DynaMath

Math Reviewer for Basic Algebra

Authors: Jodessa Almazan, Angeli Nanali, Kim Serrano,

Preface
This book, DynaMath was developed and modified to give students support and enhancement in their basic algebraic ability. Problems and solutions are stated and explained plainly to allow maximum understanding in the topic. The questions and lessons found in this book help students discover and exercise math concepts and properties.

~DynaMath Production Team

Table of Contents
Preface....................................................2 Table of Contents....................................3 Operations with Signed Numbers........4-6 Fundamental Assumptions....................7-9 Absolute Value...................................10-13 Exponents............................................14-17 Fractions............................................18-20 Radicals..............................................21-24 Special Products & Factoring............25-32 Solutions to Solve It!.........................33-41

LESSON ONE: Operations with Signed Numbers

Lets Review! Signed Numbers are positive or negative numbers. These are the numbers with the plus (+) or negative (-) signs. ADDITION
To add number with the similar sign, add and prefix common sign.
Ex. 7 +29 36 -48 +-19 -67

To add number with the unlike sign, get the difference then prefix the sign of the bigger number to the result.
Ex. 32 +-29 +3 -89 + 31 -58

SUBTRACTION
To subtract signed numbers, change the subtrahend and proceed as in addition. sign of the

Ex. -36
- 27

-36 +-27 -63

67 --15

67 + 15 82

-84 --12

-36 + 27 - 9

56 - 27

56 +-27 29
4

MULTIPLICATION To multiply signed numbers with like sign multiply the numbers and prefix a plus sign to the product. Ex. +18 -34 x +5 x -7 +90 +238 To multiply signed numbers with unlike signs, multiply the numbers and prefix a minus sign to the product. Ex. +12 -15 x - 8 x+ 6 -96 -90 DIVISION To divide signed numbers with like sign, divide the numbers then prefix a plus sign to the quotient. Ex.

= +9

= +8

To divide signed numbers with unlike sign, divide the numbers then prefix a minus sign to the quotient. Ex. = -6 = -4

Solve It! 1. 22 +-71 6. -123 x -3 7. 1.5 +-1.2 8. -45 x 25 9. 35 --12

2.

3. 37 x -5

4.

5. -56 -- 10

10.

LESSON TWO: Fundamental Assumptions 1. Commutative Law of Addition The sum of two numbers is the same in whatever order they are added. Ex. 4+2=2+4 2. Associative Law of Addition The sum of three or more numbers is the same in whatever way the numbers are grouped. Ex. 2+4+6=(2+4)+6=2+(4+6)=(2+6)+4 3. Commutative Law of Multiplication The product of two or more numbers is the same in whatever order they are multiplied. Ex. 5*6=6*5=30 4. Associative Law of Multiplication The product of three or more numbers is the same in whatever way the numbers are grouped. Ex. wxyz=(wx)yz=(wy)xz=(wz)xy=(yz)wx

5. Distributive Law of Multiplication w/ Respect to Addition The product of a number and the sum of other numbers is the same as the sum if the product by multiplying each of the other number by the first number. Ex. 12(5x+7yz)= 60x+84yz 6.Distributive Law of Division w/ Respect to Addition The sum of two or more numbers or when the difference between two numbers is divided by a number, the divisor must operate upon each term in the dividend. Ex. = + + +

Solve It! Identify the fundamental assumptions represented. a)Commutative Law of Addition b)Associative Law of Addtion c)Commutative Law of Addition d)Associative Law of Multiplication e)Distributive Law of Multiplication w/ Respect to Addition f)Distributive Law of Division w/ Respect to Addition A 1. . 3a+2 = 2+3a 2. 4(5+2)=20+8 3. 56*2=2*56 4. 10+13+5=(10+13)+5 5. (8b)b=b(8b) 6. 2(a+b+c)=2a+2b+2c 7.10+12=12+10 8. 5*6=6*5 9. 2*5*4*6=(2*5)(4*6) 10. 50+20=20+50 B C D E F

LESSON THREE: Absolute Value

Lets Review! Absolute Value of a number is the number of units from 0 on the number line. The Absolute Value of a positive number or of zero is the number itself. The Absolute Value of a negative number is found by changing the sign number. Example 1: Solve |2x - 1| + 3 = 6 Step 1: Isolate the absolute value Step 2: Is the number on the other side of the equation negative? Step 3: Write two equations without absolute value bars Step 4: Solve both equations |2x - 1| + 3 = 6 |2x - 1| = 3 No, its a positive number, 3, so continue on to step 3 2x - 1 = 3 2x - 1 = -3

2x - 1 = 3 2x = 4 x=2

2x - 1 = -3 2x = -2 x = -1

10

Example 2: Solve |3x - 6| - 9 = -3 Step 1: Isolate the absolute value Step 2: Is the number on the other side of the equation negative? Step 3: Write two equations without absolute value bars Step 4: Solve both equations |3x - 6| - 9 = -3 |3x - 6| = 6 No, its a positive number, 6, so continue on to step 3

3x - 6 = 6

3x - 6 = -6

3x - 6 = 6 3x = 12 x=4

3x - 6 = -6 3x = 0 x=0

11

Example 3: Solve |5x + 4| + 10 = 2

Step 1: Isolate the absolute value Step 2: Is the number on the other side of the equation negative?

|5x + 4| + 10 = 2 |5x + 4| = -8 Yes, its a negative number, -8. There is no solution to this problem.

12

Solve It!
1. | 2. 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | |= |= |= |= | |= |= | |= |= |=

13

LESSON FOUR: Exponents

Lets Review The expression means a * a *a *a. This indicates the fourth power of a. The number 4 is called the exponent of the power and a is the base. If the expression has no exponent , it is understood that its exponent is 1. LAWS OF EXPONENTS 1. Multipication

When terms of like bases are multiplied, the bases are taken as one and the powers of each base are added. Ex: * 2. Division =

When terms of like bases are divided, subtract their powers and retain their common base in the numerator.

Ex.

14

3.

Power of a Power

Simply multiply the exponent of the numerator and denominator Ex. =

4.

Power of a Product

Simply multiply the exponents of the given terms Ex. (xy

5.

Power of Quotient

Simply multiply the exponent of the numerator and denominator. ( ) =

15

6.

Zero Exponent

Any number raised to the zero exponent is always equal to one. =1 7. Negative Exponent

When a number or a term is raised to a negative exponent, simply take the reciprocal and change the negative exponent to a positive exponent. = 8. Fractional Exponents

Terms involving fractional exponent indicate the root extractions of the given terms. =6

16

Solve It! 1. 2.( 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. = = -10 = )(5) = + = = + + + = )=

)( +

)(5) =

17

LESSON FIVE: Fractions

Lets Review! Rational Expressions are algebraic expressions whose numerator and denominator are polynomials. Proper Fraction is a fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator. Improper Fraction is a fraction which the numerator is greater than the denominator. Mixed Fraction is the sum of a polynomial or monomial and a fraction. Complex Fraction consists of one or more fractions. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS To add or subtract fractions with common denominators, add or subtract the numerators then write the result over the denominator. Ex.

To add or subtract fractions with unlike denominators, reduce them to fractions with a common denominator. Ex. + = x5 + x2 = + =

18

MIXED FRACTIONS To reduce a mixed fraction to its simplest form, write the integral part as a fraction with one as the denominator and proceed as in addition of fractions. Ex. 6c + = + =

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and the denominators then perform cancellation if possible. Ex. x =

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS To divide a fraction by another fraction, find the reciprocal of the second fraction and multiply. Ex. = x = or

COMPLEX FRACTIONS Has one or more fractions in its numerator or denominator or both. Ex.

19

Solve It!

1. ( ) + 4. 2. 3a + 5. 4x 3

3.

20

LESSON SIX: Radicals

Lets Review! A radical is an expression of the form . is called a radical sign, a is called the radicand, and n is called the index. FRACTIONAL EXPONENTS Fractional exponents indicate the root extractions of given terms. Ex.

= =

LAWS OF RADICALS ( ) = ( ) =a = x =
=

REMOVING FACTORS OF RADICALS Removing factors of radicals involves numbers that can be factored in order to have a perfect square. Ex. = = = 2
21

RESOLVING THE INDEX OF A RADICAL Resolving the index of a radical reduces the index of the given radical. Ex. = = = =

RATIONALIZING THE DENOMINATOR In order to rationalize, multiply both numerator and denominator by the value of the denominator. This will not change the value. Ex. =

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF RADICALS Addition and subtraction of radicals can be done if the radicals have the same index and radicand. Ex. - = (17-10) = 7 19 + 9 = (19+9) = 28

MULTIPLICATION OF RADICALS Radicals can also be multiplied by simply multiplying the given radicands Ex. x = x = = =
22

DIVISION OF RADICALS Division of radicals is done by rationalizing denominator and proceeding to multiplication. Ex.

the

or 2

23

Solve It! 1.

3.

4. 2.

5.

24

LESSON SEVEN: Special Products & Factoring

Lets Review! Special products are algebraic expressions consisting of monomials or any polynomial TYPES OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS PRODUCTS OF POLYNOMIALS BY MONOMIALS In order to get the products of polynomials by monomials, multiply the monomials to all items in the polynomials. Ex. PRODUCT OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO TERMS The product of the sum and difference of two terms is equal to the square of the first term minus the square of the second term. Ex. SQUARE OF THE SUM OF TWO TERMS The square of the sum of two terms is equal to the square of the first term plus twice the product of the two terms plus the square of the second term. Ex.
25

SQUARE OF THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO TERMS The square of the difference of two terms is equal to the square of the first term minus twice the product of the two terms plus the square of the second term. Ex. PRODUCT OF BINOMIALS HAVING SIMILAR TERMS The product of binomials having similar terms is equal to the algebraic product of the first term plus the algebraic sum of the cross product plus the algebraic product of the second term. Ex. CUBE OF THE SUM OF TWO TERMS The cube of the sum of two terms is equivalent to the cube of the first term plus the cube of the last term, plus three times the product of the square of the first term and the second term, plus three times the product of the first term and the square of the second term. Ex.

26

CUBE OF THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO TERMS The cube of the difference of two terms is equal to the cube of the first term minus the cube of the last term minus three times the product of the square of the first term and the second term plus three times the product of the first term and the square of the second term. Ex.

SQUARE OF TRINOMIALS

The square of trinomials is equivalent to the sum of the square of the first term plus the square of the second term plus the square of the last term plus twice the product of the first and second term plus twice the product of the first and last term plus twice the product of the second and last term. Ex.

27

TYPES OF FACTORING COMMON MONOMIAL Factoring a common monomial is simply finding the common common factor of the given term. Ex. ac+ad=a(c+d) DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES The difference of two squares is equal to the product of the sum and difference of the two terms. Ex. =(x+y)(x-y)

TRINOMIAL PERFECT SQUARE The factor of a trinomial perfect square is written in the form TRINOMIAL OF THE FORM Trinomial of the form is finding two sets of factors that when multiplied is equal to the given expression. Ex.

28

SUM & DIFFERENCE OF CUBES

The sum of cubes is equivalent to the sum of the first and last terms times the square of the first terms minus the product of the first and last terms plus the square of the last term. Ex. The difference of cubes is equivalent to the difference of the first and last terms times the square of the first term plus the product of the first and last terms plus the square of the last term. Ex.
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF ODD/EVEN POWERS 1. Sum of Odd Powers The sum of two odd powers is always divisible by the sum of the numbers. Ex. 2. Difference of Odd Powers The difference of two odd powers is always divisible by the difference of the numbers.

29

Ex. 3. Difference of Even Powers The difference of even powers is factored as the difference of squares. Ex.

4. Sum of Even Powers The sum of even powers is not factorable as such. Note, however, that:

GROUPING OF TERMS Grouping of terms id used to simplify the given expressions. But we need to group first the terms with similar variables for us to find the common factor or similar term. Ex. POLYNOMIAL PERFECT SQUARE The factors of the polynomial perfect square is the square of the sum of three terms.

Ex.
30

EXPRESSION REDUCIBLE TO THE DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES There are instances, however, when a given expression can be reduced to the different squares. This is done by grouping of terms. Ex. [ ][ ]

31

Solve It!

1. . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

32

Solutions
to

Solve It!
Lesson One
1. 22 +-71 22 -71 -49 x -5 -123 x -3 + 369

Get the difference the prefix the sign of the bigger number to the result.

Multiply the numbers and prefix a minus sign to the product.

4.

= -9

2. 3. 37 37 x -5 -185

= -59 Divide the numbers then prefix a minus sign to the quotient.

Divide the numbers then prefix a minus sign to the quotient.

5. -56

-56 + 10 -46

33

-- 10
Change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed as in addition.

x 25
Multiply the numbers and prefix a minus sign to the product.

6. -123 x -3
Multiply the numbers and prefix a plus sign to the product.

9. 35 --12

35 + 12 +47

Change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed as in addition.

7. 1.5 +-1.2

1.5 - 1.2 +.3

10.

= 74

Divide the numbers then prefix a plus sign to the quotient.

Get the difference the prefix the sign of the bigger number to the result.

Lesson Two

-45 x 25 Identify the fundamental assumptions represented. -1125 8. -45

a)Commutative Law of Addition b)Associative Law of Addtion c)Commutative Law of Addition d)Associative Law of Multiplication e)Distributive Law of Multiplication w/ Respect to Addition f)Distributive Law of Division w/ Respect to Addition
34

1. . 3a+2 = 2+3a 2. 4(5+2)=20+8 3. 56*2=2*56 4. 10+13+5=(10+13)+5 5. (8b)b=b(8b) 6. 2(a+b+c)=2a+2b+2c 7.10+12=12+10 8. 5*6=6*5 9. 2*5*4*6=(2*5)(4*6) 10.
= + +

Lesson Three
1. | 2. | |= 10 |= -3
There is NO negative sign outside the absolute value symbol. Remember: ABSOLUTE VALUE IS ALWAYS POSTIVE. Subtract the terms located INSIDE the absolute value symbol, find the absolute value of the difference then place the minus sign.

3. |

|= 36

Multiply the two terms inside the absolute value symbol then find the absolute value.

4. |

|= -9

There is a negative sign outside the absolute value symbol so find the absolute value then place the minus symbol to the result.
35

5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9.|

10 |= -1.0

Subtract the terms located INSIDE the absolute value symbol, find the absolute value of the difference. Subtract the terms located INSIDE the absolute value symbol, find the absolute value of the difference then place the minus sign.

|= -200 |= 12

Multiply the two terms inside the absolute value symbol then find the absolute value then place the minus symbol to the product. There is NO negative sign outside the absolute value symbol.

|= 9

Subtract the terms located INSIDE the absolute value symbol, find the absolute value of the difference.

10.

|= -8.25

Multiply the two terms inside the absolute value symbol then find the absolute value then place the minus symbol to the product.

Lesson Four
1. + + = 100+125+16 =241 2.( + )( + ) =(225+4)(4+16) =(229)(20) =4580 3. )(5) =(1)(5) =5 4. = =4 5. -10 =100-10
36

=90 6. )(5) =(125)(5) =625 7. =512-16 =496 8. + =36+81 =117 9. = =1369 10. =25+4 =29

Lesson Five
1. ( ) +

= = =

2. 3a + = = 3. = = =
37

Lesson Six
4. = 3

1.

= =

= =
5. 4x = = -

2.

=
3.
= = = = =

= 4.
38

= = =

Lesson Seven

5.
=

1. = =
Find the common term then factor out the term .

=
= = =

. =
=
Use the FOIL method between the two terms then combine the like terms from the product.

3. = =

Find the common term then factor out the term .

4. = =
Uses the FOIL method between the two terms then cancel the opposite terms from the product.

39

5. =
Find two factors that can be multiplied to get . Then find

8. = = =

two factors that can be multiplied to get -2 that when = added can get .

6. = = =

= First find the square of 3x+4 then combine like terms then multiply the Use the FOIL method between product to another 3x+4 the two terms then combine then simplify the product the like terms from the by combining like terms. product.

7. =

Find the common term of the Find two factors that can be equation. multiplied to get . Then find two factors that can be multiplied to get 12 that when added can get .

9. =

10.
=
The difference of cubes is equivalent to the difference of the first and
40

last terms times the square of the first term plus the product of the first and last terms plus the square of the last term.

41

Published 2013

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