Comprehensive Modeling and Stability Analysis of Biomass Generation

Shireesha R Methuku, Student Member, IEEE, Anurag K Srivastava, Senior Member, IEEE, Noel N Schulz, Senior Member, IEEE
Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University MS State, Mississippi 39762 Email: sm667@msstate.edu, {srivastava, schulz}@ece.msstate.edu
Abstract: Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources being used widely for power generation. This paper presents an effort to develop a comprehensive model for a biomass based generation system. The research objectives include mathematical modeling, stability studies, and sensitivity analysis using MATLAB/Simulink. A mathematical model for the gas turbine has been developed and transient stability has been carried out for small test case system. Maximum rotor speed deviation, oscillation duration, rotor angle, and mechanical power have been taken as stability indicators in this study. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system to the changes of gas turbine parameters has been investigated under balanced and unbalanced fault scenarios. Index Terms Biomass energy, Gas Turbine, Transient stability, Stability indicators.

I.

INTRODUCTION

There have been significant technological changes in the generation of electric power over the past few decades. Since fossil fuels are not renewable and have harmful effects on the environment, the focus has been transferred to the renewable and sustainable energy sources. Biomass is one of the widely used renewable energy source (RES) because of its advantages over other RES. According to the 2007 Department of Energy report, 7% of the United States energy is generated from the renewable energy sources of which 53% is produced by the biomass [1]. The big advantage that biomass offers over other RES such as wind and solar is that it can be easily stored and used when needed. It can provide a near constant, nonfluctuating supply of electricity and heating. Biomass can be either burnt to generate heat and electricity or changed to a gas like fuel such as methane, or changed to biofuels. Energy from biomass can be extracted through various ways like solid fuel combustion, gasification, digestion, and fermentation [2]. After the extracting stage, a gas turbine will convert the energy from the gas to the mechanical energy. In this work, it was assumed that biomass gasification process was used to generate and store gas from biomass. Biomass based generation requires expertise in electrical, mechanical, chemical, and agricultural engineering as well as forest products.

Developing the comprehensive model for the biomass generation includes building the mathematical model of a gasifier, a gas turbine, and connecting these components to the generator and finally to the electric-grid. This paper concentrates on gas turbine modeling and studying the electrical issues by integrating it with the electrical system. Biomass based generation involves converting raw fuel to electricity output and needs to be studied to investigate the impact of biomass based generation on the electric grid. The developed gas turbine model integrated with the test case was subjected to transient analysis and a balanced or unbalanced three-phase faults Different models representing the gas turbine have been developed over the years. The author in [3] derived the equivalent mathematical model for the single shaft gas turbine, which consists of three main controls: speed, temperature, and acceleration. Centeno et al. in [4] presented more detailed information about the three controlling blocks. Authors in [5] and [6] have used thermodynamic laws to derive the equations representing the gas turbine dynamics. Testing and model validation of the turbine models by comparing the performance with the actual gas turbine operation have been discussed in [7-10]. Comparison of the existing gas turbine models and stability studies has been presented in [11]. The needs for detailed and specific modeling for the gas turbine and the power system stability analysis during different kinds of faults as well as the variation in the stability of the power system with respect to the changes in the gas turbine parameters are necessary to study the transient stability of the power system. This paper presents the development of a mathematical model for the gas turbine in MATLAB/Simulink as well as stability and sensitivity analysis of the electrical system integrated with a developed turbine model. Additional details are available in [12]. The paper is organized as follows: Section II explains the gas turbine operation and its modeling in Simulink. The test case system used for the analysis, stability and sensitivity studies are described in section III. Summary and acknowledgements are presented at the end.

II.

GAS TURBINE MODELING

A. Gas Turbine Operation Gas turbines operate under the Brayton cycle, which is named after George Brayton, as shown in Figure 1 [13]. A physical gas turbine consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. Air enters into the compressor at temperature T1 and pressure P1 where it gets compressed and fed to the combustion chamber. Fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber under constant pressure. The high temperature gases then flow to the turbine where expansion takes place and mechanical energy gets released.

the other control for the gas turbine that operates when the temperature exceeds a fixed maximum value. When this control block is active, it reduces the output power of the turbine. The third control of the turbine is the acceleration control that operates if the generator experiences high acceleration. The outputs of the three controls are the input to the low value select. Out of these three control blocks, the control block having a minimum value is selected and this minimum fuel request signal passes through fuel and gas turbine dynamics to calculate the turbine torque through thermodynamic principles and exhaust temperature through thermocouples and radiation shield. The block diagram showing all its controls is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1. Open loop Brayton cycle

B. Model details In the modeling of the gas turbine, the following assumptions were made [3]: i) it is a simple cycle, single shaft, generator drive only; ii) allowable speed range is 95 to 107 percent of the rated speed; and iii) it operates at an ambient temperature of 59 and at an ambient pressure of 101.325 kpa. In the modeling, all the values are taken in pu except the temperature. The gas turbine has three main control loops: speed control, temperature control, and acceleration control [3, 4]. Speed control is the major control loop during normal operating conditions. It can be either in droop configuration mode in which output is proportional to the speed error or in isochronous mode in which rate of change of output is proportional to the speed error. These two modes allow the gas turbine to operate when connected to the grid or in an isolated mode. This control block operates on the speed deviation formed between the reference speed and actual speed. The gain of this control is inversely proportional to the droop, which is taken as 4 percent. Temperature control is

Figure 2. Gas turbine model block diagram

The model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulink is a software tool for modeling, simulating, and analyzing linear, nonlinear, continuous, discrete, and multi-domain time varying systems in interactive graphical environment [14]. III. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

A. Test Case System The test case system has been modeled using the SimPowerSystems tool box available in MATLAB/Simulink. A 4 bus system has been taken as the test case system and is shown in Figure 3. The system has a gas turbine of 5.2MW connected to the synchronous machine of 6 MVA, 4.16KV rating, an ideal source of 12.47KV, a transformer of 12.47/4.175KV, and five equal RL loads of 3 MVA each.

Figure 3. Test case system

C. B. Stability Analysis Transient stability of the system is investigated to study the impact of the biomass on the electrical grid when subjected to balanced and unbalanced faults. Transient stability is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe disturbance. The analysis is done using the stability indicators: maximum rotor speed deviation, oscillation duration, rotor angle, and terminal voltages [18, 19]. The rotor angle and rotor speed deviation increase when a disturbance is applied and return back to normal once the disturbance is cleared. This increase in the value of rotor speed deviation and angle are measured, and based on them, the stability is assessed. Oscillation duration is the time taken by the power system to return to the normal value after subjected to the fault. The lower the oscillation duration, the more stable the system will be. When a disturbance is applied to the system, the terminal voltage changes and when the fault is cleared it returns back to the normal. Based on the variation of these stability indicators, the stability analysis has been done. The results with no fault and unbalanced fault for four bus system are presented in this paper and the sensitivity analysis when fault is applied is explained in the next section.

Simulation Results

The stability indicators when no fault is applied are shown in Figures 4 to 7. After some initial oscillations in the rotor speed deviation and rotor angle, they are becoming stable. Zero rotor speed deviation can be observed from Figure 4. During no fault, it is observed that the terminal voltage is 1 pu and the mechanical power is meeting the load requirement which is taken as 0.8pu.

Figure 4. Rotor speed deviation

Gas turbine mechanical torque is calculated using the equation (1) [3]. F1 = A1 (1-Wf) +B1 (1-N) (1) Equation (2) calculates the exhaust temperature. F2 = Tr A2 (1-Wf) + B2 (1-N) (2) where Wf p.u. fuel flow; Tr turbine rated exhaust temperature N p.u. turbine rotor speed; A1, A2, B1, and B2 coefficients used for calculation of torque and temperature. F1, F2 functions that calculate torque and exhaust temperature respectively.
Figure 5. Rotor angle

i) ii)

The sensitivity analysis is being carried out by varying coefficients of the F1. coefficients of the F2.

Figure 6. Terminal Voltage

As the speed of the gas turbine is 1 pu, the variation in the associated coefficients B1 and B2, is negligible. Hence the analysis is done by varying only A1 and A2 coefficients. By varying A1, the change in the stability indicators is shown in Figures 8 to 10. A three phase fault is applied at bus 4 (near generator) at 4 seconds and cleared at 4.2 seconds. The change in the rotor angle, rotor speed deviation, oscillation duration, as well as mechanical power during the fault can be observed from the below waveforms. The analysis is done by increasing the coefficient in the order of 20% and the increase in A1 led to the increase in the rotor angle, rotor speed deviation, mechanical power, and oscillation duration. From this analysis, it is concluded that for lower values of the A1, the system is more stable, but it should not be taken as zero because the mechanical power requirement, which is 0.8 pu, also needs to be satisfied. Simulation results were obtained for several types of faults and the results with three phase faults are shown in figures 8-10.

Figure 7. Mechanical power

Sensitivity Analysis was done to analyze the sensitiveness of the stability to the turbine parameters as well as to verify the performance of the turbine. Turbine dynamics are represented by two functions which calculate the turbine torque and exhaust temperature.

Figure 8. Change in rotor angle with 20% change in A1

IV.

SUMMARY

The objective of the paper was to develop and analyze small power system test case including details of gas turbine. The gas turbine model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Power system studies for the gas turbine interconnection with the electrical system have been successfully performed and the results are presented by analyzing the transient stability of the power system when connected to the four bus test case system. Sensitivity analysis by varying other parameters of the gas turbine, modeling of the gasifier, and connecting it to the existing test case system are the future goals of this research.
Figure.9. Change in rotor speed deviation with 20% change in A1

V.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Micro-CHP and Bio-Fuel Center through Department of Energy (grant no. DEFC 2608NT01923 08100880) for the work on this project. VI.
[1] [2] [3] Figure 10. Change in mechanical power with 20% change in A1

REFERENCES

The increase in the coefficient A2 decreases the exhaust temperature but there were no changes observed in the stability indicators (see Table 1) because at low value [5] select, the speed control is active rather than the temperature control.
[6] Table.1. Change in different parameters with respect to changes in A2.

[4]

A2

Exhaust Pmech Max temp (F) (pu) rotor speed deviation (pu)*10-3 420 820 0.8 11.3 560 780 0.8 11.3 700 750 0.8 11.25 840 720 0.8 11.26 980 700 0.8 11.2 1120 645 0.8 11.3

Oscillation Rotor duration angle (deg) (sec) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 97 97 97 97 97 97

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