MICROCONTROLLER 8051 An Introduction for BE Mechatronics

By Dr. Shaiq A. Haq

Jan 28, 2008

Contents:
Introduction Block Diagram and Pin Description of the 8051 Registers Some Simple Instructions Structure of Assembly language and Running an 8051 program Memory mapping in 8051 8051 Flag bits and the PSW register Addressing Modes 16-bit, BCD and Signed Arithmetic in 8051 Stack in the 8051 LOOP and JUMP Instructions CALL Instructions I/O Port Programming

Introduction
General-purpose microprocessor
CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself ExampleIntels x86, Motorolas 680x0

CPU GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

Data Bus

Many chips on mothers board

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Serial COM Port

Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microcontroller :
A smaller computer On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... ExampleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU I/O Port

RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial Timer COM Port Microcontroller

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

Embedded System
Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that application. An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task only. In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM. Exampleprinter, keyboard, video game player

Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost effectively speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption easy to upgrade cost per unit 2. availability of software development tools assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical support 3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

Block Diagram
External interrupts Interrupt Control On-chip ROM for program code
Timer/Counter

On-chip RAM

Timer 1 Timer 0

Counter Inputs

CPU Serial Port

OSC

Bus Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

TxD RxD

Address/Data

Comparison of the 8051 Family Members

Feature 8051 ROM (program space in bytes) 4K RAM (bytes) 128 Timers 2 I/O pins 32 Serial port 1 Interrupt sources 6

8052 8K 256 3 32 1 8

8031 0K 128 2 32 1 6

Pin Description of the 8051

PDIP/Cerdip
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5 (WR)P3.6 (RD)P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Vcc P0.0(AD0) P0.1(AD1) P0.2(AD2) P0.3(AD3) P0.4(AD4) P0.5(AD5) P0.6(AD6) P0.7(AD7) EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7(A15) P2.6(A14) P2.5(A13) P2.4(A12) P2.3(A11) P2.2(A10) P2.1(A9) P2.0(A8)

8051 (8031)

Pins of 80511/4

Vccpin 40 Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V. GNDpin 20ground XTAL1 and XTAL2pins 19,18 These 2 pins provide external clock. Way 1using a quartz crystal oscillator Way 2using a TTL oscillator Example 4-1 shows the relationship between XTAL and the machine cycle.

Pins of 80512/4

RSTpin 9reset It is an input pin and is active highnormally low. The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles. It is a power-on reset. Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will reset and all values in registers will be lost. Reset values of some 8051 registers Way 1Power-on reset circuit Way 2Power-on reset with debounce

Pins of 80513/4

/EApin 31external access There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 . The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored externally. /PSEN ALE are used for external ROM. For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc. / means active low. /PSENpin 29program store enable This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM. See Chapter 14.

Pins of 80514/4

ALEpin 30address latch enable It is an output pin and is active high. 8051 port 0 provides both address and data. The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch. I/O port pins The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3. Each port uses 8 pins. All I/O pins are bi-directional.

Figure 4-2 (a). XTAL Connection to 8051

Using a quartz crystal oscillator We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin. C2 XTAL2 30pF C1 XTAL1 30pF GND

Figure 4-2 (b). XTAL Connection to an External Clock Source

N C Using a TTL oscillator XTAL2 is unconnected.

EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR SIGNAL

XTAL2

XTAL1

GND

Example :

Find the machine cycle for (a) XTAL = 11.0592 MHz (b) XTAL = 16 MHz. Solution: (a) 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz; machine cycle = 1 / 921.6 kHz = 1.085 s (b) 16 MHz / 12 = 1.333 MHz; machine cycle = 1 / 1.333 MHz = 0.75 s

RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:

Register PC ACC B PSW SP DPTR RAM are all zero.

Reset Value 0000 0000 0000 0000 0007 0000

Figure 4-3 (a). Power-On RESET Circuit

Vcc

+ 10 uF 30 pF 8.2 K 30 pF 11.0592 MHz 31 19 18 EA/VPP X1 X2

9 RST

Figure 4-3 (b). Power-On RESET with Debounce

Vcc

31 10 uF 30 pF

EA/VPP X1

X2 RST 9 8.2 K

Pins of I/O Port

The 8051 has four I/O ports Port 0 pins 32-39P0P0.0P0.7 Port 1pins 1-8 P1P1.0P1.7 Port 2pins 21-28P2P2.0P2.7 Port 3pins 10-17P3P3.0P3.7 Each port has 8 pins. Named P0.X X=0,1,...,7, P1.X, P2.X, P3.X ExP0.0 is the bit 0LSBof P0 ExP0.7 is the bit 7MSBof P0 These 8 bits form a byte. Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).

Registers
A B R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Some 8-bitt Registers of the 8051 Some 8051 16-bit Register PC PC DPTR DPH DPL

Sample Program to Blink LEDs

$mod51 ORG start: mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall mov acall 0b p0,#00011000b delay p0,#01111011b delay p0,#00101100b delay p0,#00101001b delay p0,#01001011b delay p0,#10001001b delay p0,#10001000b delay p0,#00111011b delay p0,#00001000b delay p0,#00001001b delay p0,#11111111b delay ;0 ;1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9

Sample Program contd

mov p2,#11111111b acall delay mov p2,#01111110b acall delay mov p2,#00111100b acall delay mov p2,#00011000b acall delay mov p2,#00000000b acall delay mov p2,#00011000b acall delay mov p2,#00100100b acall delay mov p2,#01000010b acall delay mov p2,#10000001b acall delay mov p2,#00000000b acall delay mov p2,#11111111b acall delay mov p2,#00000000b acall delay mov p2,#11111111b acall delay ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; sjmp Start delay: mov r6,#20 loop1: mov r7,#250 loop2: mov r5,#250 loop3: nop djnz r5,loop3 DJNZ r7,loop2 djnz r6,loop1 ret end

Some Simple Instructions

MOV dest,source
MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV A,#72H A, #r R4,#62H B,0F9H DPTR,#7634H DPL,#34H DPH,#76H P1,A ;mov A to port 1

; dest = source
;A=72H ;A=r OR 72H ;R4=62H ;B=the content of F9th byte of RAM

ADD A, Source

;A=A+SOURCE

ADD ADD ADD ADD

A,#6 A,R6 A,6 A,0F3H

;A=A+6 ;A=A+R6 ;A=A+[6] or A=A+R6 ;A=A+[0F3H]

SETB CLR
SETB SETB SETB SETB SETB
Note:

bit bit
C P0.0 P3.7 ACC.2 05

; bit=1 ; bit=0
; CY=1 ;bit 0 from port 0 =1 ;bit 7 from port 3 =1 ;bit 2 from ACCUMULATOR =1 ;set high D5 of RAM loc. 20h
Bit Addressable Page 359,360

CLR instruction is as same as SETB i.e: CLR C ;CY=0 But following instruction is only for CLR: CLR A ;A=0

SUBB
SETB C SUBB A,R5

A,source ;A=A-source-CY
;CY=1 ;A=A-R5-1

ADC
SETB C ADC

A,source ;A=A+source+CY
;CY=1 A,R5 ;A=A+R5+1

DEC INC
INC DEC DEC

byte byte
R7 A 40H

;byte=byte-1 ;byte=byte+1

; [40]=[40]-1

CPL
Example: L01: MOV CPL MOV ACALL SJMP

;1s complement
A,#55H ;A=01010101 B A P1,A DELAY L01

CALL

NOP & RET & RETI

All are like 8086 instructions.

ANL - ORL - XRL EXAMPLE: MOV R5,#89H ANL R5,#08H RR RL RRC RLC A EXAMPLE:
RR A

Structure of Assembly language and Running an 8051 program

EDITOR PROGRAM

ORG MOV MOV MOV ADD ADD HERE: SJMP END

0H R5,#25H R7,#34H A,#0 A,R5 A,#12H HERE

Myfile.asm ASSEMBLER PROGRAM Myfile.lst Myfile.obj LINKER PROGRAM Other obj file

Myfile.abs OH PROGRAM Myfile.hex

Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051 family
4k
0000H 0000H

8k
0000H

32k

0FFFH DS5000-32 8751 AT89C51 1FFFH 8752 AT89C52 7FFFH

from Atmel Corporation

from Dallas Semiconductor

 RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH Scratch pad RAM

30H 2FH Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H 17H 10H 0FH 08H 07H 00H Register Bank 3 Register Bank 2 (Stack) Register Bank 1

Register Bank 0

8051 Flag bits and the PSW register

PSW Register
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -P

Carry flag Auxiliary carry flag Available to the user for general purpose Register Bank selector bit 1 Register Bank selector bit 0 Overflow flag User define bit Parity flag Set/Reset odd/even parity

PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

CY AC -RS1 RS0 OV -P

RS1 0 0 1 1

RS0 0 1 0 1

Register Bank 0 1 2 3

Address 00H-07H 08H-0FH 10H-17H 18H-1FH

Instructions that Affect Flag Bits:

Note: X can be 0 or 1

Example: MOV A,#88H ADD A,#93H 88 +93 ---11B CY=1 AC=0 10001000 +10010011 -------------00011011 P=0

Example: MOV A,#9CH ADD A,#64H 9C +64 ---100 CY=1 AC=1 10011100 +01100100 -------------00000000 P=0

Example: MOV A,#38H ADD A,#2FH 38 +2F ---67 CY=0 AC=1 00111000 +00101111 -------------01100111 P=1

Addressing Modes
Immediate Register Direct Register Indirect Indexed

Immediate Addressing Mode

MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV A,#65H A,#A R6,#65H DPTR,#2343H P1,#65H

Example : Num MOV MOV ORG data1: EQU 30

R0,Num DPTR,#data1 100H db IRAN

Register Addressing Mode

MOV ADD MOV MOV MOV Rn, A A, Rn DPL, R6 DPTR, A Rm, Rn ;n=0,..,7

Direct Addressing Mode

Although the entire of 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed using direct addressing mode, it is most often used to access RAM loc. 30 7FH. MOV MOV MOV MOV R0, 40H 56H, A A, 4 6, 2

; MOV A, R4 ; copy R2 to R6 ; MOV R6,R2 is invalid !

SFR register and their address

MOV MOV MOV 0E0H, #66H 0F0H, R2 80H,A ; MOV A,#66H ; MOV B, R2 ; MOV P1,A

Bit Addressable Page 359,360

Register Indirect Addressing Mode

In this mode, register is used as a pointer to the data. A,@Ri @R1,B ; move content of RAM loc.Where address is held by Ri into A ( i=0 or 1 ) MOV MOV

In other word, the content of register R0 or R1 is sources or target in MOV, ADD and SUBB insructions. Example: Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM location sterting at 37h to RAM location starting at 59h. Solution: MOV R0,37h MOV R1,59h MOV R2,10 L1: MOV A,@R0 MOV @R1,A INC R0 INC R1 DJNZ R2,L1 ; source pointer ; dest pointer ; counter

jump

Indexed Addressing Mode And On-Chip ROM Access

This mode is widely used in accessing data elements of look-up table entries located in the program (code) space ROM at the 8051 MOVC A,@A+DPTR A= content of address A +DPTR from ROM Note: Because the data elements are stored in the program (code ) space ROM of the 8051, it uses the instruction MOVC instead of MOV. The C means code.

Example: Assuming that ROM space starting at 250h contains Hello., write a program to transfer the bytes into RAM locations starting at 40h. Solution: ORG 0 MOV DPTR,#MYDATA MOV R0,#40H L1: CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR JZ L2 MOV @R0,A INC DPTR INC R0 SJMP L1 L2: SJMP L2 ;------------------------------------ORG 250H MYDATA: DB Hello,0 END Notice the NULL character ,0, as end of string and how we use the JZ instruction to detect that.

Example: Write a program to get the x value from P1 and send x2 to P2, continuously . Solution: ORG 0 MOV DPTR, #TAB1 MOV A,#0FFH MOV P1,A L01: MOV A,P1 MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV P2,A SJMP L01 ;---------------------------------------------------ORG 300H TAB1: DB 0,1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81 END

16-bit, BCD and Signed Arithmetic in 8051

Exercise: Write a program to add n 16-bit number. Get n from port 1. And sent Sum to LCD a) in hex b) in decimal Write a program to subtract P1 from P0 and send result to LCD
(Assume that ACAL DISP display A to LCD )

MUL & DIV

MUL MOV MOV MUL MUL MOV MOV MUL AB A,#25H B,#65H AB AB A,#25 B,#10 AB ;B|A = A*B

;25H*65H=0E99 ;B=0EH, A=99H ;A = A/B, B = A mod B

;A=2, B=5

Stack in the 8051

The register used to access the stack is called SP (stack pointer) register. The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits wide, which means that it can take value 00 to FFH. When 8051 powered up, the SP register contains value 07.
7FH Scratch pad RAM 30H 2FH Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H 17H 10H 0FH 08H 07H 00H

Register Bank 3 Register Bank 2 (Stack) Register Bank 1 Register Bank 0

Example: MOV MOV MOV PUSH PUSH PUSH R6,#25H R1,#12H R4,#0F3H 6 1 4

0BH 0AH 09H 08H Start SP=07H

0BH 0AH 09H 08H 25

0BH 0AH 09H 08H 12 25

0BH 0AH 09H 08H F3 12 25

SP=08H

SP=09H

SP=08H

LOOP and JUMP Instructions

DJNZ:
Write a program to clear ACC, then add 3 to the accumulator ten time Solution: MOV MOV AGAIN: ADD DJNZ MOV A,#0; R2,#10 A,#03 R2,AGAING ;repeat until R2=0 (10 times) R5,A

 Other conditional jumps :

JZ JNZ DJNZ CJNE A,byte CJNE reg,#data JC JNC JB JNB JBC Jump if A=0 Jump if A/=0 Decrement and jump if A/=0 Jump if A/=byte Jump if byte/=#data Jump if CY=1 Jump if CY=0 Jump if bit=1 Jump if bit=0 Jump if bit=1 and clear bit

SJMP and LJMP: LJMP(long jump) LJMP is an unconditional jump. It is a 3-byte instruction in which the first byte is the opcode, and the second and third bytes represent the 16-bit address of the target location. The 20byte target address allows a jump to any memory location from 0000 to FFFFH. SJMP(short jump) In this 2-byte instruction. The first byte is the opcode and the second byte is the relative address of the target location. The relative address range of 00-FFH is divided into forward and backward jumps, that is , within -128 to +127 bytes of memory relative to the address of the current PC.

CJNE , JNC
Exercise: Write a program that compare R0,R1. If R0>R1 then send 1 to port 2, else if R0<R1 then send 0FFh to port 2, else send 0 to port 2.

CALL Instructions
Another control transfer instruction is the CALL instruction, which is used to call a subroutine. LCALL(long call) In this 3-byte instruction, the first byte is the opcode an the second and third bytes are used for the address of target subroutine. Therefore, LCALL can be used to call subroutines located anywhere within the 64K byte address space of the 8051.

 ACALL (absolute call)

ACALL is 2-byte instruction in contrast to LCALL, which is 13 bytes. Since ACALL is a 2-byte instruction, the target address of the subroutine must be within 2K bytes address because only 11 bits of the 2 bytes are used for the address. There is no difference between ACALL and LCALL in terms of saving the program counter on the stack or the function of the RET instruction. The only difference is that the target address for LCALL can be anywhere within the 64K byte address space of the 8051 while the target address of ACALL must be within a 2Kbyte range.

I/O Port Programming

Port 1pins 1-8

Port 1 is denoted by P1. P1.0 ~ P1.7 We use P1 as examples to show the operations on ports. P1 as an output port (i.e., write CPU data to the external pin) P1 as an input port (i.e., read pin data into CPU bus)

A Pin of Port 1
Read latch TB2 Vcc Load(L1) Internal CPU bus Write to latch
D Clk Q Q

P1.X M1

P1.X pin

TB1 Read pin

P0.x
8051 IC

Hardware Structure of I/O Pin

Each pin of I/O ports Internal CPU buscommunicate with CPU A D latch store the value of this pin D latch is controlled by Write to latch Write to latch1write data into the D latch 2 Tri-state buffer TB1: controlled by Read pin Read pin1really read the data present at the pin TB2: controlled by Read latch Read latch1read value from internal latch A transistor M1 gate Gate=0: open Gate=1: close

Tri-state Buffer
Output Input

Tri-state control (active high)

Low

Highimpedance (open-circuit)

Port 1 as OutputWrite to a Port

Send data to Port 1 MOV A,#55H MOV P1,A ACALL DELAY CPL A SJMP BACK

BACK:

Let P1 toggle. You can write to P1 directly.

Reading Input v.s. Port Latch

When reading ports, there are two possibilities Read the status of the input pin. from external pin value MOV A, PX JNB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is not set JB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is set Figures C-11, C-12 Read the internal latch of the output port. ANL P1, A ; P1 P1 AND A ORL P1, A ; P1 P1 OR A INC P1 ; increase P1 Figure C-17 Table C-6 Read-Modify-Write Instruction (or Table 8-5) See Section 8.3

Port 1 as InputRead from Port

In order to make P1 an input, the port must be programmed by writing 1 to all the bit. MOV MOV MOV MOV SJMP A,#0FFH P1,A A,P1 P2,A BACK ;A=11111111B ;make P1 an input port ;get data from P0 ;send data to P2

BACK:

To be an input port, P0, P1, P2 and P3 have similar methods.

Instructions For Reading an Input Port

Following are instructions for reading external pins of ports:

Mnemonics MOV A,PX JNB PX.Y,.. JB PX.Y,.. MOV C,PX.Y

Examples MOV A,P2 JNB P2.1,TARGET JB P1.3,TARGET MOV C,P2.4

Description Bring into A the data at P2 pins Jump if pin P2.1 is low Jump if pin P1.3 is high Copy status of pin P2.4 to CY

Read-Modify-Write Instructions
Mnemonics ANL ORL XRL JBC PX.Y, TARGET CPL INC DEC DJNZ PX, TARGET MOV PX.Y,C CLR PX.Y SETB PX.Y Example ANL P1,A ORL P1,A XRL P1,A JBC P1.1, TARGET CPL P1.2 INC P1 DEC P1 DJNZ P1,TARGET MOV P1.2,C CLR P1.3 SETB P1.4

Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc

10 K

P0.0 DS5000 P0.1 P0.2 8751 P0.3 P0.4 8951 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7

Port 0

Dual Role of Port 0

When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external memory, the 8051 uses ports to send addresses and read instructions. 8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory. 16-bit addressP0 provides both address A0-A7, P2 provides address A8-A15. Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7. When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it is connected to the 74LS373 to latch the address. There is no need for external pull-up resistors as shown in Chapter 14.

74LS373
PSEN ALE P0.0 P0.7 OE OC A0 A7

G D

74LS373

D0 EA P2.0 P2.7 D7

A8 A15

8051

ROM

Reading ROM (1/2)

PSEN ALE P0.0 P0.7 Address D0 EA P2.0 P2.7 D7 1. Send address to ROM 2. 74373 latches the address and send to OE ROM OC G 74LS373 A0
D

A7

A8 A12

8051

ROM

Reading ROM (2/2)

PSEN ALE P0.0 P0.7 2. 74373 latches the address and send to ROM
G D

74LS373

OE OC A0 A7

Address

D0 EA P2.0 P2.7 D7 3. ROM send the instruction back A8 A12

8051

ROM

ALE Pin
The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch.
When ALE=0, P0 provides data D0-D7. When ALE=1, P0 provides address A0-A7. The reason is to allow P0 to multiplex address and data.

Port 2pins 21-28

Port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally. In an 8031-based system, P2 are used to provide address A8-A15.

Port 3pins 10-17

Port 3 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally. Although port 3 is configured as an output port upon reset, this is not the way it is most commonly used. Port 3 has the additional function of providing signals. Serial communications signalRxD, TxDChapter 10 External interrupt/INT0, /INT1Chapter 11 Timer/counterT0, T1Chapter 9 External memory accesses in 8031-based system/WR, /RDChapter 14

Port 3 Alternate Functions

P3 Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Function RxD TxD INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD Pin 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17