World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 24 2008

Performance Analysis of Existing Distribution System for Distribution Substation

Thi Thi Soe

AbstractThe reliability performance of power distribution

system is significantly influenced by its ability to achieve rapid restoration of consumer supply and speedy return to normal operation conditions. This paper is intended to design and analyze of existing distribution system for Pyinmana substation. The main aim of this paper is to study the distribution system, to analyze the operating components and operating functions, to improve the continuity of supply to prevent the disturbance fault in distribution system and to consider the future plan of voltage regulation, line looses and line efficiency in this substation . The programs to implement for achieving this paper are to understand the relating theoretical background knowledge for analysis of distribution system, to choose the circuit breaker of the system and to calculate the voltage regulation, line losses and line efficiency for the outgoing feeders. And then, the study of daily load utilization for Pyinmana substation also involves.

Keywordsvoltage regulation, line losses, line efficiency I. INTRODUCTION ISTRIBUTION system can be defined as that portion of the electric power system which links the electric power system which links the bulks power source or sources to the end users facilities. It consists of subtransmission circuits, distribution substation, primary feeders, distribution transformer station, secondary circuits, and consumer connections. Distribution system planning therefore consists of determining a network configuration at all these levels which is technically sound and economically feasible with least operational problems. In order to get a realistic picture of the performance of the existing distribution system along with its inherent operational problems, it is essential to hare detailed representation of the system. The main representation of paper is intended to design and analyze of existing distribution system for Pyinmana substation. Besides, future planning of outgoing feeders in this substation is also calculated. II. CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (1) According to voltage: the distribution system may be primary or secondary.
Miss Thi Thi Soe is an Electrical Power Engineering specialization student of Mandalay Technological University. (e-mail :thithisoe81@ gmail.com).

(2) According to the kind of current: it may be carrying DC or AC. (3) According to service: it may serve a house (domestic) or an industry. (4) According to construction; it may go along roads with poles, insulators, etc or underground in trenches. (5) According to connection scheme: the distribution scheme may be three types, x Radial scheme x Ring main scheme x Interconnected scheme Pyinmana substation is ring main system. In this system, if a breakdown occurs, it can be repaired and distributor can be supplied from the other feeder during that period. The ring main system has several advantages. The voltage fluctuations are less as compared to radial system. And then, the reliability of supply is more as each consumer is supplied from two feeders in parallel on different routes. Next, less copper is required as each part carries lesser current than in the radial system. III. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF PYINMANA The transmission line from Taung Twin Gyi, Thazi, Paung Laung1, Paung Laung2, Taunggoo power station with 230kV of transmission reached Pyinmana primary substation. On reaching this station 230kV is stepped down to 33kV and 11kV by using stepped down transformer. The 230kV bus stepped down to 33kV by 100MVA and 60MVA stepped down transformers. And then, it is stepped down to 11kV by 3MVA stepped down transformer. After stepping down the high voltage to the required voltage level, the lines at this voltage would be leaving substation as outgoing feeders. IV. CONSIDERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SIZES Distributors are conductors that are tapped for supplying loads to consumers. The main requirement of these conductors is to supply power to consumers at the rated voltage within the permissible voltage variation. The voltage at the last consumer connected across the distributors should not fall below the minimum prescribed value. The distributors are fed from the feeding points or substations. The types of load on the distributors are concentrated loads at various points of tapping of the service mains. If the loads are uniformly distributed such as street

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lighting loads of equal sizes at equal distances, they may be represented as uniformly distributed load per unit length of the distributor. In practice, it is possible that the loads are both concentrated at various points as well as uniformly distributed. The voltage drops that occur due to such loads can be worked out and the voltage at the terminal of the last consumer can be found out. V. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD DISTRIBUTION SCHEME (1) Reliability of supply should be maintained. If there is a breakdown, it should be for the least possible time. (2) The voltage drop at any consumer terminal should remain within 5% of the declared voltage. (3) The efficiency of the system should not be less than 90%. (4) The insulation resistance of the system is high so that there is no leakage. (5) The system should be economical. A. Voltage Regulation The regulation is the change in voltage at the receiving end when full load is thrown off, the sending end condition remaining constant. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the voltage at the receiving end. The methods of voltage regulation used on distribution system are: (1) Transformer taps ( 2, 5, 7% taps) (2) Automatic-control induction type voltage regulators (3) Boosters (4) Automatic tap- changers and boosters (5) Shunt capacitors For satisfactory operation, operation of regulators on distribution circuit must be coordinated with the system design and the regulator setting may be determined to give the best results. The distribution system may be designed with the following limitations: (1) 8% voltage drop is allowed between the primary of the first transformer and end of the secondary of the last transformer with maximum load on the circuit and the maximum load on the last transformers and secondary. (2) Regulators are set up to provide a voltage, at the primary of the first transformer of about 4% more than the normal voltage. (3) When automatic control is used for the distribution system, the contact making voltmeters are set to the value of the standard voltage to be maintained.

AAC

all aluminum conductors

AAAC all aluminum alloy conductors ACSR aluminum conductors, steel-reinforced ACAR aluminum conductors, alloy-reinforced The number of strands depends on the number of layers on whether all the strands are the same diameter. In this substation, ACSR conductor type is used. ACSR conductor is commonly used in High Voltage Transmission Line. C. Resistance The effect resistance of a conductor is

R=

Power loss in conductor I2 L A

(2)

Direct current resistance is given by the formula is

Ro =
ft)

(3)

Where,

= resistivity of conductor (-m) or (-unit /

L = length (m) (or) usually given in ft A = cross-sectional area (m2) (or) A = circular mil; (cmil) A circular mil is the area of a circle having a diameter of 1 mil. 1 mil = 10-3 inch diameter The cross-sectional area of a solid cylindrical conductor is equal to the square of diameter of the conductor expressed in mils. At 20C for hard-drawn copper is 10.66 -cmil / ft (or) 1.77 u 10
8

-m

At 20 C for aluminum is 17.00 -cmil / ft (or)

2.83 u 10

8

-m

The dc resistance of stranded conductors is greater than the value computed equation (3). The increased resistance due to spiraling is estimated as 1% for three-strand conductors and 2% for concentrically stranded conductors. The variation of resistance of metallic conductors with temperature is practically linear over the normal range of operation. So this resistance can be calculated by

Vs _ Vr Voltage Regulation = 100% Vr

Where, Vs = sending end voltage Vr = receiving end voltage B. Type of Conductors Different type of aluminum conductors are

(1)

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 24 2008

R2 T + t2 = R1 T + t1

VI. DESIGN AND CALCULATION (4) A. Electrical Fault Calculation and Choice of Oil Circuit Breaker. In a distribution substation, breaking capacity and making capacity of the components are very important. Total install capacity of power transformer is 100 MVA. Maximum fault level at primary side is 3600 MVA. Fault at 33KV side, hard-drawn copper 97.3%

Where R1 and R2 are the resistance of the conductor at temperature t1 and t2 respectively, in degrees Celsius and T is the constant determined as follows. T = 234.5 for annealed copper 100%

conductivity = 241 for

conductivity = 228 for hard-drawn aluminum of 61% conductivity D. Skin Effect The resistance of non-magnetic conductors varies not only with temperature but also with frequency. As the frequency of alternating current increases, the non-uniformly of distribution becomes more pronounced. As increase in frequency causes non-uniform current density. This phenomenon is called skin effect. Skin effect is due to the current flowing nearer the outer surface of the conductor as a result of non-uniform flux distribution in the conductor. This increases the resistance of the conductor by reducing the effective cross-section of the conductor through which the current flows. Skin effect is a function of conductor size, frequency, and relative resistance of the conductor material. The following formula should be used to consider the skin effect in resistance calculation. B. Voltage regulation, Line losses and line efficiency (outgoing line at 33kv side) At 33KV side, there are six outgoing feeders which are MRTV 1, MRTV 2, SDP1, SDP 2, P (1), P (2).These outing factors are overhead cables. The calculation results are as follows. Figure1.Circuit Diagram Therefore the installed interrupting capacity of 33 kV oil circuit breaker is 800 MVA and the actual fault current is calculated as 13080Amp and Fault MVA is 747.

R ac

k.R dc

(5)

Where, K is a function of X.

0.063598

f R dc

(6) Figure 2.One Line Diagram of Outgoing Feeders

f = frequency in Hz

= permeability (1.0 for non-magnetic material)

Rdc= dc resistance in ohms per mile

The following Table 2 and Table 3 are the calculation result data of voltage regulation, line losses and line efficiency of these outgoing feeders according to design for future plan.

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Table 1.Ougoting Distribution Network

Feeder Name

Rated Voltag e (KV)

Cross -Sectional Area(mm2)

Conductor

Distance (mile)

Demand (MW)

MRTV1 MRTV2 P1 P2 SDP(1) SDP(2)

33 33 33 33 33 33

185 240 120 120 240 240

ACSR ACSR ACSR ACSR ACSR ACSR

32 35 12 13 12 14

1 1. 2 4 6 8 4

C. Load utility of Pyinmana Substation At Pyinmana Substation, Taung Twin Gyi, Thazi, Paung Laung1, Paung Laung2 and Taunggo are incoming loads. Therefore, the total power demand of Pyinmana substation is Taung Twin Gyi, Thizi, Paung Laung1, Paung Laung2 and Taunggoo. However, Pyinmana substation gives back power to the load side or outgoing feeders. In figure 3 shows the daily load utility curve of outgoing side for 100 MVA transformer which distributes to SPD1,SPD2, P(1), P(2), MRTV1 and MRTV2. As a result of this figure, the demand will be able to increase for coming years. So this event can be predicted according to this figure. Therefore, in this paper is described calculation of result data for the future planning of increasing demand power. MW
12

Table 2.Voltage Regulation, Line Losses and Line Efficiency for 33KV side (Existing)

10

Feeder Name

Cross Sectional Areas (mm2)

Power Demand (MW) Voltage Reg: (%)

Line Losses (KW)

Line Effi: (%)

6

MRTV1 MRTV2 P1 P2 SDP(1) SDP(2)

185 240 120 120 240 240

1 1.2 4 6 8 4

1.2 1.36 2.69 4.44 3.16 1.82

12.413 14.44 111.35 271.36 220.11 64.19

98.75 98.79 97.22 95.488 97.23 98.39

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 S DP 1 S DP 2 P (1) P (2) MR TV 1 MR TV 2

T im e  (hr)

Table 3.Voltage Regulation, Line Losses and Line Efficiency for 33KV side (Future)
Feeder Name Cross Sectional Areas (mm2) Power Demand (MW) Voltage Reg: (%) Line Losses (KW) Line Effi: (%)

Figure3. Daily Load Utility Curve Outgoing Feeders (100MVA) Side VII. CONCLUSION In this paper, circuit breakers of the substation are chosen depending on the fault level. Therefore, the security of the power system operation can be improved; the distribution fault in substation distribution system can be prevented. The result of voltage regulation, line losses, line efficiency in each outgoing feeders are also calculated and described in this paper. Compared to existing and future condition, the larger ACSR conductor size, the more efficient the voltage regulation. And then, the large cable size decreases the line losses and better efficiency. Moreover, the distribution system of the substation and daily load utility shows the curve in this paper. Then, this paper emphasizes on the distribution system of substation.

MRTV1 MRTV2 P1 P2 SDP(1) SDP(2)

400 400 400 400 500 500

3 3 5 8 10 5

2.82 3.09 1.75 3.06 2.49 1.44

51.56 56.33 53.65 148.79 167.82 48.95

98.26 98.12 98.92 98.23 98.31 99

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 24 2008

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is dedicated her deepest gratitude to her parents, for their noble support, encouragement and their unique loving kindness to attain her destination without trouble. The author would like to express her gratitude Dr Myo Myint Aung, Head of Electrical Power Engineering Department, Mandalay Technological Power Engineering The author is very thankful to Dr Tun Naing,Deputy Director Department of Electrical Power, for his permission and supervision to carry out this paper. Finally, the author especially appreciates and thanks all teachers for their support and guidance during theoretical studies and paper preparations in MTU and all people who helped her directly or indirectly for this paper. . REFERENCES
[1] John8.Parsons and H.G Barnett,1950, Electrical Transmission and Distribution reference book, Fourth Edition, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Deshpande,M.V.,1974,Element of Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution Design, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan. As PABLA,1981, Electrical Power Distribution reference book, Fourth Edition, Tota MC Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi.. GRACEY.G.C,1963, Overhead Electric Power Lines,ERNEST BENN LIMITED. London. Adkins.E. M.1981,Transmission and Distributionn, Jersey Central Power and Light Company. Assistant Professor Drphand.M.V,1996, Elements of Electrical Power System Design. Carr,T.H.1952Substation Practice. Stevenson,WilliamD,1975, Elements of Power System Design. Whitaker, Jerry C, 1999, IPower Distribution and Control, AC Power System Handbook, Second Edition. Berenharat Strotzki, G.A,1954, Transmission and Distribution.

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