics of the particular switching system.I also learned general information about the system.This was followed by a tour of the actual hardware units installed in the MTNL switching rooms with the SDEs(Senior Divisional Engineers) who explained their general working and functions.I, then, learned how the switching system was controlled through software and how subscriber management took place through commands.I also did some of the trivial work like making lists,cross-checking data,etc. Also, I took a tour of the Power Room and the MDF Room and learned their working.The Power Room is responsible for the entire plants Power Supply. The MDF Room housed the Main Distribution Frame and the PCM systems which are connectors between the switching rooms and the outside world.

INDEX
Chapter 1(a) Company Profile Chapter 1(b) History Chapter 2 EWSD Switch Introduction System Features System Architecture Digital Line Unit Line/Trunk Groups Switching Network Coordination Processor Common Channel Signalling Network Control Data Maintained In Exchange Chapter 3 AXE-10 Switch Introduction Design Features Functional Hierarchy APT Subsystem Functions APZ Subsystem Functions Organization Of APT Subsystem Equipment Location Subscriber Switching Subsystem(SSS) Subscriber Management Command Mechanical Features Summary Of Principle Features Of AXE-10 General Features Of Interest AXE-10! Hardware Of AXE-10 Exchange Capacity Chapter 4(a) Power Plant Maintenance Chapter 4(b) MDF(Main Distribution Frame) PCM(Pulse Code Modulation) System Chapter 5 OCB-283 Switch Introduction Alcatel Global Network

Architecture - Host Switching Matrix - PCM Controller - Auxillary Equipment Manager - CCS7 Protocol Handler & CCS7 Controller - Call Handler(MR) - Subscriber & Analysis Database Manager(TR) - Call Charging & Traffic Measuremebt(TX) - Matrix System Handler(GX) - Message Distributer(MQ) - Communication Multiplexing - Operation & Maintenance Function(OM)

Chapter 6 5ESS Switch Introduction Switching Module Communication Module Administrative Module Exchange Biodata Chapter 7 Conclusion

CHAPTER 1(a) COMPANY PROFILE

MTNL was set up on 1st April, 1986 by the Government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expand the telecom network, introduce new services and to raise revenue for telecom development needs of India.s key metros . Delhi, the political capital and Mumbai, the business capital of India. In the past 20 years, the company has taken rapid strides to emerge as India.s leading and one of Asia.s largest telecom operating companies. Besides having a strong financial base, MTNL has achieved a customer base of 5.92 million as on 31st March 2006. The company has also been in the forefront of technology induction by converting 100% of its telephone exchange network into the state-of-the-art digital mode. The Govt. of India currently holds 56.25% stake in the company.

CHAPTER1(b) HISTORY
Historical Development 1911 1926 1937 1945 1950 1953 1955 1958 1961 1961 1962 1963 1964 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1972 Establishment of Delhi telephones system with manual exchange Opening if 1st automatic exchange (Lothian exchange) Opening of Connaught Place exchange. First Manual Trunk exchange opened. Opening of Cantt exchange Tiz Hazari Exchange (Lothian exchange ceased working) commissioned. Secretariat exchange commissioned Karol Bagh exchange (SXS) commissioned. Jor Bagh exchange (SXS) commissioned. Shahadara exchange (SXS) commissioned. Opening of First STC service to Agra. Delhi Gate (27) exchange commissioned. Delhi telephone crosses 50,000 lines. Opening of exchanges at Nangloi, Narela, Najafgarh, Bahadurgarh and Ballabgarh. Rajpath (38) exchange commissioned 1st X-Bar exchange (KB58) commissioned. X-Bar exchange (JB62) commissioned Trunk automatic exchange (TAX) commissioned Okhla X-Bar exchange commissioned. Opening of Idgah-I (51) Strowger exchange. X-Bar (31) Janpath-I exchange commissioned. Delhi telephones crosses 1 lac lines.

1973 1975 1976

Opening of X-Bar (67) Chanakya Puri exchange. X-Bar Janpath-IV (34) exchange commissioned. X-Bar Shahdara East (20) exchange commissioned. Shakti Nagar (74) exchange commissioned. Idgah-II (52) X-Bar exchange inaugurated by Mr. Fakhuriddin Ali Ahmed, President of India, on 28.8.76 and presided over by Mr S.D. Sharma (Minister of Communications). Opening of Shahdara East (20) Extension-I, X-Bar exchange on 31.8.76. It was inaugurated by Mr H.K.L Bhagat (Minister of State for Works & Housing) and Mr S.D. Sharma (Minister of Communications). Opening of Hauz Khas (65) X-Bar exchange on 18.10.76. It was inaugurated by Mr S.D. Sharma (Minister of Communications) and presided over by Mr Radha Raman (Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi). Opening of STD Service to Indore and Ambala on 5.10.77 by Mr Brij Lal Verma (Minister of Communications). Opening of Rajouri Garden-I (59) X-Bar exchange in Feb 78 Opening of Hauz Khas -II (66) X-Bar exchange on 15.2.78, by Mr Brij Lal Verma (Minister of Communications). Opening of Janpath-V (35) X-Bar exchange. Opening of Nehru Place (68) Strowger exchange on 4.11.78 by Mr Brij Lal Verma (Minister of Communications) and presided over by Mr R.K. Gupta (Mayor of Delhi). Creation of Mahanagar Telephones Nigam Limited First digital exchange world technology brought to India Largle Scale introduction of push button telephone made dialling easier. Phone Plus services multiplied benefits to telephone users. Voice Mail Service Introduced ISDN services introduced Wireless in Local loop introduced Internet services introduced. Millennium Telecom Limited, a wholly owned subsidary of MTNL is born Launched GSM Cellular Mobile service under the brand name Dolphin Launched WLL Mobile services under the brand name Garuda. The company listed at New York stock exchange(NYSE) United telecom ltd.,MTNL Joint venture in Nepal,for providing WLL based services in Nepal became operational. CLI based Internet express services introduced.

1977 1978

1986 1986 1987 1988 1992 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001

2002 2003

Launched pre-paid GSM Mobile services under the brand name Trump.Email on PSTN lines introduced under the brand name mtnlmail. Introduced CDMA 1x 2000 Technology under the brand name Garuda 1x.Introduced pilot project of ADSL based Broadband services.Introduced Virtual Phone services.Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Ltd. bagged second operator license in Mauritius. Expanded GSM & CDMA capacity by 800,000 lines each (total 1.6 million lines expanded) STD/ISD rates slashed by almost 60%. MTNL subsidiary MTML obtained license to provide fixed, mobile & ILD services in Mauritius. Launched Wi-Fi & digital certification services. State of the art training centre CETTM commissioned. Leading market in GSM customer additions. Launched broadband services under the brand name TRI BAND. Floated tender for 1 million 3G GSM lines.

2004

2005

CHAPTER 2 EWSD SWITCH

Introduction Six new technologies were validated by the Department of Telecommunication. These foreign suppliers set up the exchanges, each of 10,000 lines capacity (including two RSUs of 2K each), at different places. One of these technologies is EWSD. EWSD stands for Electronische Wheler Systeme Digitale, in German and means Electronic Switching System Digital. It is one of the technologies selected for TAX and also for Intelligent Network and Mobile Communications. System Features EWSD Digital Switching System is designed and manufactured by M/s Siemens,Germany. It can support maximum 2,50,000 subscribers or 60,000 incoming, outgoing or both way trunks, when working as a pure tandem exchange. It can carry 25,200 Erlang traffic and withstand 1.4 million BHCA. It can work as local cum transit exchange and supports CCS No.7, ISDN and IN and V5.X features.

System Architecture The main hardware units of an EWSD switch are: -

1. Digital Line Unit (DLU): It is the functional unit on which subscriber lines are terminated. 2. Line/Trunk Group (LTG): Digital Trunks and DLUs are connected to LTGs. The access functions determined by the network environment are handled by DLUs and LTGs. 3. Switching Network (SN): All the LTGs are connected to the SN which interconnects the line and trunks connected to the exchange in accordance with the call requirement of the subscribers. CCNC and CP are also connected to the SN. 4. Coordination Processor (CP): It is used for system-wide coordination functions such as routing, zoning, etc. However, each subsystem in EWSD carryout practically all the tasks arising in their area independently. 5. Common Channel Signaling Network Control (CCNC) Unit: It functions as the Message Transfer Part of CCS#7.UP(User Part) is incorporated in the respective LTGs. Below, the Block Diagram of EWSD shows that the most important controls in EWSD are distributed throughout the system. This distributed control:- reduces the coordination overheads and necessity of communication between the processors, - and results in high dynamic performance standard. In EWSD, for inter-processor communications, 64 kbps semi permanent connections are set through SN. This avoids the necessity for a separate interprocessor network.

Digital Line Unit (DLU) Analog or Digital (ISDN) subscribers, PBX lines or V5.1 interface are terminated on DLU. DLUs can be used locally within the exchange or remotely as remote switch unit, in the vicinity of the group of subscribers. DLUs are connected to EWSD sub-systems via a uniform interface standardized by CCITT, i.e., Primary Digital Carrier (PDC) to facilitate Local or Remote installation. A subset of CCS#7 is used for CCS on the PDCs. One DLU is connected to two different LTGs for the reasons of security. Within the DLU, the analog subscribers are terminated on SLMA (Subscriber Line Module Analog) cards (module). Similarly, Digital (ISDN) subscribers are terminated on the SLMD (Subscriber Line Module Digital) modules. Each module can support 16 subscribers, hence has 16 SLCA/SLCDs (Subscribers Line Circuit Analog/Digital) and one processor SLMCP/SAP. One DLU can carry traffic of 100 erlangs. A standard rack of DLU (local) can accommodate two DLUs of 952 subscribers each. In case the link between a remote DLU and the main exchange is broken, the subscribers connected to the remote DLU can still dial each other but metering will not be possible in this case. For emergency service, DLU controller (DLUC) always contains up-to-date subscribers data. Stand Alone Service Controller Card (SASCE) is provided in each R-DLU for switching calls in such cases (call setup and release for analog and ISDN subscribers and enables DTMF dialing for push-button subscribers). This card is also used for interconnecting a number of remotely situated DLUs (maximum 6), in a cluster, called a Remote Control Unit (RCU), so that subscribers connected to these remote DLUs can also talk to each other in case the link of more than one DLU to the main exchange is broken. All DLUs are provided with a Test Unit (TU) for performing tests and measurements on SLCAs, subscriber line sand telephones. An ALEX (Alarm Externals) module is used for forwarding external alarms, i.e., fire, temperature, etc. to System Control Panel (SYP).Numbers of SLMAs are accordingly reduced to accommodate these modules. The main components of a DLU are: - SLMAs and/or SLMDs - Two Digital Interface Units for DLU(DIUD)for connections of the PDCs.

Two DLU Controls (DLUC). Two 4 Mbps networks for the transmission of user information between SLMs and the DIUDs. Two control network for the transmission of control information between SLMs and DLUCs. TU, ALEX modules.

Line/Trunk Groups The line/trunk groups (LTG) forms the interface between the digital environment of an EWSD exchange and the switching network (SN). The primary functions of the LTGs are as follows: (i) Call processing functions, i.e., receiving and analyzing line and register signals, injecting audible tones, switching user channels from and o the switching network, etc. (ii) Safeguarding functions, i.e., detecting errors in the LTG and on transmission paths within the LTG, analyzing the extent of errors and initiating counter measures such as disabling channels or lines, etc. (iii) Operation and maintenance functions, i.e., acquiring traffic data, carrying out quality-of-service measurements, etc. The LTGs can work with all standard signaling systems (e.g. CCITT No. 5,R2, No.7).Echo suppressers can be incorporated in the LTGs for the connection of longhaul circuits(e.g., via satellite). Although the subscriber lines and trunks employ different signaling systems, the LTGs present signaling-independent interface to the switching network. This facilitates the following :- Flexible introduction of additional or modified signaling procedures, - A signaling-independent software system in the CP for all applications. Switching Network Different peripheral units of EWSD, i.e., LTGs, CCNC,MB are connected to the Switching Network (SN) via 8192 kbps highways called SDECs (Secondary Digital Carriers), which have 128 channels each. The SN consists of several duplicated Time Stage Groups (TSG) and Space Stage Groups (SSG) housed in separate racks. Connection paths through the TSGs and SSGs are switched by the Switch Group Controls (SCGs) provided in each TSG and SSG, in accordance with the switching information from the coordination processor (CP). The SGCs also independently generate the settling data and set the message channels for exchange of data between the distributed controls. The switching network is always duplicated (planes 0 and 1). Each connection is switched simultaneously through both planes, so that a standby connection is always immediately available in the event of a failure. Main functions: -

* Speech Path Switching * Message Path Switching * CCS#7 Signaling Channels Connection (NUC) Coordination Processor The Coordination Processor (CP) handles the data base as well as the configuration and coordination functions, e.g., storage and administration of all programs, exchange and subscriber data. Other units assigned to CP are: Message Buffer (MB) for coordinating internal message traffic between the CP, the SN, the LTGs and the CCNC in an exchange. Central Clock Generator (CCG) for the synchronization of the exchange and where necessary, the network. MBs and CCG are equipped in two racks in maximum configuration. System Panel Display (SYPD) to display system internal alarms and the CP load. Operation and Maintenance Terminals / Basic Craft terminal for input/output. Two OMPs / BCTs are provided for O&M functions. External Memory (EM), for - Programs and data that do not always have to be resident in the CP, - An image of all resident programs and data for automatic recovery, - Call charge and traffic measurement data. To ensure that these programs and data are safeguarded under all circumstances, the EM is duplicated. It consists of two magnetic disk devices (MDD). The EM also has a magneto optical disk (MOD) and/or magnetic tape device(MTD), for input and output. MTD is mounted in a separate device rack (DEVD). Common Channel Signaling Network Control The CCITT standardized signaling system No. 7 (CCS#7) is one of the systems that is used for interexchange signaling in EWSD. To promote flexibility in the use of this system a distinction is made between a message transfer part (MTP) and the user parts (UP). The user parts vary according to the specific application. The common MTP functions in an EWSD exchange are handled by the common channel signaling network control (CCNC).The UP is incorporated in the software of the relevant LTG. For reasons of reliability, the CCNC has a duplicated processor (CCNP), which is connected to the CP by means similarly duplicated bus system. The functions of the CCNC depend on its position in a signaling link. In the originating or destination exchange in associated signaling, it operates as signaling point (SP) and in transit exchange in quasi-associated signaling, it operates as a signaling transfer point (STP).

Data Maintained In EWSD Exchange (1) CCR (Call Completion Rate) Report on Exchange Performance - There are various routes under the exchange .B in the report denotes Both way and routes like Lodi Road are denoted by LDR. - The number of calls processed and answered is recorded. - The busy hour taken for record is 11-12. - It is a daily process where the 1-hour traffic is divided into 15-minute slots and processed. All big stations are made tandem and local connections are accessed through them. All routes data is there, but important routes are processed. (2) Exchange BIODATA: 1. Date Of Commissioning: 31-01-2003 2. Signaling Points: 1076 3. Equipment Capacity: 21K GK II RSU: 13K OKH Ph-II RSU: 8K 4. Average Erlang Traffic = 1000 Erl. Average BHCA = 45,000 5. Main ISDN = 99 ISDN PBXLN = 77 6. Working Levels of the exchange are: 2921, 2922, 2638 (3000-9999, i.e. 7000 nos). 7. Environmental Conditions: - Ambient Temperature: 5C to 40C - Relative Humidity: 10% to 80% (3) System Status Display (SYSD) The SYSD is maintained on a PC screen at all times. It contains alarms for any power failure or equipment failure. It is also used to display the status of equipment-blocked or working. It, thus, provides a continuous overview of the state of the system. The SYP also displays external alarms such as fire and air conditioning system failure for example. It is installed in the Equipment Room or in the Exploitation Room. (4) Metering - The process of metering is done every fortnight on the 15th and 30th of the month. - All billing information is stored on MOD (Magneto Optical Drive). - Golden Generation: is the backup maintained by the exchange. o Insert MOD in the CP (Coordination Processor) drive. o At the maintenance terminal: SAVEMET (Username Id and Password asked) o EDITMET: TYPE=METSUB, FILE=CA.SU.CHA.300608, FUNC=ACCOUNT; -File is created and tells how many records are created (in hard disk)

o o o o o o o o o o

o o

-There are 5 counters for metering: CNTR2 + CNTR4 gives the bill. The accounts office carries this out. -If you want to see meter of any number: DISPMET: DN=29222511, TYPE=METSUB; (To see files in hard disk) DISPFILE: VSN=SUBMET; (Saving file VSN in MOD) TRANSFILE: FILE=CA.SU.CHA.300606, VSNR=SUBMET, COPMOD=POST; DISPFILE: VSN=SUBMET; RSETMO: MOD=1; (Now, detail bills of STD are also to be saved.) RELCYCFILE: FILE=1A.ICAMA; DISPFILE: FILE=1A.ICAMA.ALL=Y; TRANSBUFFER: TYPE=AMA; TRANSFILE: FILE=NPD7.300608/1A.ICAMA,VSNR=SUBMET, COPMOD=POST; DISPFILE: VSN=SUBMET; (Now, well check whether the metering has been done properly or not by checking one or two numbers.)DISPCHAREC:OWNERDN=1129222511,VSN=SUBMET, FILE=NPD7.300608, TYPE=AMA; (Sending to two hard disks in CP.) TRANSFILE: FILE=NPD7.300608, VSNS=SUBMET, MODE=CRD; Then, transfer to official PC using FTP (File Transfer Processes). Hence, one copy is at PC, one at hard disk and one to the metering department.

CHAPTER 3 AXE-10 SWITCH

Introduction E-10B Digital Switching System in our DOT/MTNL network gave tremendous boost to our up gradation and modernization plans. It has offered an excellent grade of service yet it is found to have failed in metro and major districts under traffic spurts resulting into chaotic conditions. Main reason being: i) Lower BHCA Handling Capacity =1,90,000 ii) CCS-7 signaling (CCITT No.7) and ISDN not supported iii) Maximum size of TAX is <10K(size of the switch for TRANSIT application) Therefore, DOT decided to induct the digital switching systems meeting BHCA requirement of at least 8,00,000.Hence, AXE-10 system of M/s Ericsson, Sweden is one such system being inducted in our networkAXE-10 in Indian Telecom Network:i) 12,30,000 Local Lines (Upto 31-12-2002) ii) Installed base of AXE-10 in Indian Telecom Network as a local exchange system as on 31-12-2002 as follows: CIRCLE No. of Exchanges Equipped Capacity Tamil Nadu Circle 6 178.6K MTNL, Delhi 9 343.5K Chennai Telephones 5 171.0K Karnataka Circle 8 357.4K Kerala Circle 6 169.5K Total 34 1230.0K Design Features

SPC PCM Principles Time Division Switching (Digital Switching) Duplicated Central Processor (CP), working synchronously(hot standby mode) Regional Processors (RPs) Offload CP; perform tasks of simple but repetitive nature Highest degree of Backward Compatibility One system for all applications (Local, Transit, CTMX, Mobile Switching Center, Hybrid and any combination of above) Functional Modularity: Advantages: i) Smoother, Quicker Hardware Extensions ii) System Upgradation is easier iii) Few functions easily incorporated

Functional Hierarchy

SWITCHING EQUIPMENT

COMPUTER APT - Telephony Part Of AXE APZ - Control Part Of AXE

THE TWO PARTS OF AN AXE EXCHANGE

CP Central Processor RP Regional Processor

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM

BT - Bothway Trunk BTR - Regional Software Of Block BT BTU - Control Software Of Block BT

INTERWORKING OF FUNCTION BLOCK

 APT Subsystem Functions Common Channel Signalling (a) CCS Subsystems realized in hardware andSubsystem software CHS Charging Subsystem SSS Subscriber Switching Subsystem GSS Group Subsystem -Handles traffic Switching from and to subscribers. OMS Operation and Maintenance TSS Trunk and Signaling Subsystem Subsystem SSS Subscriber Switching -Handles signaling on trunks. Subsystem SUS Subscriber Services -Supervises connections over Subsystem trunks. TCS Traffic Control Subsystem GSS Group Switching Subsystem TSS Trunk and Signalling -Sets up, supervises and clears Subsystem connections in digital group switch. CCS Common Channel Signaling Subsystem -Handles CCS-7 functions. SUBSYSTEMS IN A LOCAL EXCHANGE OMS Operation and Maintenance Subsystem -Performs supervision functions on hardware. -Traffic and Service Measurements (b) Subsystems realized in software only TCS Traffic Control Subsystem -Controls Call setup, Supervision and Release. -Stores Subscriber Data, Circuit Data and other Office Data. CHS Charging Subsystem -Call Charging Functions SUS Subscriber Services Subsystem -Provides subscriber services like Call Transfer, Call Waiting, Dynamic STD Barring, etc. (Other than basic facilities like push button dialing, detailed billing etc.) APZ Subsystem Functions CPS Central Processor Subsystem Program Administration Data storage and handling Changing of programs RPS Regional Processor Subsystem Offloads Central Processors MAS Maintenance Subsystem Locates hardware and software faults in Central Processor IOS Input Output System Consists of following subsystems SPS - Support Processor Subsystem FMS - File Management Subsystem MCS - Man-machine Communication Subsystem DCS - Data Communication Subsystem

Organization Of APT Subsystem (SSS, GSS, TSS, CCS) Subsystem (Hardware) Extension Modules (EMs) Equipment Location Cabinets Shelves (6 per cabinet except CP cabinets) Magazines (Assemblies of PCBs;1 to 4magazines per shelf) PCBs

CP - Central Processor EMRP - Entersion Module Regional Processor EMRPB-A EMRP SUS, A-side EMRPB-B EMRP SUS, B-side ETB - Exchange Terminal Board ETC - Exchange Terminal Circuit GSS - Group Switching Subsystem STR - Signalling Terminal Regional CO - Channel On the PCM line

THE CONTROL PART OF SSS

CP- Central Processor EMRP- Extension Module Regional Processor GSS- Group Switching Subsystem JTC Junction Terminal Circuit RPBC- Regional Processor Bus Convertor

SSS IN PARENT EXCHANGE (TSB NOT INCLUDED)

Subscriber Switching Subsystem (SSS) Consists of two types of switches: (i) Local Subscriber Switches (also commonly known as local EMG; Extension Module Group): LSS (ii)Remote Subscriber Switches (Remote EMG): RSS All the Remote Subscriber Switches at a location are together called RSU, Remote Switching Unit. An LSS or RSS will consist of the following magazines: LSM-A: Line Switch Module Analogue

 LSM-BA: LSM ISDN, Basic Access (2B+D) LSM-PRA: LSM ISDN, Primary Rate Access (30B+D) SEPRM: Special equipment for private meters (optional) Each fully equipped SEPRM magazine has eight private meter cards, each catering to eight meters. In addition there will be (i) a SULTACCS magazine for every 4 LSSs. SULTACCS is used for subscriber line testing and feeding howler tone. (ii) A pair of RPBC magazines in every LSS for interfacing with LSS hardware and CPs. (iii) IOSULT magazine, one per RSS. This equipment performs three functions: Testing of subscriber lines in the RSS Generation of howler tone V24 I/O Interface for connection of an alphanumeric terminal to be used at RSS for Man-Machine Communication Each LSS or RSS consists of upto 16 LSMs. Subscriber connection capacity of an LSM: LSM-A - 128 Analog Subs. (16 LI PCBs x 8 Subs. per LI) LSM-BA - 64 x (2B+D)Subs. (8 LIBA PCBs x 8 (2B+D) subs. per LIBA) LSM-PRA- 4 x (30B+D) Subs. (4 LIPA PCBs x 1(30B+D) Subs.) Each LSM is contained in one full shelf size magazine. One fully equipped EMG occupies 3 cabinet space. One fully equipped EMG can accommodate upto 2048 analogue subs. Each EMG can have minimum 2 PCM lines and maximum 32 PCM lines towards the switching network called Group Switch. We can provide the required no. of PCM lines depending upon the traffic requirements so as to fully utilize 2048 PCM equipment, if provided. Concentration ratio achieved: With 8 PCMs: 2048:240 i.e. 8:1 16 PCMs: 2048:480 i.e. 4:1 32 PCMs: 2048:960 i.e. 2:1 Basic Functions of Subscriber Switching Stage Battery feed to subs. Lines (-48V) Over voltage protection Scanning (Supervision) of subs. lines A/D and D/A Conversion(Coding) Concentration of Traffic to Group Switch Reception of Digits from Subs.( Decadic as well as DTMF) Ringing current to subs. telephone sets. Sending tones to subs./circuits.

 Testing of subs. lines(BORSHCT functions) Other functions: Polarity reversal to CCB PCOs. Every LI device can provide battery reversal. 16 kHz Home-metering pulses (only if SEPRM magazines are equipped in the EMG.) Traffic Handling Capacity of RSS 16 PCMs: 494 Channels; 30 x 2 + 31 x 14 32 PCMs: 990 Channels; 30 x 2 + 31 x 30 Time slot No.16 on the first two PCM of every RSS is used for building up C-7 signaling channels between RSS and the MSU. Time slot 0 on every PCM line is used for alarm and other functions. In case of LSS all 32 channels on every PCM line can be used for traffic handling. Hence, for an LSS with 32 PCMs, 1024 channels can be used for handling the traffic. No traffic balancing is required while loading subscribers, i.e. any subscriber can be connected to any LI PCB in any LSM. Call meter is associated with subscribers telephone number and not equipment number. Each LSM need not have a dedicated PCM link with the group switch. Each LSM need not have a KRC Board. Time Switch Bus among all LSMs of an EMG is used to time slots on PCMs, and KRC devices. That means channels on PCMs and the KRC devices are available in a common pool and as such any channel/KRC device can be used for any call in the EMG. Subscriber Management Command Today is the age of ICE i.e. Information, Communication and Entertainment. Telecommunication is not limited to simply communication between two people but it has also grown to include various Value Added Services(VAS) for the subscribers. VAS are hotline, Internet, call transfer etc. 1. To check status of telephone suscp: SNB=2xxxxxxx; if suscp: SNB=2xxxxxxx; & if NC comes => no. is closed 2. To open a number sulii: SNB=2xxxxxxx,dev=Li3-xxxxx; CMU-meter reading 3. To provide facilities on a no. suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=IPT-3 & APT-1 & ANT-1 & CAW-1 & FLA-2 & CCB-2 & KWC-1 & CBA-4

Description (a) IPT-3 & APT-1 & ANT-1 Clip facility/Caller ID (b) CAW-1 & FLA-2 Call Waiting (c) CCB-2 & KWC-1 Dynamic Lock (d) CBA-4 Local CBA-1 STD CBA-0 ISD CBA-2 PCO (local) TCS-11 TLT-2 OCG-61 CBA-0 STD/ISD PCO TCS-11 TLI-2 OBA-65 sucbc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,BP=1&2&4; - Local BP=1&&4; - STD BP=1&&6; - ISD sucbi: SNB=2xxxxxxx,BP=1; 4. To put accessories (a) Unconditional Call Transfer suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=CFUV-1; (b) Voice mail suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=CFNRV-1 & CFBV-1; (c) Call Conference suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=ENQ-4; (d) Abbreviated Dialing suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=ADI-1; (e) Hotline suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=FDC-2 & OBA-80; suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=FDC-1; Direct Hotline suhli: SNB=2xxxxxxx,DIN=2xxxxxxx(other telephone no.); 5. To put a no. on DNP-1(outgoing bar) suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=TBO-2; 6. To put a no. on DNP-2(incoming bar) suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=TBO-2; suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=TBI-1; 7. To put a no. on RNP(normal working) suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=TBO-0; suscc: SNB=2xxxxxxx,SCL=TBI-0; 8. To close a no.

sulie: SNB=2xxxxxxx; There are several Barring Programs available to the subscriber which they can activate/deactivate at their telephone sets. To enter code: 123ABCDABCD,where ABCD is the desired code To open STD: 124ABCD3 To open ISD: 124ABCD0 To close STD & ISD/To open Local: 124ABCD1 To close Local: 124ABCD4(No outgoing) To bar special services: 124ABCD2 Mechanical Features Equipment is housed in cabinets. Each cabinet has 6 shelves. Each Shelf: 1.2 m (W) x 0.4 m(D) x 2.135 m(H) Magazines are fitted in the cabinets. Each magazine has -Its own back panel (mother board) -Power supplies (DC-DC) -Front-end connectorised cabling to and from magazines, cabinets. Magazines -Are of variable width -Can be slid into or out of shelves -There can be 1, 2, 3 or 4magazines in one shelf depending on the size of magazine. Magazines with their own PCBs inside are received from the factory. All magazines except CP cabinets are of the same height. Magazines need not be rigidly associated with a particular cabinet or shelf. Cabinets are independent, supported by the base and coupled with adjacent as well as hind cabinet (when placed back to back). The exterior of cabinet body acts as electromagnetic screen. Rear of cabinet has exhaust vent for heat dissipation. Cabinets can be placed -Back-to-back -Back-to-wall Cabinets require natural cooling, except central processor cabinets and IOG-11B cabinets. (Fans are mounted on top of these cabinets to suck hot air; thus providing forced air-cooling.)

Summary Of Principle Features Of AXE-10

Capacity Aspects -64k subscribers (65536 subs.) -2048 PCMs terminated on GS>=64k ports (time slots) -26,000 Erl. Traffic with a blocking factor of 10-6 at 0.8 Erl. per port -8,00,000 BHCA (40% CCS-7, 40% R@ MF, 10% Decadic, 10% Intra-office traffic.) A number length = 16 digits B number length = 28 digits Area codes in own exchange upto 200(12 in E-10B)

No. of LSS/RSS per host upto 256 . APZ 212 20 -Size of PS (Program Store) = 64 MW -Size of DS (Data Store) = 380MW -Size of RS (Reference Store) = 2MW -No. of RP buses = 32, duplicated (32 RPB A from CP-A) (32 RPB B from CP-B) -Maximum no. of RPs = 1024 -Forced cooling -MTBSF>1000 YEARS -Fully equipped APZ consumes 1750 watts. Environmental Conditions -Floor Space for 10k AXE 10(Main) = 35 sq. meter approx. -Floor Space for 40k (Main) = 120 sq. meter approx. -Temperature: + 5 to 40C -R.H. : 15 80% Temperature Gradient: 10C/hour Power Consumption - for 10K Main = 300A ( 1 to 1.4 Watt per line ) - for 2K RSU = 35A General Features Of Interest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. More than 5000 commands (E-10B has 380 commands) Acronyms are derived from English words (unlike E-10B) Documentation is comprehensive and self-explanatory. It is possible to open Hundred Groups as against Thousand Groups in E-10B.e.g. 4400, 4401, 4402. It is possible to have A-Party, B-Party, and NO-Party charging. Call Meter is associated with directory no.s (unlike E-10B, =>equipment-related) 200 alternative routing are possible. Switching of Transit calls/O/G calls onto different routes on %age basis is possible; for example 40% on route A, 40% on route B, 20% on route C.

9. Rerouting of calls under different conditions like route congestion is operator controlled and not macro-program controlled as in E-10B. 10. Second stage remoting is not possible as in case of OCB-283. 11. Detailed billing data stored in Data Store is copied on the hard disk periodically and not on magtape. =>Minimum loss probability 12. Too much cabling on the front; this offers flexibility but leads to complexity in front-end cabling. 13. No reply cases are tested automatically and if found faulty are fault-marked. Such lines are routinely tested. Alarm is given threshold value is crossed. 14. All automatically blocked devices are routinely tested by the system. 15. Maintenance action is based on alarm reports mostly, unlike E-10B where the corrective action is based on the analysis of Alarms, Fault messages, and Diagnostic messages, Repots etc. 16. All Operation and Maintenance documents are available on CD-ROM for easy access. 17. Additional facilities (abbreviated dialing, dynamic STD, Call Transfer, call waiting, morning alarm) can be given to 100% subs. 18. Call Meters can be saved on hard disks automatically in every 15, 30,60, 120 minutes as programmed. 19. Changes in Routing, Analysis, and charging data is first done on the Nonoperating area in the Data store of CP, tested and then copied onto operating area. Old data protected in the Non-operating area for the following 24 hours. AXE-10! Practically maintenance-free(as claimed by M/s Ericsson) Functional Modularity upto block level. Hardware modularity offers -Smooth, Easy Extension -Easy Up gradation Backward Compatibility Cabinets can be placed -Back-to-back -Back-to-wall =>Saving of Space. Environmental Conditions are not very stringent. (26C recommended.) False Floor and False Ceiling are Not obligatory. =>Saving on Infrastructure.

Hardware Of AXE-10 EMGs (Extension Module Groups) contain subscriber numbers.

One EMG has 16 EMs (Extension Modules) numbered from 0 to15. One EM can support maximum 42(cards) x4=168 subscribers. It also has a power card. Junction lines connect various exchange and Tandem to each other. The junction cable has 31 channels supporting both way communications i.e. at a time 30 people can talk to each other. The exchange is directly connected to Optical fiber cable, which is connected to other exchange. All EMs have power cards and RPs (Regional Processors) without which work is not possible in exchange. Power from the Power Room comes to local Power Distribution Frame and then supplied to the exchange. It also contains alarms for fault finding. The optimum temperature maintained is 19C. IOG (Input Output Group) of Man-Machine Communication has hard disk, which contains all log information of exchange. The hard disk of CP (Central Processor) contains all programs, software and application running in the exchange. Inverter of 1kVA is used to supply power to PCs and computers used in exchange office. There are four main terminals in the exchange office:1. Alarm Terminal: Contains log of all alarms generated in the exchange. 2. Traffic Terminal: Used to maintain log of the complete traffic flow in the exchange. 3. Subscriber Management Terminal: Used to process commands which cater to subscriber needs and 4. Maintenance Terminal: Used to carry out metering, etc.

Exchange Capacity 22K: RSU (Tughlakabadh) 40K: Main (NP) 62K: Total 3.5K in RSU and 17K in Main is in use. The RSU will be recommissioned in 3-4 months and the capacity will then be 40K. 3,20,000 pulses are generated every day and the Busy Hour Traffic is 900-1000 Erlang. Outgoing calls are more (about 12,000) and incoming calls are less (about 9,000). The exchange basically caters to commercial area in Nehru Place .The Sunday metering is 1,40,000 only which indicates that it works for commercial area as it is a holiday.

CHAPTER 4(a) POWER PLANT

The Power Plant, which supplies power to exchanges, is external and common for all exchanges present in NP building. The Power Plant obtains AC current from outside. It is converted to 53.5-54V DC using modules, which transform according to switch room requirement. Even though, the supply starts at around 54V, all exchange equipment receive the required 48V only (thus, some losses take place in transmission).

Before going to the switch rooms, supply comes to the DCDB: DC Distribution Frame, which is a cabinet. It has three sections, which are used to distribute the supply among the various exchanges. In case of Electricity Failure, secondary source: Battery automatically takes the load. (Primary source being rectifiers: electric current supply)Therefore, AC Volt and AC Amp are down and DC Volt and DC Amp take all the load. A third source is Generator: the battery ensures that the exchanges do not suffer any loss. The generators are also used to produce ac current supply for the plants. The conventional modules (racks) have single rectifier of 600 A capacity whereas the modern have two rectifiers of 100A to 200A. There is also a Float Rectifier cum Battery Charger Switching Cubicle, which can be used as charger, as well as rectifier. There are various battery sets and each set contains 24 cells connected in series with 2.22V between two cells. Maintenance: DEEP DISCHARGE TEST is conducted every year in which the sets are discharged using artificial load to 1.75V.It is discharged at 10% load, e.g. for a battery of capacity

5000AH,the discharge load will be 500A.After every one hour reading is taken across the shunt in artificial load to test its value. Every year the battery value depreciates and this factor must be considered to determine the load value to be used for the test. This test refines and renews the batteries. Weekly reading of the batteries is taken to find any weak cell among the battery sets. The manufacturers take any weak cell for Reconditioning, where the cell contents are changed. It improves the life of the battery. D3 AXE-10 Details Of Power Plant Type - SMPS Make - ITI Ltd. T.capacity -22x100A Dt.of install - 15-11-03 DC Load - 800A Type Make T.capacity Dt.of install DC Load - Conventional - ELCOT - 03x600A - 09-95 - 1000A - SMPS - ITI Ltd. -18x100A - 03-99 - 750A - SMPS - Tata Lucent -19x200A - 04-00,01 - 600A - SMPS - Amara Raja -17x100A - 10-02 - 350A Details Of Battery VRLA HBL 03x4000AH 5-03 and 8-04 VRLA EXIDE 03x5000AH 9-04 VRLA EXIDE 02x5000AH 18-10-06 VRLA Amara Raja,HBL,Exide 04x4000AH 4-00and01 VRLA HBL 03x2000AH 10-02

D4 5 ESS

D5 Type OCB Make TANDEM T.capacity Dt.of install DC Load D6 OCB Type Make T.capacity Dt.of install DC Load Type Make T.capacity Dt.of install DC Load

D7 EWSD

The exchange DC Load means the working load and indicates how many calls are operational in that exchange.

CHAPTER 4(b) MDF (Main Distribution Frame)

How hardware is connecting the switch room with the outside world. The various switch rooms have cables labeled LI and NE, which are joined to the MDF using jumper. MDF has main pairs from 1 to 100, which are joined to outside cable. Main pair has 2 contacts:-Lower: connected to jumper -Upper: connected to the outside cable. The outside connection is as follows: To protect the switching room equipment from getting burned in the event of excess current or voltage from the outside cable, GD TUBE is provided which acts as a fuse. Earlier, heat coil and carbon arrester were used for excess V and I respectively. Testing of Main Pairs is done through Testing Board in MDF to check the condition of line:A Testing clip is connected to a pair, which consists of two wires. -If ROT is green: line is OK -If ROT is red: line is faulty or there is earthing. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) System e.g. if a call is to made from Mumbai to a subs. in Delhi ,the communication path established will be as follows :Mumbai to the main centre in Kedvai Bhavan at Janpath to PCM in MDF at MTNL(NP) to cabinets ,then to DP(Distribution Points) and finally terminating at windows(subscriber end) PCM CABLE: Used for transferring less than or equal to 2MB data. In Primary MUX used in PCM, there are two parts divided by a Central Card: The left part -Used for speech signaling -Have 10 slots -Supported by voice card -Each voice card has 3 channels The right part -Used for data transmission -Have 5 slots

-Supported by data card -Each data card has 6 channels Speed of transmission is 64kbps. MODEM is used along with Primary MUX as well as at the subscriber end. Modified version of above combination is MLLN (Manage Lease Line Network) previously known as MLDN(Manage Lease Digital Network).It has several economical benefits:1. It is faster because MODEM is in-built and monitoring can be done at same place. 2. It uses one pair of wires for transmission and reception of data as against two pairs used by the earlier combination. 3. Flexible Speed of Operation i.e. 64,128,256,512,1024 kbps. 9.6kbps can also be used for traveling etc. which is a cheap way of transmission. OFC(Optical Fiber Cable) is superior to above cable as it supports high operational speeds, i.e. greater than 2 MB till 140 MB.

CHAPTER 5 OCB-283 SWITCH Introduction One of the first switches of Alcatel is the E10B, also called the OCB-181. The E10B is one of the earliest SPC digital exchanges in the world. They were commissioned first in France sometime in the mid-eighties. One of the best moves the Indian Telephone Industries ( a Government-owned company ) did was to enter into an agreement whereby the E10B was manufactured under license by the ITI in India. E10Bs started entering service all over India by 1989-1990. The E10Bs were deployed in huge numbers all over India to such an extent that a separate wing of the Department of Telecommunications was created to provide service and maintenance for the E10B installations. This wing is called the National Center for Electronic Switching. The second switch made by Alcatel is the OCB-283, also called just the OCB. The OCB283 is the successor to the E10B, and is called the 1000 E10, or just E10. The OCB is also manufactured by ITI under license, just like the E10B. All installations of the E10B are being replaced by the OCB. The OCBs account for a major portion of the landline network of the Government-owned Department of Telecommunications (DOT) in India today, at least the end-offices (exchanges directly serving customers ). The OCB is better than the E10B in that it simply packs more punch for today's advanced services, and for tomorrow's too. It supports SS7 and therefore is ISDN-ready. It has a fast signaling processor, which makes call setup time much lesser. The OCB is the preferred choice in the DOT for ISDN installations. On a minor note, the ITU refers to the OCB283 as the E10. Alcatel Global Network The development of Alcatel 1000 E10 is a key element in Alcatels concept of a Global Network. The Alcatel Global Network offers a complete service for all current and future needs of our customers. The Alcatel Global Network encompasses the telephone network and its evolution towards ISDN, data and value-added networks (particularly message handling systems and video text), intelligent networks, cellular radio systems, operation and maintenance networks and finally, the evolution towards broadband ISDN using Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) techniques.

These developments are common to the entire Alcatel group. Modern, proven technology, the multi-application telecommunication processor ALCATEL8300, fieldproven experience, versatile software, and open architecture support them. Services Provided: - Calls Handled The Alcatel 1000 E10 handles telephone calls from and to the national and international public switched telephone network. It also transfers data between its ISDN subscribers as well as to and from the packet switched network. These calls include: - Local calls (private, public), - Regional calls: outgoing, incoming, transit, - National calls: outgoing, incoming, transit, - International calls: automatic or semi-automatic, outgoing or incoming, - Manual calls (operator assisted): outgoing, incoming, - Outgoing calls to special services, - Test calls. - Services Access Switching Function In case of call between <<public network>> and <<service network>> processed by the <<intelligent network>>. The SSP (Service Switching Point) application of the Alcatel 1000 E10 allow to access to the specific component (SCP) of the intelligent network. By a prefix allocated to the service, the ssp (Service Switching Point) call the SCP(Stored Control Point) to set up a dialogue between the <<public network>> and the <<service network>> (using CCITT No. 7 channel). The interface used is called INAP (Intelligent Network Access Protocol). The call processing is managed by SCP. During the call processing , the SSP is managed by the SCP. - Operator Connection Where intervention of an operator is necessary, Alcatel E10 with OCB283 uses the SYSOPE operator system. This system is: - modular and flexible: it can be used to handle just a few to several hundred local or remote operator positions, on one or more sites, - high-performance: its software permits hierarchical organization ( operator, supervisor, chief supervisor) which can be changed at any time and offers a wide

range of functions: traffic groups, queues, computerized tickets, load and traffic measurements, etc.

Host switching matrix (SMX) The SMX is a square connection matrix with a single time stage, T , duplicated in full , which enables up to 2048 matrix links (LR) to be connected. A matrix link is an internal PCM, with 16 bits per channel (32 channels) . The MCX can execute the following: 1. An unidirectional connection between any incoming channel and any outgoing channel. There can be as many simultaneous connections as there are outgoing channels. It should be remembered that a connection consist of allocating the information contained within an incoming channel to an outgoing channel, 2. Connection between any incoming channel and any M outgoing channel, 3. Connection of N incoming channels belonging to one frame structure of any multiplex onto N outgoing channels, which belong to the same frame structure, abiding to the integrity and sequencing of the same frame, received. This function is referred to as connection with N * 64 kbits/s. The MCX is controlled by the COM function (matrix switch controller) to ensure the: Set up and breakdown of the connections by access to the matrix command memory. This access is used to write at the output T.S. address the incoming T.S. address Defense of the connections. Security of the connections in order to assure a good data switching.

PCM controller (URM) These PCM come from either: A remote subscriber digital access unit (CSN) or from a remote electronic satellite concentrator CSE, Another switching center, on channel-associated signaling or CCITT No. 7, The digital recorded announcement equipment.

In particular, the URM carries out the following functions: HDB3 conversion to binary (PCM matrix link), Binary conversion to HDB3 (matrix link PCM), Extraction and pre-processing of the channel-associated signaling of T.S16 (PCM command), Transmission of channel-associated signaling in T.S6 (commend-PCM).

Auxiliary Equipment Manager (ETA) The ETA supports: The tone generator (GT), The frequency receiving and generation (RGF) devices, Conference circuits (CCF), The exchange clock.

CCS7 protocol handler (PUPE) and CCS7 controller (PC): CCITT No.7 protocol processing:For connection of 64 kbits/s signaling channels, semi-permanent connections are established via the connection matrix, to the PUPE which process the CCITT No. 7 protocol. More precisely, the PUPE function carries out the following: Signaling channel level 2 processing, The message routing function (part of level 3), The PC carries out: The network management function (part if level 3), PUPE defense, Various observation tasks which are not directly linked to CCITT No. 7. Call Handler (MR) The MR is responsible for the establishment and breaking of the communication. The call handler takes the decision necessary for processing of communications in terms of the signaling received, after consultation of the subscriber and analysis database manager(TR) if necessary. The call handler processes new calls and

hanging-up operations, releases equipment, commands switching on and switching off etc. In addition, the call handler is responsible for different management tasks ( control of tests of circuits , sundry observations).

Subscriber and Analysis Database Manager (TR) (TRANSLATOR) The TR function carries out management of the analysis, subscriber and the circuit groups database. The TR supplies the call handler, on request from it, with subscribers and circuits characteristics necessary for establishing and breaking off communications. The TR also ensures match between the dialing received and the address of the circuit groups or subscribers (pre-analysis, analysis, translation functions). Call charging and Traffic measurement (TX) The TX function carries out charging for communications. TX is responsible for: Calculating the amount to be charged for each communication, Keeping the charge account of each subscriber served by the switching center, Supplying the necessary information for drawing up detailed billing, on line to the OM. In addition, TX carries out tasks of observation of (circuits and subscriber observation). Matrix system handler (GX) The GX function is responsible for processing and for defense of connections on receipt of: Request for connection or disconnection coming from call handler (MR) or message distributor functions (MQ), Connection faults signaling by the matrix switch controller function (COM). In addition, the GX carries out monitoring of certain links of the connection central subsystem (access links LA and links internal to the host switching matrix LCXE), periodically or on request from certain links. Message distributor (MQ) The MQ functions is responsible for distribution and formatting of internal message, but, above all it carries out:-

Supervision of semi-permanent connections (data links), Transmission of messages between the communication multiplexes (gateway function).

Communication multiplexing One to five communication multiplexing are used to transmit messages from one station to another. This transfer of messages is carried out by only one type of medium, the TOKEN RING, with a unique protocol, which is processed in accordance with IEEE 802.5 Standard. Single multiplex (COMPACT configuration): It is then referred to as the intersection multiplexing (MIS).

More than one specialist multiplex: 1 interstation multiplex (MIS) for interchanges between the command functions or between the command functions and operation and maintenance software, From 1& 4 station access multiplexes (MASs) for interchanges between the connection functions (URM, COM, ETA, PUPE) and the command functions.

Operation and maintenance function (OM) The functions of the operation and maintenance subsystem are carried out by the operation and maintenance software (OM). The operating authority accesses all the hardware and software equipment of the Alcatel 1000 E10 system via computer terminals belonging to the operation and maintenance subsystem: consoles, magnetic media, intelligent terminal. These functions can be grouped into categories: Operation of the telephone application, Operation and maintenance of the system. In addition, the operation and maintenance subsystem carries out: Loading of softwares and of data for connection and command and for the subscriber digital access units, Temporary backup of detailed billing information, Centralization of alarm data coming from connection and control stations via alarm rings, Central defense of the system. Finally the operation and maintenance subsystem permits two-way communication with operation and maintenance network, at regional or national level (TMN).

SMC: Main Control Station SMA: Auxiliary Equipment Control Station SMT: Trunk Control Station SMX: Matrix Control Station SMM: Maintenance Station STS: Synchronization and Time Base Station

CHAPTER 6 5ESS SWITCH

Introduction The hardware in the switch is designed in a modular fashion. At the lowest level, there are individual circuit packs. Next, there are units which are several circuit packs grouped together to perform specific functions. The hardware units are grouped together to form modules. The units within a module work together to perform specific functions. Finally, all of the different modules grouped together form the exchange. With this modular design, the switch can be tailored to various applications or have its capabilities enhanced in the future by adding or deleting different units. Many of the units currently used in the switch are designed to be able to function with ISDN (integrated services digital network) capabilities. The circuits within the switch are designed using very large-scale integrated circuits. The use of large-scale integrated circuits allows the switch hardware to be more compact, consume less power, and operate more reliably than systems that rely on smaller scale integration. Also, many of the units are designed with microprocessors for control. The switch is divided into three functional parts or modules. These are the SWITCHING MODULE COMMUNICATION MODULE ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE The following description includes the design and working of the hardware.

Switching Module The SMs (switching modules) within a switch perform 90% of the call processing functions, as well as the circuit maintenance functions. Among the functions provided for call processing are: Line scanning for originations Dial tone generation

Digital collection and analysis Call supervision

An SM terminates along lines, analog trunks, and digital trunks and lines. Within the switch architecture, SMs performs the time division switching functions. There are three basic types of SMs according to function and location of SM: Local Host Remote

RSMs are located at sites up to 175 kilometers from the remainder of the switch. An RSM is an economical way of providing digital services to communities that would normally be too small to justify the cost of an entire switch. The difference between a local SM and a host SM is that a host SM serves as the interface between the remainder of the switch and one or more RSMs. The SM performs the main telephone functions within the system. An SM needs communication with the AM for maintenance purposes or for obtaining routing information. The three main functional areas that exist in a SM are: Control Units: The control unit controls the operation of the SM and performs the time switching of a speech sample. A speech sample can be switched either between two subscribers connected to the same switching module, or between two subscribers on two different SM2000s via the CM. The control units are fully duplicated in an active/standby configuration. Interface Units: The interface units interface the telephone lines with the system. There are various types of interface units need to convert the telephone signaling system into the format of the internal digital format used by the exchange. The interface units send their output to both the active and the standby control. Interface units exist for all types of analog and digital lines and trunks, as well as for transmission systems between the central offices. Service Units: Service units perform all tone detection and generation functions. They also provide certain test functions and special call processing functions such as three party or six party services.

The SMs connect to the duplicated CM via NCT (Network Control and Timing) links. Two NCT links connect an SM to the active side of the CM and two links connect an SM to the standby side of the CM. In a standard configuration, the total switching capacity of

the SM control is 512 time slots, which is also the transmission capacity of each of the two NCT link pairs. Control messages needed for communication between an SM and the AM or between two SMs are also transmitted over the NCT links. The SM has two versions depending upon the subscriber and control cards: SM Classic: ISLU (Integrated Services Line Unit) ranging from 0-3: provides the capability to interface with analog or digital subscriber lines. -Each subscriber card has 0-15 subscribers. There are three types of subscriber cards: 1. MPA 8-B: for STD, ISD and PCO 2. MPA 23: for Local and PCO 3. MPA 27: for normal Local SM 2000: -. AIU: It has a single control card at the beginning. One subscriber card connects 031 subscribers. Hence, it is more compact. It has two types of subscriber cards: 1. LPU: for ISDN subscribers 2. LPP: for PCO 3. LPZ: for normal subscribers. Communication Module The CM performs the space switching functions within the system. The CM is also used for distribution and reception of control messages transmitted between the following: - The Am and individual SMs - Two SMs. The CM can be divided into two units: - Message Switch, which handles the distribution and collection of control messages from AM and the SMs. It is also used for timing synchronization. - Time Multiplexed Switch, which handles the set up of paths between the SMs and between the message switch and the SMs. It switches speech samples and control messages between the inputs and the outputs. This switching function is executed under control of the AM. CM Hardware: The basic work of CM is to coordinate between the SM and AM and individual SMs. Its hardware takes space of one rack with two sides-SIDE0 and SIDE1 with orange cables connected to all SMs and AM. Administration Module

The AM is a processor in the 5ESS switch that provides the general control over the switch, monitoring the SMs through the CM. The AM uses the UNIX-RTR (Real Time Reliable) operating system as its memory manager, for input/output, and for executing programs. It is the unit within the system, which has overall control of all operations. This control mainly concerns routing, resource allocation, data storage, backup, input/output functions, system maintenance in addition to the execution of the system software. The AM is duplexed 32-bit mini-computer to which a wide range of utility equipment can be connected. AM Hardware: The basic function of AM is to store and maintain billing data. The storage device used is Data Cartridge of size 4GB. There is only one rack for this module in the total exchange hardware. Cables from this rack are connected to the exchange PCs. AM can also be connected to distant LAN PCs through modem. EXCHANGE BIODATA Total Capacity: 84K; In Use: 39K Metering is done every fortnight. Detailed billing is also carried out, if required. The working levels are: 2601, 2602, 2603, 2623, 2624, 2625, 2626, 2628, 2629, 2641, 2642, 2645, 2646, and 2649. There are five RSUs located at Asiad Village, Sadiq Nagar, Savitri Nagar, GK-1, Rampuri. The exchange maintains a one-month backup of the SM ODD (Office Dependent Data like metering, subscriber status, etc.).

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
I learned about the four electronic switching systems being used in the MTNL Nehru Place office- EWSD, AXE-10, OCB-283, 5ESS.They are four of the most popular electronic switching systems being used in landline telephoning systems. However, the subscribership has been decreasing over the past few years due to the following reasons:- Rising popularity of mobiles, - New service providers like BSNL, etc. But, the number of subscribers opting for the various Value Added Services(VAS) has increased tremendously.MTNL is also keeping in pace with the times with launch of Garuda (its mobile service) and also MTNL internet facilities.