F OURIER S ERIES R EPRESENTATION Sum of two sinusoids is periodic provided that their frequencies are commensurate (i.e.

, integer multiples of a fundamental frequency). Example 1: Consider the trigonometric series

     

where

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is the period.

1 sin(x) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 1 sin(x)+sin(3*x)/3.0+sin(5*x)/5.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 sin(x)+sin(3*x)/3.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 1 sin(x)+sin(3*x)/3.0+sin(5*x)/5.0+sin(7*x)/7.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Example 2: Consider the partial sums of



   

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1.5 sin(x)-sin(2*x)/2.0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

 
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 1 2

sin(x)-sin(2*x)/2.0+sin(3*x)/3.0-sin(4*x)/4.0

Therefore, any arbitrary periodic waveform can be built up from sums of harmonically related sinusoidal terms. Given a specic waveform, how do we nd its trigonometric series representation? Trigonometric Fourier Series.

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(1)

        

   


 

 


 

Take the general form:

 

(2)




 

 

 





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where

, integrate (1) term by term over one period of

   

 

  

 

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To nd :

To obtain the general expression for



s, start from the form (2):



!  

Multiply both sides by

#   "  $

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   " 







and integrate over a period of

  "  $

#   %     "  $ #    !      "  $ #  

The rst term integrates to zero. Multiplying each term in the parenthesis by , we get
  " 

 #

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 #    !      "  $ #  

"







"

Notice some interesting properties of integrals involving products of sines and cosines:

for for for for

"

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"

" " 







"

"

for all

!     "  $

"

Graphs of

           

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Graphs of
! !





0.5 0.4 0.3

0.8

0.6

0.4 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -0.6 0.2

-0.2

-0.8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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By the above results, the second series of





"







"

becomes zero. In the rst series, all terms are zero except when Therefore

  "  $

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#    !      "  $ #  

" 

12

This gives for

  "  $ "

Similarly, it can be shown that for

!   "  $ "

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Example:
+V

T/4 0

T/2

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Average value over one period

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$ !   

 !

 

   

! 

$  

! 

! 

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15

Using the same procedure for all , we get for for for


Thus the Fourier series is

even

for all

        

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Symmetries: Even function (mirror symmetry)

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Odd function (radial symmetry)

Half-wave symmetry (displacement symmetry)

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Any periodic function can be written as a sum of an even function and an odd function:

Now,

Solving, we get

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, we get

$ $  " "  ! 

to

Now, choosing the integration interval from

$  " "  ! 

$ 

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and

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Now use the properties: 1. odd function odd function = even function, even function = even function, odd function = odd function,

2. even function 3. even function

4. sum of even functions = even function, 5. sum of odd functions = odd function. 6. for any even function

7. for any odd function

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20

Using these relations, we get the following simplications. Even functions: The sine terms vanish for all
 "

Moreover, only the integration from 0 to because of the even symmetry of



needs to be performed , i.e.,

 " 

for all

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"

"

21

Odd functions: The dc term and all cosine terms vanish. for all

"

Moreover, because of the even symmetry of integration needs to performed only over
#

, the

!  " 

for all

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"

"

22

Half-wave symmetric functions: The dc offset is zero, i.e.,



.
!   

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If is even, the integral of or over the rst half period always cancel the integral over the next half period. That is,
 

for all

"

Forthermore, integration from 0 to odd cosine and sine terms, i.e.,

#

sufces to calculate the

for all for all

 "  $

"

"

"

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Example:

This function is even, therefore all sine terms will vanish. The function is also half-wave symmetric. Therefore the even cosine terms will also vanish.

for all for all

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"

  

"

24

Smooth functions require small number of terms. If a period contains a rapidly changing segment, it requires very high contains discontinuities, no nite fourier hermonic terms. If series can fully represent .

can be accurately represented by the A periodic function innite Fourier series if

1. It is absolutely integrable over the period, i.e.,

#

2. It has a nite number of discontinuities over a period, 3. It has a nite number of maxima or minima over a period. Dirichlet conditions
25

F OURIER S ERIES R EPRESENTATION

The mean-square value of a periodic function

Using the rules of integration of the products of sines, this simplies to

  #

F OURIER S ERIES R EPRESENTATION

      $

 

 

Persevals theorem

 

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