PLANT TISSUES Plant Body: 1.

Primary plant body - derived from shoot and root apical meristems - composed of primary tissues -constitutes herbaceous part of plant - herb 2. Secondary plant body - from meristems other than apical meristems -composed of secondary tissues; wood and bark - covered parts of a stem TISSUE - composed of cells structurally similar, same function Classifications: I. Based on structural and physiological differences: A. Embryonic or meristematic Meristems a. Based on initiating cells: Primordial- from zygote Secondary- from permanent tissue b. Based on position: Apical- elongated region Lateral- increases diameter (e.g. stems, roots) Intercollary- bet. 2 permanent tissues (internodal) c. Based on function Protoderm- produce epidermis; aka dermatogen Ground meristem- produce in cortex; fundamental meristem; aka periblem Procambium- stele region (vascular tissues); aka plerome B. Permanent- matured from meristem II. Based on structure and physiological modifications: A. Simple - 1 kind of cell a. Epidermis - outermost layer of tissue; primary plant body o Accessory cells- reservoir of water and ions o Bulliform cells- longitudinal rows of vacuolated cells; loses turgor pressure Differences: Location, Function, Structure o Epidermal Hair/ Trichomes (multicellular)- accessory ; elongate outward Glandular - secretory Scale-like - protection Stellate - protection Branching - protection Bristle-like - protection Stinging - unicellular; secretory o Root Hair- extension of epidermal cell; increases absorptive capability o Motor cells (Monocot)- leaves roll into cylinder during water loss

Cork or Phellem- cell wall has Suberin; produced by cork cambium (secondary meristem); no intercellular spaces - thin- walled primary tissue; alive at maturity - capable of dedifferentiate and redifferentiate; isodiametric shape - large vacuole Chlorenchyma - photosynthesis; have chloroplastids Aerenchyma - gas exchange capacity Transfer cells - short distance transport of solutes Storage parenchyma - store parenchyma

b. Parenchyma

o o o o c. Collenchyma

- Elongated cells with uneven thickened non-lignified primary cell wall; for support - differentiate in strands or cylinder (maximize support) - differentiate from parenchyma- influence by mechanical stress

d. Sclerenchyma - rigid, thick lignified secondary wall; dead at maturity -Support and strengthen in non-extending parts of the plant o Sclereids - short with variable shapes occurring in singly or in small groups - Forms hard layer; differentiation influenced by wounding and position of cell - Retains living protoplasm o Fibers long thick lignified slender cells occurring in single strands or bundles - Associated with vascular tissues; differentiate from parenchyma or vascular cambium (secondary meristem) - Differentiation caused by mechanical stress - Elongates as internode increase in length e. Secretory cells- not classified but incorporated with other tissues o External Nectaries - secrete nectar -for attraction: floral nectaries -for protection: extrafloral nectaries Hydathodes (water glands) secrete water -via guttation to relieve pressure build-up Digestive glands - secrete enzymes that digest trapped insects Salt glands - dump sites for excess salt absorbed from saline envt o Internal - internally located cells that exude protoplasmic products influenced by pressure or lysis of cell wall Secretory cells large cells contain substances (oil, mucilage) Resin Canals and ducts cells used as storage of secreted oils and resins Laticifers secretory cells with primary wall secreting latex, seal wounds and protection

B. Complex -

Forms conducting or vascular tissues; specialized for long distance transport; veins in plant

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a. Phloem - Transport dissolved organic compounds (sucrose) - Thin walled primary wall: Primary phloem- procambium Protophloem- elongating regions (short lived) (outer) Metaphloem- non elongating (inner) Secondary phloem- vascular cambium; inner layer of bark Sieve elements: sieve cells, sieve tube members (companion cell) Sieve tubes- vertical rows of elongated cells - Possess a protoplasm but no nucleus - Walls perforated with pits - Perforated end walls serve as strainer (sieve plate) Companion cells small cells attached to sieve cells - Possess nucleus - Regulate loading and unloading of carbohydrates from sieve tubes b. Xylem - Transport water and minerals from roots to stem; leaves - Think lignified wall, dead at maturity Primary xylem- procambium Protoxylem- shortlived; replaced by new protoxylem (outer) Metaxylem- formed after elongation of stem/root (inner) Secondary xylem (wood)- vascular cambium; inner layer of bark Conducting Cells (Xylary elements): Tracheids- gymnosperms - Most primitive water conducting cells - Least specialized - Conducting cells of wood non flowering plants - Long slender with tapered overlapping ends - Movement of water thru thin areas called pits Vessels- angiosperms - Most evolutionary advanced conduction cells - Dead, hollow, thick walled barrel-shaped cells; short and wide arranged end to end - Occurs in several groups of plants including angiosperms - Transverse wall partially or completely dissolved forming hollow vessels - Removal of some secondary wall forms thickening like rings (annular), spiral, net (reticulate), ladder-like (scalariform) - Movement of water thru pits (bidirectional)

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