Filter Theory

Instructor :Muhammad Riaz

Objectives j
y Introduction and filters specifications. y Transfer functions.

M.A.J.U.

y Filters approximations and prototype design. y Frequency F transformation t f ti and d magnitude it d scaling. li y Passive filter design g and realization. y Design examples
2

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

Filters
Filters are frequency selective networks. Filters allows certain freq. band to pass through them

with low attenuation and other with high attenuation attenuation.

An ideal filter will have an amplitude response that is

unity (or at fixed gain) for the frequencies of interest (pass band) and zero everywhere else (stop band).
The frequency at which the response changes from

pass-band pass band to stop-band stop band is called cutoff frequency.

3

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

Filters Applications
y These are used to y Stabilize the amplifiers performance. y To block the offset voltage in the single supply amplifiers amplifiers. y Separate the bands of frequencies (e. g. radio receiver). y Eliminate the effect of aliases in A/D systems. y Eliminate the effect of harmonics in the reconstruction (D/A

conversion) of the signals, etc,.

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

FilterTypes

M.A.J.U.

Idealcharacteristics
5

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Practical filter and filter parameters

M.A.J.U.

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Thetransferfunctions

M.A.J.U.

Thefilterhasfrequencydependentresponsebecausethe elementsusedinthefiltershavefrequencydependent impedance(capacitorandinductor).

vL

= L diL

vL

vc
ic

dt

= C dvc

iL

ic

dt

Z L = Ls

ZC

1 =

Cs

s = + j
N Neper freq f
7

radianfreq
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Thetransferfunctions

M.A.J.U.

Transferfunctionsaretheratiooftheoutputvoltage(current)totheinput voltage(current).

Vo ( s ) am s m + am 1s m 1 + ... + a1s + a0 H ( s) = = Vi ( s ) bn s n + bn 1s n 1 + ... + b1s + b0

H(s) is the rational function of s with real coefficients. The roots of the numerator polynomial are called zeros of H(s). The roots of denominator polynomial are called poles of H(s). The numerical values of as and bs determine the filter response (LP, HP, BP etc,. BP, etc The degree of the denominator polynomial determines the order of the filter. Normally n m.

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Lowp passfunction
a0 H ( s) = b1s + b0
Firstorder20dB/decade rolloffinstopband

M.A.J.U.

a0 H ( s) = b2 s 2 + b1s + b0
Secondorder40dB/decaderoll offinstopband

Aninductorinseriesor/andcapacitorinparallelperformlowpassfunctions.

Rs RL
Vo
Vi

Vi

RL

Vo

Vi

RL

Vo

H (s) =
9

RL L + RL Ls

RL H (s) = Rs RLCs + Rs + RL

H (s) =

RL RL LCs LC 2 + L Ls + RL
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

High g p passfunction
a1s H ( s) = b1s + b0
Firstorder20dB/decade rolloffinstopband

M.A.J.U.

a2 s 2 H ( s) = b2 s 2 + b1s + b0
Secondorder40dB/decaderoll offinstopba o band d

Acapacitorinseriesor/andinductorinparallelperformhighpassfunctions.

H (s) =
10

RLCs RLCs C +1

RL Ls H (s) = ( RL + Rs ) Ls + RL Rs

RL LCs 2 H (s) = RL LCs 2 + Ls + RL

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Bandp passfunction
a1s H ( s) = b2 s 2 + b1s + b0

M.A.J.U.

Secondorder40dB/decade / roll offinstopband

Aseriesor/and / p parallelcombinationofaninductorandacapacitor p p performband passfunctions.

H (s) =

RLCs LCs 2 + RLCs + 1

H ( s) =

RL Ls Rs RL LCs 2 + ( Rs + RL ) Ls + RL Rs
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

11

Bandstop pfunction
a2 s 2 + a0 H ( s) = b2 s 2 + b1s + b0

M.A.J.U.

Secondorder40dB/decaderoll off ffin i stop t band b d

Aseriesor/andparallelcombinationofaninductorandacapacitorperformband stopfunctions f i asshown h in i figure. fi

H ( s) =
12

( Rs + RL ) LCs + Rs RLCs + RL + Rs
2

RL ( LCs + 1)
2

H ( s) =

RL ( LCs 2 + 1) RL LCs LC 2 + L Ls + RL
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

GeneralBiquads
H (s) = H 0 s +
2

M.A.J.U.

p
Qp

2 z

H ( s) = H 0
2 p

s +

s +
2

s2
2 s + p

Qp

Lowpass

highpass

z
H ( s) = H 0 s2 +

Qz

s
2 s + p

H (s) = H 0

s 2 + z2 s +
2

Qp

Qp

2 s + p

Bandpass

Bandstop

s2 H (s) = H 0 s +
2

z p
Qp Qz

s + z2
2 s + p

Delayequalizer
13

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Bandp passExample p
H (s) = a1s b2 s 2 + b1s + b0

M.A.J.U.

Secondorder40dB/decade / roll offinstopband

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 1 k

104 Cs H (s) = 2 s + 104 s + 108

RLCs H (s) = LCs 2 + RLCs + 1

p = 1

LC , LC RL L = 1 RL L C

Q p = p RL L = 1

RL L ) s ( z Qz s p = 104 , Q p = 1 H ( s) = 2 = 2 2 s + ( RL L ) s + 1 LC s + p Q p s + p Magnitude response and phase plot is shown on the 14 M Riaz, EE, next slides.
MAJU

Gain Plot
0 -5 -10

Mag gnitude Gain (dB) G (dB)

-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 40 2 10

10

10

10

10

15

Frequency in rad/sec Frequency in rad/sec

Attenuation Plot
40 35 30 25

Attenua ation Attenuatio A (dB) n (dB) (

20 15 10 5 0 2 10 16

10

Frequency in rad/sec Frequency in rad/sec

10

10

10

Phase Response
100 80 60 40 20 0

Pha Phase P se (deg.) in degrees d

-20 -40 -60 -80

-100 2 10

10

10

10

10

17

Frequency in rad/sec

Second order Lowpass L

L
Vi

H ( s) = H 0

s2 +

z2 p
Qp

2 s + p

H ( s) =

RL

Vo

1 LC s 2 + (1 RLC ) s + 1 LC LC , Qp = RL C L

p = 1
For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 10 k , Q p = 10
For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 2 k , Q p = 2

108 H (s) = 2 s + 103 s + 108

108 H ( s) = 2 s + 0.5 104 s + 108
108 H (s) = 2 s + 1.414 104 s + 108
108 H (s) = 2 s + 2 104 s + 108

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 707 , Q p = 0.707 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 500 , Q p = 0.5

18

Gain Response
40

20

Q=10 Q=2 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

Mag gnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100 100 2 10

10

10

10

10

19

Frequency in rad/sec

Phase Response
0 -20

-40

Q=10 Q=2 Q=0 707 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

-60

Pha ase (deg.)

-80

-100

-120

-140

-160

-180 180 2 10

10

10

10

10

20

Frequency in rad/sec

Second order Highpass C

Vi

s2 H ( s) = 2 s + (1 RLC ) s + 1 LC

Vo

RL

p = 1

LC ,

Qp = RL

C L

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 10 k , Q p = 10

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 2 k , Q p = 2 F For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 707 , Q p = 0.707 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 500 , Q p = 0.5
21

s2 H (s) = 2 s + 103 s + 108

s2 H ( s) = 2 s + 0.5 104 s + 108 s2 H (s) = 2 s + 1.414 104 s + 108 s2 H (s) = 2 s + 2 104 s + 108

40

20

Q=10 Q=2 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

-20 20

Mag gnitude (dB)

-40

-60

-80

-100 2 10

10

10

10

10

22

Frequency in rad/sec

180

160

140

Q=10 Q=2 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

120

Pha ase (deg.)

100

80

60

40

20

0 2 10

10

10

10

10

23

Frequency in rad/sec

Effect of Qp
RL L ) s ( z = 2 H (s) = 2 s + ( RL L ) s + 1 LC s + p Qz s 2 Qp s + p

p = 1
Qp =
1 RL

LC = 104 rad / sec

L C

For L = 100 mH , C = 0 0.1 1 F , RL = 2 k , Qp = 0 0.5 5

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 1.414 k , Q p = 0.707 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 500 , Q p = 2 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 100 , Q p = 10
24

2 104 s H (s) = 2 s + 2 104 s + 108

2 104 s H (s) = 2 s + 2 104 s + 108 0.5 104 s H (s) = 2 s + 0.5 0 5 104 s + 108 0.1104 s H (s) = 2 s + 0.1 0 1104 s + 108

Gain Response
0

-10 10

-20

Mag gnitude (Db)

-30

-40

Q=0.5 Q=0.707 Q=2 Q=10

-50

-60 2 10

10

10

10

10

25

Frequency in rad/sec

Phase Response
100 80 60 40

Q=0.5 Q=0 707 Q=0.707 Q=2 Q=10

Pha ase (deg.)

20 0 -20 -40 -60 60 -80 -100 2 10

10

10

10

10

26

Frequency in rad/sec

Bandstop pfunction
Rs L C RL
Vi

M.A.J.U.

Vo

Vi

RL

Vo

s 2 + 1 LC ) ( RL H ( s) = RL + Rs s 2 + ( Rs || RL L ) s + 1 LC

H ( s) =

s 2 + (1 RLC ) s + 1 LC

(s

+ 1 LC )

p = z = 1

LC ,

Qp =

1 Rs || RL

L C

p = z = 1

LC ,

Q p = RL

C L

27

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

C
H ( s) =
Vi

s 2 + (1 RLC ) s + 1 LC

(s

+ 1 LC )

RL

Vo

p = z = 1

LC ,

Q p = RL

C L

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 10 k , Q p = 10

For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 2 k , Q p = 2 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 707 , Q p = 0.707 For L = 100 mH , C = 0.1 F , RL = 500 , Q p = 0.5

s 2 + 108 H (s) = 2 s + 103 s + 108

s 2 + 108 H ( s) = 2 s + 0.5 104 s + 108 s 2 + 108 H (s) = 2 s + 1.414 104 s + 108 s 2 + 108 H (s) = 2 s + 2 104 s + 108

28

Phase Response
0 -10

-20

Q=10 Q 10 Q=2 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

Mag gnitude (Db)

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70 70 2 10

10

10

10

10

29

Frequency in rad/sec

Phase Response
100 80

60

40

Q=10 Q 2 Q=2 Q=0.707 Q=0.5

Pha ase (deg.)

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100 2 10

10

30

Frequency in rad/sec

10

10

10

fp and Q (Low (Low-pass) pass)

H (s) = H 0

s2 +

z2 p
Qp

M.A.J.U.

2 s + p

31

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

fp andQ(Highpass)

H ( s) = H 0

s +
2

s2
2 s + p

M.A.J.U.

Qp

32

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

fp andQ(Band ( p pass) )

H ( s) = H 0

s2 +

Qz

s
2 s + p

M.A.J.U.

Qp

fc Central freq. Qp = = Bandwidth fH fL fc =

33

fH fL
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

fp andQ(Bandstop)

H (s) = H 0

s 2 + z2 s +
2

M.A.J.U.

Qp

2 s + p

34

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Secondorderlowp passphase p Response p

M.A.J.U.

35

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

fp andQ(Notchfilter)

M.A.J.U.

NotchFilterWidthversusFrequencyforVariousQValues

36

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

(Notchfilterp ( phaseResponse) p )

M.A.J.U.

37

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

DelayEqualizer(Allpassfilter)
s2 H (s) = H 0 s2 +

M.A.J.U.

z p
Qp Qz

s + z2
2 s + p

38

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Assignment 31:

M.A.J.U.

For the following circuits: Find (a) the transfer functions functions. (b) the pole-zero plot in splane. (c) Magnitude Plot. (d) Phase Plot on the semilog graph paper. (e) compute 3 dB down frequency and show it on the plot. Also show brief detail of your calculations.
40form F otherwise you will be marked as absent. personally in original 5 mH

Important: You have to show the work in the next class (22-05-13) 40 F
5 mH

Vi

10

Vo

Vi

10

Vo

5 mH

40 F

Vi

40 F

10

Vo

Vi

5 mH

10

Vo

39

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Filter Approximations
Filter specifications are approximated by using some welldescribed rational functions. The roots of the functions have been tabulated. tabulated The most popular approximations are: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, , Elliptic (or Cauer) types. These approximations are directly applicable to low low-pass pass filters. High-pass, band-pass, and band-reject filters are realized b using by i f frequency t transformation f ti from f low-pass l f function. ti
40

Butterworth Filters
H (s) =
2

M.A.J.U.

Flat response in pass-band and monotonically increasing p band. in stop

1 2 1+ p
2n

Gain function

2 A ( ) = 10 log 1 + p

2n

dB

Loss (Attenuation) Functions.

n=
41

100.1 Amin 1 log 100.1 Amax 1 2l s 2log p

n is order of the filter.

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Example:
Find order for Butterworth filter for the following low-pass specifications: Wp=1000 rad/sec, Ws=1100 rad/sec, Amax=0.1 dBs, and Amin = 25 dBs Solution: n=log10((10^2.5-1)/(10^.01-1))/(2*log10(1100/1000)) n = 49 49.9049 9049 n=50, very high order because transition band is very narrow.

42

Normalized Butterworth Filters

p = 1
A ( ) = 10 log (1 + 2 2 n ) dB

M.A.J.U.

( j) The solution of the loss function L( s ) = 1 + ( s ) j

Let the loss function L( s ) = 1 +
2 2 2n

= 1+ s

2n

and = 1 =0

2n

gives the poles of the normalised LP BW filter, which are

sk = e
43

j ( n + 2 k +1) 2 n

k = 0, 1, 2, " , 2n 1

Poles are on the circle because real and imaginary parts are equal.
M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

Normalized Butterworth Response

80 70

Attenuatio on (dB)

n=1 n=2 n=3

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 10
-1

10

10

10

Frequency rad/sec

44

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Chebyshev Filters
(Equiripple pass band response)
H ( ) =
2

M.A.J.U.

1 1 + 2 F ( ) 2

A ( ) = 10 log (1 + 2 F ( ) 2 ) dB

= 10

0.1 Amax

1
for 1 for 1

Let the loss function L( 2 ) = 1 + 2 F ( ) 2 cos ( n cos 1 ) Let the loss function F 2 ( ) = 1 cosh n cosh ) (

45

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Chebyshev Filters order

M.A.J.U.

n=

cosh 10

0.1 Amin

cosh 1 s p
(2k + 1) 2n (2k + 1) 2n

)(

10

0.1 Amax

Poles of H(s) are

k = sinh sinh 1 sin n

1 1

k = 0, 1, 2, " , n
>> [z,p,k]=cheb1ap(2,3)

k = cosh sinh 1 cos n

k2
1 1 sinh sinh 1 n
2

k2
1 1 cosh sinh 1 n
2

=1

Which is Equation of Ellipse so poles are on th Ellipse. the Elli

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

46

M.A.J.U.

47

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

48

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Chebyshev Magnitude (Attenuation) Response

80 n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4 70

60

Atte enuation (d dB)

50 0

40

30

20

10

0 -1 10

(rad/sec)

10

10

49

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Pass-band expanded view Chebyshev Response

8 n =1 n =2 6 n =3 n =4

Attenu uation (dB B)

-2

-4 10
-1

(rad/sec)

10

10

50

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Chebyshev Magnitude (Gain) Response

0 n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4 -10

-20

-30

Gain (dB) G

-40

-50 50

-60

-70

(rad/sec) Maximum pass-band attenuation of 3 dB at PB edge frequency = 1 rad/sec

51

-80 -1 10

10

10

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Pass-band expanded view Chebyshev Response

2 n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4

-2

Gai in (dB)

-4

-6

-8

10

-1

10

(rad/sec)

10

52

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

MATLAB Code for Frequency q y Response

>> w=.1:.001:5; >> s=j s=j*w; w; >> [z,p,k]=cheb1ap(1,3); >> Hs1=k./(s-p(1)); >> [z,p,k]=cheb1ap(2,3); >> Hs2=k./((s-p(1)). Hs2=k /((s p(1)) *(s (s-p(2))); p(2))); >> [z,p,k]=cheb1ap(3,3); >> Hs3=k./((s-p(1)).*(s-p(2)).*(s-p(3))); >> [z,p,k]=cheb1ap(4,3); >> Hs4=k./((s-p(1)). Hs4=k /((s p(1)) *(s (s-p(2)). p(2)) *(s (s-p(3)). p(3)) *(s (s-p(4))); p(4))); >> semilogx(w,-20*log10(abs(Hs1)),w,-20*log10(abs(Hs2)),w,-20*log10(abs(Hs3)),w,20*log10(abs(Hs4)));grid minor >> figure >> semilogx(w,20*log10(abs(Hs1)),w,20*log10(abs(Hs2)),w,20*log10(abs(Hs3)),w,20*log10(abs(Hs4))) ;grid minor >>

53

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

54

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Example:
Find order for Chebyshev filter for the following low-pass specifications: Wp=1000 rad/sec, Ws=1100 rad/sec, Amax=0.1 dBs, and Amin = 25 dBs Solution: n=acosh(((10^2.5-1)/(10^.01-1))^.5)/(acosh(1100/1000)) n = 12.2858 n=13, much less than Butterworth filter (at the expense of equiripple n=13 response in pass-band) but still high.

55

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Invrse Chebyshev Filters (Equiripple pass band response)

H ( ) =
2

M.A.J.U.

1 1 + 2 T (1 )
2

A ( ) = 10 log 1 + 2 T (1 )

dB

= 10

1
0.1 Amax

56

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Inverse Chebyshev Filters

Poles of H(s) are

M.A.J.U.

k = sinh sinh 1 sin n k = cosh sinh 1 cos n

1 1

(2k 1) 2n

(2k 1) 2n

k = 0, 1, 2, " , n

1 100.1 Amin 1

57

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

58

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Elliptic Filter Approximation

It has finite poles of attenuation (zeros of gain function) in the stopband. The poles are chosen to have equiripple response in stop band. The pole closest to the stopband edge significantly increases the slope p in stopband. p Further poles are needed to maintain the level of min. attenuation in the stopband stopband. For given requirement, elliptic approximation will require a l lower order d th than th the B Butterworth tt th or Chebshev. Ch b h
59

Fifth order Elliptic p Filter approximation pp function

T ( s) =

(s

+ 0.19255s + 1.03402 )( s 2 + 0.58054s + 0.52500 ) ( s + 0.392612 )

0.0046205 ( s 2 + +4.36495 )( s 2 + +10.56773)

60

Elliptic Filter Magnitude Response

180 160

140

120

Attenu uation (dB B)

100

80

60

40

20

-20 20 -1 10

10

(rad/sec)

10

61

Maximum PB attenuation of 3 dB, SB attenuation of 40 dB and PB frequency = 1 rad/sec

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Pass-Band Enlarged view

6 n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4 5 n =6

-1 10
-0.9

10

-0.8

10

-0.7

10

-0.6

10

-0.5

10

-0.4

10

-0.3

10

-0.2

10

-0.1

10

62

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Stop-Band p Enlarged g View

n =1 n =2 n =3 3 n =4 n =6

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

10

63

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

MATLAB Code
w=.1:0.00001:10; s j w; s=j*w; [z,p,k]=ellipap(1,3,40) Hs1=k./(s-p(1)); [z,p,k]=ellipap(2,3,40) Hs2=k.*(s-z(1)).*(s-z(2))./((s-p(1)).*(s-p(2))); [z,p,k]=ellipap(3,3,40) Hs3=k*(s-z(1)).*(s-z(2))./((s-p(1)).*(s-p(2)).*(s-p(3))); [z,p,k]=ellipap(4,3,40) Hs4=k*(s-z(1)).*(s-z(2)).*(s-z(3)).*(s-z(4))./((s-p(1)).*(s-p(2)).*(s-p(3)).*(s-p(4))); [z,p,k]=ellipap(6,3,40) Hs6=k*(s-z(1)).*(s-z(2)).*(s-z(3)).*(s-z(4)).*(s-z(5)).*(s-z(6))./((s-p(1)).*(s-p(2)).*(s-p(3)).*(s-p(4)).*(s-p(5)).*(s-p(6))); semilogx(w 20*log10(abs(Hs1)) w 20*log10(abs(Hs2)) w 20*log10(abs(Hs3)) w 20*log10(abs(Hs4)) w semilogx(w,-20*log10(abs(Hs1)),w,-20*log10(abs(Hs2)),w,-20*log10(abs(Hs3)),w,-20*log10(abs(Hs4)),w,20*log10(abs(Hs6)));grid minor

64

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Example:
Find order for Elliptic filter for the following low-pass specifications: wp=1000 rad/sec, Ws=1100 rad/sec, Amax=0.1 dBs, and Amin = 25 dBs Solution: [N,wp]=ellipord(1000,1100,0.1,25,'s') N = 6, reasonable order but at the expense of equiripple response both in pass and stop-bands.

65

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

50

Attenuatio on (dB)

40

30

20

10

0 10
1

10

10

(rad/sec)

10

0.14 0.12 0.1 0 08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02

66

-0.04 10
1

10

10 MAJU. M Riaz, EE,

0.05
0

-10

-20

-30

-0.05

-40

-0.1
-50

-60

10

-1

10

10

-0.15 10
-1

10

67

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Frequency Transformation LPP to LP

TLP ( s ) = TLPP ( s ) s =
Z L = LPP s s =
s

LPP

= LPP

LPP

YC = CPP s s =

= CPP

CPP

CPP

68

Frequency Transformation LPP to HP

THP ( s) = TLPP ( s ) s = p
s

Z L = LPP s s =

p
s

= LPP

p
s

(1 L

LPP p

PP

p ) s

YC = CPP s s = p = CPP
s

p
s

1 CPP p s

1 CPP p

69

Frequency Transformation LPP to BP

TBP ( s ) = TLPP ( s ) s = s2 +02
Bs
2 2 s 2 + 0 LPP0 LPP L s+ = = PP s + B Bs B Bs B

Z L = LPP s s = s2 +02 = LPP

Bs

(L

PP

2 0

LPP B

2 B ( LPP0 )

YC = CPP s s = s2 +02 = CPP

Bs

2 2 s 2 + 0 CPP0 CPP C 1 = = PP s + s+ 2 Bs B Bs B B ( CPP0 )s

CPP B
70

B
2 CPP0

Frequency Transformation LPP to BS

TBS ( s) = TLPP ( s ) s =
Z L = LPP s s =
Bs s
2 2 +0

Bs
2 s 2 +0

2 B LPP0

= LPP

Bs = 2 2 s + 0

1 1 LPP B s+

(B L
1

2 PP 0 ) s

1 LPP B

YC = CPP s s =

Bs

2 +0

= CPP

Bs = 2 2 s + 0
1

1
2 PP 0 ) s

CPP B
ZC =
71

s+

(B C

CPP B
2 B CPP0

CPP B

s+

2 B C ( PP 0 ) s

Design procedure
1. specify the filter requirements. 2 Select 2. S l t approximation i ti t type according di t to th the application. 3. Determine the order of the filter. 4. Find transfer function for low-pass prototype (LPP) filter. 5 Find input or output deriving point impedance. 5. impedance 6. Use frequency transformation to transform the LPP filter according to the desired specifications. 7 Use 7. U magnitude it d scaling li t to achieve hi th the i impedance d matching.

72

Example: Design a complete Butterworth filter for the

following specifications with input output termination as Rs = RL=75 ohm:
A( ) dB

M.A.J.U.

35 dB 0.5 dB

35 dB

1000

1500

2000

3000

rad / sec
log scale

73

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.
Solution: Convert the specification into LP prototype Wp=1 Ws=(w2-w1)/(w4-w3)=(3000-1000)/(2000-1500)=2000/500=4 Determine the Butterworth order.
100.1 Amin 1 log 100.1 Amax 1 2log s p

n=

100.135 1 log 100.12 1 2log ( 4 )

= 3.58

n=4
The LP p prototype yp requirements q are shown in the next slide.

74

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

M.A.J.U.

A( ) dB

35 dB 0.5 dB

rad / sec
log scale

75

M Riaz, EE, MAJU

Poles, transfer function and reflection M.A.J.U. coeff. of normalized LP p prototype yp filter j ( n + 2 k +1) 2 n k = 0, 1, 2, " , 2n 1 sk = e , j (5 + 2 k ) 8 k = 0, , 1, , 2, , ", 7 s =e ,
T ( s) =
2

s e j5

)(

s e j7

)(

s e j9

)(

s e j11 8

)(

s e j 3

)(

s e j

)(

s ej

)(

s e j3

1 s8 + 1

T ( s) T ( s ) =

s e j5

)(

s e j 5

)(
1

s e j7

)(

s e j 7

)(

s ej

)(

s e j

)(

1 s e j3
8

)(

s e j 3

T ( s) T ( s) =

1 ( s 2 2 cos ( 5 8 ) s + 1) ( s 2 2 cos ( 7 8 ) s + 1) ( s 2 2 cos ( 8 ) s + 1) ( s 2 2 cos ( 3 8 ) s + 1)

T ( s) =

(s

+ 0.76537 s + 1)( s 2 + 1.84776 s + 1)

2

Selecting left half plane poles.

s8 s4 (s) = 8 (s) = 2 s +1 0 76537 s + 1)( s 2 + 1.84776 1 84776s + 1) ( s + 0.76537

76

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

The deriving point impedance and the circuit f LP prototype for t t filter filt is i shown h
1 ( s) 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1 Z11 = = 4 1 + ( s ) 2s + 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1

M.A.J.U.

2s 4 + 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1 Y11 = 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1

Realize the elements by continuous division method.
2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1 2 s 4 + 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+10 ( 0.76537s 2 s 4 + 2.40434s 3 + 2s 2 + 0.76537 s + 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------0.20879s3 + 1.41422s 2 + 1.74676 s + 10 2.61313s3 +3.41422s 2 +2.61313s+1 (

77

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

LP prototype filter is shown

M.A.J.U.

L2 = 1.8478 H

L4 = 0.7654 H

C1 = 0.7654 F

C3 = 1.8478 F

78

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Frequency transformation

M.A.J.U.

TBP ( s ) = TLPP ( s) s = s
2 s 2 + 0 C = 1 s+ Y1 = C1s = C1 Bs B

2 +0

B = 500 rad / sec

Bs

02 = 3 106 rad 2 / sec 2

= (1.531 mF ) s + s 1 ( 217.75 H ) s

1 B C1
2 0

2 s 2 + 0 L = 2 s+ Z 2 = L2 s = L2 Bs B

1 B L2
1 B
2 C30

= ( 3.6956 mH ) s + s
= ( 3.6956 mF ) s + s
= (1.531 mH ) s +

1 ( 90.2 F ) s
1

2 0

2 s 2 + 0 C = 3 s+ Y3 = C3 s = C3 Bs B

( 90.2 H ) s

2 s 2 + 0 L Z 4 = L4 s = L4 = 4 s+ Bs B

1 B
2 L40

1 ( 217.75 F ) s
M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

79

The band p pass filter with normalized terminations ( (one ohm) is shown

M.A.J.U.

3.6956 mH

90.2 F

217.75 H 1.531 mF

217.75 H

1.531 mF

3.6956 mH

90.2 F

80

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

M.A.J.U.

Impedance Scaling
Increase the impedance of each element by multiplying the resistors and inductors, inductors and dividing the capacitors by 75 75.

75

0.277 H

1.2 F

16.33 mH

20.4 F

16.33 mH

20.4 F

0.277 H

1.2 F

75

Final Circuit
81

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Components C t values l f for normalized li d Butterworth filter with equal input and output t terminations i ti
Lk or Ck 2k 1) ( = 2sin , 2n k = 1, 2, ......, n

82

Chebyshev Filter Design

Order for Chebyshev y Filter

M.A.J.U.

n= n=

cosh 1 10

0.1 Amin

cosh h 1 s p cosh
1

)(

10

0.1 Amax

10 (

0.135

) (10

0.10.5

cosh 1 ( 4 )

= 2.74 2 74

n=3
0.71570 T ( s) = 2 ( s + 0.62646 + 1.14245) ( s + 0.62646 )
83

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Chebyshev Filter Design

Order for Chebyshev y Filter

M.A.J.U.

0.71570 T ( s) = 2 0 62646s + 1 1.14245 14245 ) ( s + 0 0.62646 62646 ) ( s + 0.62646

Denormalizing, by replacing s by ( s 2 + 3 106 ) ( 500s ) .
178,925s 3 T (s) = 4 313 23s 3 + 6285612.5 6285612 5s 2 + 939.69 939 69 106 s + 9 1012 )( s 2 + 313.23 313 23s + 3 106 ) ( s + 313.23

84

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Using g values from table, , LP p prototype yp circuit is g given below

1

M.A.J.U.

L2 = 1.2804 H
C3 = 1.8636 F
1

C1 = 1.8636 1 8636 F

The frequency and the impedance scaling is similar as in case of Butterworth filter design and complete the design yourselves.
85

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Components values for normalized Chebyshev filter with equal input and output terminations
1 1 cosh 1 n ( 2k 1) , k = 1, 2, ......, n Ak = sin 2n A = ln coth max 17.37 A=

Y = sinh
2

2n
2

86

k Bk =Y + sin , 2, , ......, ,n , k = 1, n 2 A1 cosh A G1= Y 4 Ak 1 Ak cosh 2 A Gk = , k=2, 3, 4 ......, n Bk 1Gk 1

Components values for normalized 3rd order Chebyshev filter (using formulae of previous slide with equal input and output terminations

= 100.1 A 1 = 0.3493
max

87

1 1 1 1 1 1 = cosh = 0.570978 A = cosh 3 0 3493 0.3493 n 2k 1) ( = sin = 0.5, A2 = 1, A3 = 0.5 A1= sin 2n 6 A 0.5 = ln coth max = ln coth = 3.5481679 17.37 17.37 3.5481679 Y = sinh i h = sinh i h = 0.6264363529 0 6264363 29 2n 6 k 2 2 = 0.6264363529 + sin B1 ,B2 =Y 2 + sin 2 = 1.1424225 n 3 2 0.5 cosh 0.570978 G1 , G3= = 1.86369 0.6264363529 4 A1 A2 cosh 2 A 4 0.5 1 cosh 2 0.570978 G2 = = = 1.28038 B1G1 1.1424225 1.86369

Assignment # 04

M.A.J.U.

Problem 01: A C-Band satellite transponder has the following band-pass

filter requirements: pass band = 3.742 to 3.778 GHz with Amax= 1 dB stop band = 0 to 3.74 and 3.78 to infinity with Amin = 15 dB The terminations are Rs=RL=600 ohms. Design complete chebyshev filter. Give circuit diagram, locations of poles and zeros. Give magnitude and phase plots using P-spice.
A( ) dB

15 dB 1 dB

15 dB

3.74

3.742

3.778

3.78

f GHz log scale

88

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Assignment # 04 (cont.)
with the following specifications. Rs=RL=1000 ohm
A( ) dB

M.A.J.U.

Problem 02: Use chebyshev approximations to design a band reject filter

1 dB

35 dB

1 dB

100

200

400

800

rad / sec
log scale

89

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.

Assignment # 04 (cont.)
Problem 03:

M.A.J.U.

A high-pass Butterworth filter must have at least 45 dB of attenuation below 300 Hz, and the attenuation must be no more than 0.5 dB above 3000 Hz. Find the approximation function and design the complete filter with Rs=RL=1500 ohm.

Problem 04:
A low-pass filter requirement is specified by Amax = 1 dB, Amin = 35 dB, Fp = 1000 Hz, Fs = 3500 Hz. Find the Butterworth approximation function, needed and design g the complete p Filter.

90

M Riaz, EE, MAJU.