Analytical ferromagnetic hysterons with various anisotropies

Iulian Petrila and Alexandru Stancu Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083937 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3579448 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3579448 View Table of Contents: http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/JAPIAU/v109/i8 Published by the AIP Publishing LLC.

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 109, 083937 (2011)

Analytical ferromagnetic hysterons with various anisotropies

Iulian Petrilaa) and Alexandru Stancu
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Department of Physics & CARPATH, Bd. Carol I, nr. 11, Iasi, 700506, Romania

(Received 2 March 2011; accepted 16 March 2011; published online 28 April 2011) A new critical reection on the anisotropic constraints of the ferromagnetic particles allow us to analytically describe the behavior of complex ferromagnetic systems. The anisotropic constraints of each individual ferromagnetic particle such as magneto-crystalline, shape, interface, defects, domain wall, or other induced inuences are described in a simplied manner. The rst approximation of anisotropy free energy density provides an analytical description of various magnetization processes even in the case of very complex anisotropic inuences. The hysteretic behavior described by this model, including both reversible and irreversible processes, is presented and discussed for the typical anisotropy cases observed in ferromagnetic materials: uniaxial, biaxial, cubic, and orthorhombic. This practical method to model hysteresis for various types of anisotropy could be fundamentally important for many studies that demand very efcient C 2011 American Institute of Physics. algorithms at the level of single-domain magnetic elements. V [doi:10.1063/1.3579447]

I. INTRODUCTION

The concept of a single-domain ferromagnetic particle has been known in magnetism for many years.13 The critical volume under which the magnetization processes of a ferromagnet are essentially linked to the rotation of the total magnetic moment vector of the particle can be calculated with Browns micromagnetic theory.4 This theory, published more than 50 years ago, gives an estimation of the nucleation eld when the coherent rotation is the rst magnetization mode which is activated at the highest value of the applied eld starting from positive saturation. It is remarkable to note that the coherent rotation magnetization model for the single-domain particle was given before Browns result was published in the famous paper of Stoner and Wohlfarth.5 They have used a stronger condition for the single-domain particle behavior that constrains the moments dynamics only by coherent rotations in any applied eld. The Stoner Wohlfarth model (SW) was intensively used in many theoretical approaches as the most simple and efcient hysteresis model. For uniaxial ferromagnetic single-domain particles the critical curve approach introduced by Slonczewski6 is widely used today, even if it gives the values of the magnetization in certain applied elds only as a solution of a mathematical equation that can only be numerically solved. The development of nanotechnologies in recent years has improved the experimental capacity to measure magnetization processes even at the level of one single-domain ferromagnetic particle and a number of discrepancies with the SW approach have been observed.79 Even if these discrepancies were expected, if one takes into account the strong simplications made in the SW model, new fundamental discussions concerning the physical

basis of the model are rarely published and no fundamental evolution can be noticed in this area. Ideally, what we need in many areas of ferromagnetism and in the modeling of devices using single-domain particles is a more accurate model that can be solved mathematically in a simpler way, if possible, with an analytical solution.10,11 These conditions are contradictory and thus, it is very difcult to simultaneously fulll them. In this paper we offer a possible solution to the previously mentioned problem which is atthe same time numerically efcient and relevant from the physical point of view as an improvement of the uniaxial case12,13 and that offers a straightforward generalization for other anisotropytypes.1416 To present the basis of this approach, we had to revisit the fundamental discussion on the symmetry in the expression of the free energy density for the single-domain ferromagnetic particle. The anisotropic terms in this expression can be developed in a series expansion in at least two ways; one that gives the SW solution and one that can provide the simpler solution we present in this paper. In the following sections, we present the founding principles of the method. Then we exemplify the model used for different anisotropic inuences: uniaxial, biaxial, cubic, and orthorhombic. Finally we present the conclusions of our study.

II. ANISOTROPY

a)

Author to whom correspondences should be addressed. Electronic mail: iulianPetrila@gmail.com.

The anisotropic inuences on the equilibrium states of the magnetic moment of a single-domain ferromagnetic particle are usually included, in a general way, by the phenomenological expressions of the anisotropy free energy.5,17,18 ^ M=M of the ferromagnetic parThe orientation versor m ticles magnetization vector M, relative to the coordinate axes, is given by the direction cosines ai as
C 2011 American Institute of Physics V

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J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083937 (2011)

^ a1 ; a2 ; a3 sin h cos /; sin h sin /; cos h m

(1)

with h; / the spherical angles. Usually,5,19,20 the magneto-crystalline free energy density Wa is described by a power series expansion of the components of magnetization X 0 Aij ai aj ; (2) Wa
i; j13

ticle. In the quasistatic approximation, one looks for the equilibrium states at a given applied eld. Besides the anisotropy free energy density term presented in the previous section one also has to consider the interaction between the total dipolar magnetic moment of the particle and the external eld which is given by the Zeeman energy density WZ l0 M H l0 MS H a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 (5)

where A0 represents the anisotropy coefcients for different orders of approximations. As the anisotropy free energy density is invariant to the reversal of M Wa M Wa M; (3)

with bi cos wi and i 1 3 the direction cosines of the applied eld, H, and MS is the saturation magnetization. The versor of the applied eld can be written as ^ H=H b1 ; b2 ; b3 : h (6)

then each term in the series expansion as in Eq. (2), must include only even powers of any direction cosine. The free term is independent of particle orientation and is usually ignored, because normally we are only interested in the change in the free energy when the M vector changes its orientation. The classical series expansion of the anisotropy energy (2), even in the simplest case of the uniaxial systems, does not provide an analytical description of the magnetization processes. We analyze the anisotropy energy series expansion with the aim ofnding a simpler description for the characteristic unit of hysteresis called an hysteron.12,13 A ferromagnetic particle as a macro-spin can have multiple anisotropic constraints. The anisotropic constraints act symmetrically on different directions which are named anisotropic directions. First we observe that, in the series expansion we also have to consider the terms in the modulus of the direction cosines of the magnetic moment, jgi j, relative to each anisotropy direction. Consequently, the series expansion for the anisotropy free energy density is given by X (4) Wa Ai jgi j ;
i1Na

The magnetization processes are provided by the equilibrium,21 dW h; / 0, or @ W h ; / @ W h; / 0; 0; @h @/ (7)

and the stability (the states where all the near variations of total energy density are positives) dW h; / W h dh; / d/ W h; / > 0; (8)

are conditions of the total energy density, W Wa WZ . The normalized projection of magnetization on the applied eld direction is dened by m M=MS . With the anisotropy term given by (4) the orientation of the particles ^ , can be described analytically for total magnetic moment, m most anisotropy types. Once the magnetic moment orientation at equilibrium it is known, the hysteresis loops which represent the projection of magnetization along the applied magnetic eld have an analytical description and are given in normalized form by ^ a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 : ^ h mm (9)

with Ai the anisotropy coefcients and Na the number of anisotropy axes. The anisotropy directions can be related to any kind of anisotropic inuences such asmagneto-crystalline, shape, interface, irregularities (defects), etc. With these considerations, even a very complex case of a particle under the inuence of different types of anisotropic factors can be analytically described and the hysteretic behavior of the system can be, in this way, handled properly. This method offers a simple but still sufciently realistic way to describe the magnetization processes of ferromagnetic particles with various magneto-crystalline anisotropy types with a wide range of external physical anisotropic constrictions. In the next section, the general framework of the model is presented in detail.

Generally, a system with multiple equilibrium states may suffer transitions from one state to another with less energy. These critical (transition) states correspond to the states where the sign of near variation of total energy density dW h; / is undened. By considering the rst term in (4), the switching conditions can easily be identied as the conditions when the modulus terms in anisotropy free energy density (4) are zero (the nonderivability points) gi 0; (10)

III. MAGNETIZATIONS PROCESSES

Any magnetization process of a single-domain ferromagnetic particle is the result of the interaction between the applied magnetic eld and the magnetic moment of that par-

with i 1 Na . Because the particles moment on each hysteresis branch is switched, the number of irreversible transitions on each hysteresis branch can be up to the number of anisotropy axes, Na (or the number of the switching conditions). These general results allow us to calculate various magnetization processes like the major hysteresis loop (the most typical measurement used in ferromagnetism) in a number of particular cases. Because of the existence of the multiple equilibrium states of the system, when a magnetization process is analyzed, it is important to start from a well-dened

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J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083937 (2011) TABLE II. Biaxial hysteron proprieties: a) free anisotropy energy density, b) free energy density, c) anisotropy eld, d) magnetic moment orientation, e) switching conditions, f) hysteresis loop, g) switching elds, and h) notations.
b b b a) w ja1 j ja3 j a Wa =K

TABLE I. Uniaxial hysteron proprieties: a) free anisotropy energy density, b) free energy density, c) anisotropy eld, d) magnetic moment orientation, e) switching conditions, f) hysteresis loop, and g) switching elds.
u u u a) w ja3 j a Wa =K

b) wu ja3 j ha1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
u K u =l0 MS c) Ha hb1 ; hb2 ; hb3 61 ^ p d) m h2 62hb3 1 e) hb3 61 0 h6b3 f) m p h2 62hb3 1 g) hs 61=b3

b) wb ja1 j ja3 j ha1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3

b K b =l0 MS c) Ha hb1 s1 ; hb2 ; hb3 s3 ^ p d) m h2 2hs1 b1 s3 b3 2 e) fhb1 s1 0; hb3 s3 0g h s1 b1 s3 b3 f) m p h2 2hs1 b1 s3 b3 2 g) hs f61=b1 ; 61=b3 g h) si sgnai 61

state such as the saturation state in the case of the hysteresis loop.
IV. UNIAXIAL HYSTERON

The uniaxial anisotropy represents the simplest case of the ferromagnetic systems.5,12,13,22 In the case of the present approximation (4), if one conz is the anisiders Oz the symmetry axis one has Na 1 and b sotropy axis (g1 a3 ). The rst approximation of the anisotropy energy (4) becomes
u K u ja3 j; Wa

p described by m h 6 cos w= h2 6 2h cos w 1,12 and the hysteresis curves can be shown in Fig. 1. By adding the second uniaxial anisotropy term in (4), the anisotropy energy
u2 K u jcos hj K u2 cos2 h; Wa

(12)

(11)

can be used to describe a variety of the uniaxial structures8,10,23 and represents, in fact, a mixture of the present analytical description (rst approximation of the anisotropy free energy) and the Stoner-Wohlfarth model.5
V. BIAXIAL HYSTERON

with K u A3 the anisotropy constant. The main characteristics of the uniaxial hysteron based on the anisotropy energy (11) are listed in Table I. Some hysteresis characteristics of the uniaxial hysteron are described in Ref. 12 and a comparative analysis between the classical SW hysteron and the uniaxial vector hysteron can be found in Ref. 13. In the case of uniaxial systems,13 the magnetization processes can be reduced to a 2D form in the plane of zOH u and the reduced anisotropy energy becomes w a jcos hj. Considering w w3 the angle between the external eld, H, and the symmetry axis (Oz), the hysteresis loops can be

In the case of a biaxial hysteron we have Na 2, fb x; b zg the anisotropy axes (g1 a1 , g2 a3 ), and the rst approximation of the anisotropy energy becomes
b K b ja1 j ja3 j Wa

(13)

FIG. 1. (Color online) Hysteresis loops for different external eld orientations.

FIG. 2. (Color online) Hysteresis loops of biaxial systems for relevant p crystallographic directions are described by: m100 h61= h2 62h 2, p p p p p m010 h= h2 2, m110 h61= 2= h2 6 2h 2, m101 h6 2= p p p q p h2 62 2h 2, and m111 h62= 3= h2 62= 3h 2. For each p direction, the switching elds are: hs100 61, hs010 0, hs110 6 2, p p hs101 6 2, and hs111 6 3.

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J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083937 (2011) TABLE III. Cubic hysteron proprieties: a) free anisotropy energy density, b) free energy density, c) anisotropy eld, d) magnetic moment orientation, e) switching conditions, f) hysteresis loop, g) switching elds, and h) notations.
c c c a) w ja1 j ja2 j ja3 j a Wa =K

b) wc ja1 j ja2 j ja3 j ha1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3

c K c =l0 MS c) Ha hb1 s1 ; hb2 s2 ; hb3 s3 ^ p d) m h2 2hs1 b1 s2 b2 s3 b3 3 e) fhb1 s1 0; hb2 s2 0; hb3 s3 0g h s1 b1 s2 b2 s3 b3 f) m p h2 2hs1 b1 s2 b2 s3 b3 3 g) hs f61=b1 ; 61=b2 ; 61=b3 g h) si sgnai 61

FIG. 3. (Color online) Hysteresis loops of the biaxial hysteron for different directions of applied eld in the xOz plane.

with K b the anisotropy constant. The main characteristics of the biaxial hysteron are presented in Table II. For different crystallographic directions of the applied eld the hysteresis loops are shown in Fig. 2. In the biaxial plane xoz b2 0, b1 sin w, and b3 cos w, the hysteresis loops are described by h s1 sin w s3 cos w m p ; 2 h 2hs1 sin w s3 cos w 2 (14)

Usually, the expression (15), developed for the simple cubic systems or simple cubic with K c0 > 0,20 is used for bodycentered cubic systems with K c0 K BCC0 > 0 and for face-centered cubic systems with K c0 K FCC0 < 0, and also with easy axis and hard axis interchanged. In the present approximation, for the cubic symmetry one has Na 3 with fb x; b y; b zg the anisotropy axes (g1 a1 , g2 a2 , g3 a3 ) and the rst approximation of the anisotropy energy (4) becomes
c K c ja1 j ja2 j ja3 j; Wa

(16)

with hs f61=cosw; 61=sinwg, the switching elds. As shown in Fig. 3, for an applied eld in the biaxial plane, there are up to two switches on each hysteresis branch and the system has no pure reversible behavior.
VI. CUBIC HYSTERON

with K c A1 A2 A3 the anisotropy constant. The differences between the two approaches of the normalized anisotropy energy can be visualized in Fig. 4. The main characteristics of the cubic hysteron are presented in Table III. From the switching conditions one can always extract a switching eld, because cubic systems have no pure reversible directions.

The rst approximation of the anisotropy free energy density (2) for the cubic systems is given by5,17,22 2 c0 2 2 2 2 (15) Wa K c0 a2 1 a2 a1 a3 a2 a3 :

FIG. 4. (Color online) Comparative normalized cubic anisotropy energy.

FIG. 5. (Color online) Hysteresis loops of cubic systems for relevant crystallop graphic directions are described by: m100 h61= h2 62h 3, p p p p p p m110 h6 2= h2 62 2h 3, and m111 h6 3= h2 62 3h 3. For each crystallographic direction, the switching elds are: hs001 61, p p hs110 6 2, and hs111 6 3.

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J. Appl. Phys. 109, 083937 (2011) TABLE IV. Orthorhombic hysteron proprieties: a) free anisotropy energy density, b) free energy density, c) anisotropy eld, d) magnetic moment orientation, e) switching conditions, f) hysteresis loop, g) switching elds, and h) notations.
o o o a) w a1 ja1 j a2 ja2 j a3 ja3 j a Wa =K

b) wo 3 i1 ai jai j hai bi
o K o =l0 MS c) Ha hb1 s1 a1 ; hb2 s2 a2 ; hb3 s3 a3 ^ p d) m h2 2hs1 a1 b1 s2 a2 b2 s3 a3 b3 1 e) fhb1 s1 a1 0; hb2 s2 a2 0; hb3 s3 a3 0g h s1 a1 b1 s2 a2 b2 s3 a3 b3 f) m p h2 hs1 a1 b1 s2 a2 b2 s3 a3 b3 1 g) hs fs1 a1 =b1 ; s2 a2 =b2 s3 a3 =b3 g h) si sgnai 61

FIG. 6. (Color online) Hysteresis loops of a cubic system for different directions of applied eld in the xOz plane.

In the case of the crystallographic directions the hysteresis loops can be described analytically by adapting Table III(f) to determine the direction of applied eld. For the crystallographic directions represented in Fig. 5 on each hysteresis branch, the hysteresis loops of the cubic ferromagnetic particle presents one irreversible transition. In the xOz plane (b2 0, b1 sin w, b3 cosw) the hysteresis loops are given by h s1 sin w s3 cosw m p ; 2 h 2hs1 sin w s3 cosw 3 (17)

^ For an arbitrary orientation of the applied eld, h 1=72; 3; 6, the switching elds are given by hs f67=2; 67=3; 67=6g and the hysteresis loop is described by Table III(f). As shown in Fig. 7 the cubic ferromagnetic particle can have up to 3 irreversible transitions on each hysteresis branch. p p c 3 K c 3=Ps From practical considerations, Hc Ha can be used as a more realistic denition for the anisotropy eld of the cubic ferromagnetic particle.

VII. ORTHORHOMBIC HYSTERON

with hs fs1 = sin w; s3 =coswg, the switching elds. As shown in Fig. 6, the hysteresis loops are always irreversible and on each hysteresis branch, for a given direction of applied eld, the particle can have one of two irreversible transitions. This 2D representation of the 3D cubic system can be used in some situations (as in a traditional way) as a 2D representation of biaxial anisotropy (see also, Fig. 3).

For the orthorhombic (triaxial) anisotropy,24 the usual 0 0 anisotropy free energy is given by Wa K 1 a 2 1 0 2 0 2 K2 a2 K3 a3 . From the present symmetry consideration x; ^ y; ^ zg the (4) the orthorhombic system has: Na 3, and f^ anisotropy axes (g1 a1 , g2 a2 , g3 a3 ). The expression of the anisotropy energy of the orthorhombic system o A1 ja1 j A2 ja2 j A3 ja3 j. p One may dene becomes Wa 2 2 the effective anisotropy constant by K o A2 1 A2 A3 and the reduced components of the anisotropy constants by ai Ai =K o ; i 1 3. The main characteristics of the orthorhombic hysteron are presented in Table IV. As in the cubic systems, the orthorhombic systems can have up to 3 irreversible transitions on each hysteresis branch. These results can be extrapolated to other sources of anisotropy, such as exchange bias systems which show asymmetries2527 or the magneto-elastic anisotropy5,2830 which represent an example of a system with mixed anisotropy and also with two nonorthogonal anisotropy axes.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

FIG. 7. (Color online) Hysteresis loop of the cubic ferromagnetic particle for an arbitrary orientation of applied eld.

From the symmetry considerations, the magnetization processes of very complex ferromagnetic particles can be analytically described in a rst approximation. For a given direction of the applied eld, the numbers of irreversible transitions on the hysteresis branch can be up to the numbers of the anisotropy axis.

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For a more accurate description one must use higher terms for the approximation of anisotropy energy, but with the price of a nonanalytical description.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work was supported by HiFi 12-093 Grants of Romanian ANCS and was facilitated by the rAMONa computer cluster of the AMON Interdisciplinary Platform of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi.
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