Implement: (v) to make sth that has been officially decided start to happen or be used thc hin giao

o ko (n) a tool or an instrument, often one that is quite simple and that is used outdoors. Venture: (n) a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks Implication: (n) a possible effect or result of an action or a decision Enable: (v) to make it possible for sb to do sth To make it possible for sth to happen or exist by creating the necessary conditions Front line: (n) v tr quan trng nhiu trch nhim Reference to sb: (v) hi kin Preference: (n) a greater interest in or desire for sb/sth than sb/sth else A thing that is liked better or best u i, s thch. Initially: (adv) at the beginning Predominantly: (adv) mostly, mainly Property: (n) a thing or things that are owned by sb; a possession or possessions Conduct: to organize Playing by to allow heat or electricity to pass along. Exhibit: (v) bc l Perceive: (v) nhn thy Compose: (v) to combine together to form a whole Prospective: (adj) expected to do sth or to become sth kh quan, tng lai Expected to happen soon Wherever: (adv) in all cases that Conclude: (v) to decide or believe sth as a result of what you have heard or seen rt ra c, kt lun Benchmark: (v) lm chun, kim tra so snh Prime: (adj) main, most important best quality most suitable Criterion criteria (plural): tiu chun 27/3 Enhance: (v) to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of sb/sth

Proportion: (n) s cn xng, t l Reservation: (n) an arrangement for a room in a hotel, etc. to be kept for you A feeling of doubt about a plan or an idea, s d dt, do d Incomplete: (adj) not having everything that it should have, not finished or complete Essentially: (adv) when you think about the true, important or basic nature of sb/sth v bn cht, v c b n Collate: (v) to collect information together from different sources in order to examine and compare it Come up with sth: produce sth Issue: (n) an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about Recommendation: (n) an official suggestion about the best thing to do Quantitative: (adj) connected with the amount or number of sth rather than with how good it is, s lng Anecdotal: (adj) giai thoi, chuyn vt Indeed: (adv) thc vy Progressively: (adv) steadily and continuously, tng ln dn Whilst = while Droppings: (n) phn ng vt Fermented: (v) ln men To stomach: (v) nut Put you off: (v) lm chn Rule: (n)/ru:l/ Allergy: (n) a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel ill/sick when you eat or touch a particular substance Anxiety: (n) the state of feeling nervous or worried that sth bad is going to happen A worry or fear about sth 28/3/2013 Appetite: (n) physical desire for food A strong desire for sth Artery: (n) any of the tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body

A large and important road, river, railway/railroad line, etc. Asset: (n) a person or thing that is valuable or useful to sb/sth A thing of value, especially property, that a person or company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debts Ex: Ill be an asset to the team. Craving: (n) a trong desire for sth Ex: a craving for chocolate Depression: (n) the state of feeling very sad and without hope Diagnosis: (n) the act of discovering or identifying the exact cause of an illness or a problem Dietitian dietician: (n) a person whose job is to advise people on what kind of food they should eat to keep healthy Factor: (n) nhn t - tha s - gp ln Infection: (n) an illness that is caused by bacteria or a virus and that affects one part of the body bnh truyn nhim Ingredient: (n) one of the things from which sth is made, especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish thnh phn One of the things or qualities that are necessary to make sth successful Ex: Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries. The essential ingredients for success Insomnia: (n) the condition of being unable to sleep Intake: (n) the amount of food, drink, etc. that you take into your body Junk food: (n) food that is quick and easy to prepare and eat but that is thought to be bad for your health Nutrition: (n) the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy s dinh dng, s nui dng Obese: (adj) very fat, in a way that is not healthy Obesity: (n) Onset: (n) the begginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant Portion: (n) an amount of food that is large enough for one person

Stroke: (n) c nh t qu Therapy: (n) the treatment of a physical problem or an illness 29/3/2013 Variety: (n) several different sorts of the same thing The quality of not being the same or not doing the same thing all the time a dng Brisk: (adj) quick, busy Chronic: (adj) lasting for a time; difficult to cure or get rid of Infectious: (adj) an infectious disease can be passed easily from person to another, especially through the air they breathe Moderate: (adj) va phi, c mc Persistent: (adj) determinded to do sth despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable Vital: (adj) connected with or necessary for staying alive sng, cn cho s sng Full of energy and enthusiasm y sc sng Counteract: (v) to do sth to reduce or prevent the bad or harmful effects of sth Curb: (v) to control or limit sth, especially sth bad Diminish: (v) to become or to make sth become smaller, weaker, etc. To make sb/sth seem less important than they really are Disrupt: (v) to make it difficult for sth to continue in the normal way Eliminate: (v) to remove or get rid of sth/sb Overdo: (v) to do sth too much To use too much of sth Overate: (v) to eat more than you need or more than is healthy Recover: (v) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc. Skip: (v) to move forwards lightly and quickly making a little jump with each step Stimulate: (v) to make sth develop or become more active; to encourage sth kch thch, kch ng, khuy ng Trigger: (v) to make sth happen suddenly n ra, gy ra bt thnh lnh To cause a device to start functioning

Migration: (v) di c Choppy: (adj) bin ng 30/3/2013 Tagged: (V) gn th Rehabilitation: (N) phc hi A current (N) dng bin Reminisent of: (adj) reminding you of sb/sth Flee from (v) run away from Wrestle (v) vt ln To coax (v) encourage wb to do sth Spot (v): nhn thy Audio-visual: (adj) using both sound and pictures Ex: audio-visual aids for the classroom Isolated: (adj) without much contact with other people or other countries Single, happening once Ideal for: (adj) perfect, most suitable Encounter: (v,n) a meeting, especially one that is sudden, unexpected or violent chm trn, sc Dialect: (n) ting a phng Metaphorical: (adj) ngha bng Literal: (adj) ngha en Fatal: (adj) causing or ending in death Consult: (v) to go to sb for information or advice To discuss sth with sb to get their permission for sth, or to help you make a decision To look in or at sth to get information Stark: (adj) khc nghit Criticize: (v) to say that you disapprove of sb/sth; to say what you do not like or think is wrong about sb/sth To judge the good and bad qualities of sth

Linguistic: (adj) connected with language or the scientific study of language ngn ng hc Insular: (adj) only interested in your own country, ideas, etc. and not in those from outside Insularity: (n) Assumption: (n) a belief or feeling that sth is true or that sth will happen, althought there is no proof gi nh, gi s Awareness: (n) knowing sth; knowing that sth exists and is important; being interested in sth Priority: (n) something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with first u tin Correspondence: (n) the letters a person sends and receives A connection between two things; - tng ng, ph hp gia hai nhm hoc vt Exempt: (adj) if sb/sth is exempt from sth, they are not affected by it, do not have to do it, pay it, etc. Criticism: (n) the act of expressing disapproval of sb/sth and opinions about theirs faults or bad qualities, a statement showing disapproval Ph bnh, ch trch Scheme: (n) a plan or system for doing or organizing sth Glossary: (n) a list of technical or special words, especially those in a particular text, explaining their meanings t in chuyn ngnh Consistency: (n) the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standards, etc; the quality of being consistent Realization: (n) the process of becoming aware of sth know sth The process of achieving a particular aim, etc. Dawn: (v) begin Become obvious or easy to understand Negotiate: (v) to try to reach an agreement by formal discussion thng lng, m phn To arrange or agree sth by formal discussion Comprehension: (n) the ability to understand An exercise that trains students to understand a language Generic: (adj) chung

Warrant: (v) chng nhn, m bo Distinguish: (v) to recognize the difference between two people or things Hinterland: (n) the areas or a country that are away from the coast, from the banks of a large or from the main cities Foreland: (n) an area of land which sticks out into the sea phn t nh ra bin Landward: (adj) b, t lin Breakwater: (n) a wall built out into the sea to protect the shore or harbour from the force of the waves Access: (n) a way of entering or reaching a place The opportunity or right to use sth or to see sb/sth Chief: (adj) most important Highest in rank Disproportionate: (adj) too large or too small when compared with sth else Respect: (n) knh trng, tn trng - kha cnh Microcosm: (n) a thing, a place or a group that has all the features and qualities of sth much larger i din thu nh Advent: (n) the coming of an important event, person, invention, etc. s n, s ti Vessel: (n) a large ship or boat Formerly: (adv) in earlier times Accessible: (adj) easy to understand That can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc. Bypass: (n) a road that passes around a town or city rather than through the centre To go around or avoid a place To ignore a rule, an official system or sb in authority, especially in order to get sth done quickly Former: (adj) that used to exist in earlier times trc, c, xa, nguyn Bypass: to improve the quality of sth, often by adding sth to it To make sb/sth rich or richer Backwater: (n) vng nc yn tnh ni chn ngt, tnh trng tr tr

Acquire: (v) to gain sth by your own efforts, ability or behaviour To obtain sth by buying or being given it Ex: she has acquired a good knowledge of English Prominent: (adj) important or well known Easily seen Prominence: (n) the state of being important, well known or noticeable Engage: (v) to succeed in attracting and keeping sbs attention and interest. To employ sb to do a particular job Engage in sth: to take part in sth, to make sb take part in sth Metropolis: (n) a large important city Waterfront: (n) a part of a town or an area that is next to water, for example in a harbour Subsidiary: (adj) connected with sth but less important than it Cease: (v) to stop happening or existing, to stop sth from happening or existing Draw: (v) ko theo Refine: (v) to make a subtance pure by taking other substances out of it Bulk: (n) trng ti, hng ha Break bulk: d hng Poignant: (adj) causing a strong emotional feeling gy xc ng, lm mi lng Speed up/ speed sth up: make sth move or happen faster Key: any of buttons that you press to operate a computer or typewriter Depression: a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without jobs. Description: a piece of writing or speech that says what sb/sth is like; the act of writing or saying in words what sb/sth is like Check sth in: to leave bags or cases with an official to be put on a plane or train Zipper: it consists of two rows of metal or plastic teeth that you can pull together to close sth or pull apart to open it Retractable: that can be moved or pulled back into the main part of sth

Clear: to give official permission for a person, a ship, a plane or goods to leave or enter a place Clear custom Orchestra: a large group of people who play various musical instruments together, led by a conductor. Enquiry: a request for information about sb/sth; a question about sb/sth. Follow: to come or go after or behind sb/sth Concession: a reduction in a amount of money that has to be paid, a ticket that is sold at a reduced price to a particular group of people Grandstand: a large covered structure with rows of seats for people to watch sports events Coordinate: to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well Credit: an arrangement that you make, with a shop/store for example, to pay later for sth you buy Feature: (noun) sth important, interesting or typical of a place or thing A special article or programme about sb/sth. (verb) khc ha, Chiu phim c ai ng vai chnh Distributor: a person or company that supplies goods to shops/stores, etc Fit in (with sb/sth): to live, work, etc. in an easy and natural way with sb/sth Foyer: a large open space inside the entrance of a theatre or hotel where people can meet or wait Intermission: a short period of time between the parts of a play, film/movie, etc. Fame: the state of being known and talked about by many people Council: the organization that provides services in a city or county, for example education, houses, libraries, etc Admission: the amount of money that you pay to go into a building or to an event Promotion: activities done in order to increase the sales of a product or service; a set of advertisements for a particular product or service. Sense of humour: (n) the ability to find things funny or make people laugh Ex: I cant stand people with no sense of humour. Psychology /saikoldji/: (n) the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behaviour Cite: (v) to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying

Marble: (n) a small ball of coloured glass that children roll along the ground in a game Pose: (v) to create a problem, etc. that has to be dealt with (for sb/sth) to sit or stand in a particular position in order to be painted, drawn or photographed Deductive: (adj) using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problem suy din, din dch Apparatus: (n) the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task dng c Dramatic: (adj) sudden, very great and often surprising, exciting and impressive Inferential: (adj) tnh suy lun Integration: (n) the act or process of combining two or more things so that they work together gia cc nhm, lin nhm Perplex: (v) if sth perplexes you, it makes you confused or worried because you do not understand it Crucial: (adj) extremely important, because it will affect other things Experimenter: (n) people who do the research Modification: the act or process of changing sth in order to improve it or make it more acceptable; a change that is made Incapable: not able to do sth Reasoning: (n) the process of thinking about things in a logical way; opinions and ideas that are based on logical thinking - qu trnh lp lun Reason: (n,v) suy lun Eminent: (adj) famous and respected, especially in a particular profession Follower: (n) a person who does things after sb else has done them first Vocational: (adj) connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in order to do a particular job Ex: vocational school: trng dy ngh, vocational training: s o to ngnh ngh Ordinary: (adj) not unusual or different in any way Association: (n) an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose A connection or relationship between people or organizations Assist: (v) to help sb to do sth

Recreational: (adj) connected with activities that people do for enjoyment when they are not working Flexible: (adj) able to change to suit new conditions or situations Elite: (adj) exellent Insist: (v) to demand that sth happens or that sb agrees to do sth Ex: I didnt really want to go but he insisted. Delta: (n) an area of land, shaped like a triangle, where a river has split into several smaller rivers before entering the sea Breakneck: (n) very fast and dangerous Dumper truck: (n) a vehicle for carrying earth, stones, etc. in a container which can be lifted up for the load to fall out Sink: (v) to go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid or soft subtance Reclaim: (v) to make land that is naturally too wet or too dry suitable to be built on, farmed, etc. The seabed: (n) the floor of the sea/ocean Squeeze: (v) to get liquid out of sth by pressing or twisting it hard Sponge: (n) xp Cause: (verb) to make sth happen, especially sth bad or unpleasant Ooze: (v) if a thick liquid oozes from a place, or if sth oozes a thick liquid, the liquid flows from the place slowly (n) very soft mud, especially at the bottom of a lake or river Engineer: (v) to design and build sth Inevitable: (adj) that you cannot avoid or prevent, sure to happen sth bad Settlement: (N) s ln xung nh c agreement between 2 group Cope: (v) to deal successfully with sth difficult Terminal: (n) a building or set of building at an airport where air passangers arrive and leave Pillar: (n) cy ct Jack sth up: (v) to lift sth, especially a vehicle, off the ground using a jack Wedge: (n) , chm Tricky: (adj) difficult to do or deal with

Outcrop: (n) a large mass of rock that stands above the surface of the ground Consortium: (n) A group of people, countries, companies etc. who are working together on a particular project Aggressive: (adj) angry, and behaving in a threatening way, ready to attack Acting with force and determination in order to succeed Assemble: (v) to come together as a group To fit together all the separate parts of sth, for example a piece of furniture Dredger: (n) a boat or machine that is used to clear mud, etc. from bottom of a river, or to make the river wider Fleet: (n) a group of military ships commanded by the same person Dump: (v) to get rid of sth you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable throw away Suck: (V) ht Dredge: (v) to remove mud from the bottom of a river, canal, etc. using a boat or special machine, to make it deeper or to search for sth Stiff: (adj) thick and almost solid, difficult to stir Foundation (n) nn mng Massive: (adj) very large, heavy and solid Extremely large or serious Bare: (adj) not covered by any clothes Bolster: (v) to improve sth or make it stronger Formidable: (adj) if people, things or situations are formidable, you feel fear and/or respect for them, because they are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very difficult Bear, take, etc. the brunt of sth: to receive the main force of sth unpleasant chu ng sc nng Deflect: (v) to change direction or make sth change direction, especially after hitting sth lm lch, un xung To succeed in preventing sth from being directed towards you Persistent: (adj) determind to do sth despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable

Contiuing for a long period of time without interruption, or repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped Downpour: (n) a heavy fall of rain that often starts suddenly Void: a lagre empty space Adolescence: the time in a persons life when he or she develops from a child into an adult Ex:Adolescence brings about major changes in a young persons body. Adulthood: the state of being an adult Ex: A child reaching adulthood Bond: something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences Ex: the special bond between mother and child Brotherhood: the relationship of brothers Ex: the ties of brotherhood Fatherhood: the state of being a father Instinct: a feeling that makes you do sth or believe that sth is true, even though it is not based on facts or reason Ex: Her instincts had been right. Interact: to communicate with sb, especially while you work, play or spend time with them Interaction: the interaction between performers and their audience Resemblance: the fact of being or looking similar to sb/sth Ex: The resemblance between the two signatures was remarkable. Rivalry: a state in which two people, companies, etc. are competing for the same thing Ex: There is a certain amount of friendly rivalry between the teams. Sibling: a brother or a sister Ex: sibling rivalry Temperament: character Tie: (noun) strong connection between people or organizations Upbringing: the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up

Extended family: a family include parents, children, uncles, aunts, grandparents, etc Immediate family: nearest in relationship or rank (parents, children, brothers and sisters) Maternal: have feeling that are typical of a caring mother towards a child Striking: interesting and unusual enough to attract attention Close-knit: (adj) having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each others activities and problems gn b vi nhau Parental: connected with a parent or parents Rewarding: worth doing, that makes you happy because you think it is useful or important Accommodate: to provide sb with a room or place to sleep, live or sit Break down: to stop working because of a fault Have sth in common (with sb) (of people) to have the same interests, ideas, etc. as sb else Have sth in common (with sth) (of things, places, etc.) to have the same features, characteristics, etc Inherit: to receive money, property, etc. from sb when they go pass Interact: to communicate with sb, especially while you work, play or spend time with them Nurture: to care for and protect sb/sth while they ate growing and developing Relate to sth/sb: to be connected with sth/sb; to refer to sth/sb To be able to understand and have sympathy with sb/sth Tutor: a private teacher, especially one who teaches an individual student or a very small group Struggle: to try very hard to do sth when it is difficult or when there are a lot of problems Out of touch with the modern world Form: to begin to exist and gradually develop into a particular shape, to make sth begin to exist in a particular shape Build a relationship, develop a relationship, establish a relationship, form a relationship, have a relationship. A close relationship, a long-standing relationship, a working relationship, a successful relationship A relationship with someone, a relationship between two things or people Patience: the ability to stay calm and accept a delay or sth annoying without complaining The ability to spend a lot of time doing sth difficult that needs a lot of attention and effort

Stubborn: determined not to change your opion or attitude Ex: He was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong. Hand sth down (to sb): to give or leave sth to sb who is younger than you Ex: Most of his clothes were handed down to him by his older brother. Enthusiastic: hng hi, nhit tnh Hot- tempered (adj): tending to become very angry easily Enroll: to arrange for yourself or for sb else to officially join a course, school, etc. Concept: (noun) an idea or a principle that is connected with sth abstract quan nim, khi nim Consequence: (noun) a result of sth that has happened Gesture: (a movement that you make with your hands, your head or your face to show a particular meaning hoc cn c ngha l: iu b c ch Imagination: (noun) the ability to create pictures in your mind, the part of your mind that does this Infancy: (noun) the time when a child is a baby or very young Infant: a baby or very young child Maturity: (noun) tnh chn chn, trng thnh Milestone: a very important stage or event in the development of sth Peer: a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you Phase: a stage in a process of change or development Rate: (noun) a measurement of the speed at which sth happens tc , t l The measurement of the number of times sth happens or exists during a particular period Stage: (noun) a period or state that sth/sb passes through while developing or making progress A separate part that a process, etc. is divided into Ex: The children are at different stages of development Toddler: (noun) a child who has only recently learnt to walk Transition: the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another Abstract: (adj) l thuyt, tru tng, khng thc t

Cognitive: (adj) connected with mental processes of understanding lin quan n nhn thc, da trn hiu bit Clumsy: (adj) vng v, lng ngng Fond: (adj) tru mn, yu mn, nung chiu Fully-grown: (adj) sinh trng y , trng thnh Immature: (adj) non nt, cha chnh chn Irresponsible: (adj) thiu tinh thn trch nhim Mature: (adj) trng thnh, chn chn, cn thn Patient: (adj) kin nhn, bn ch Rebellious: (adj) ni lon, kh tr Significant: (adj) c ngha, ng k Tolerant: (adj) khoan dung, d tha th Ex: her own mistakes make her very tolerant towards others Gesture: (v) to move your hands, head, face, etc. as a way of expressing what you mean or want Imitate: (v) to copy sb/sth To copy the way a person speaks or behaves, in order to make sb laugh Ex: she knew that the girls used to imitate her and laugh at her behind her back. Master: to learn or understand sth completely To manange to control an emotion Mature: (V) to become fully grown or developed Reminisce: (v) to think, talk or write about a happy time in your past Ex: We spent a happy evening about a happy time in your past Tantrum: (v) a sudden short period of angry, unreasonable behaviour, especially in a child To have/throw a tantrum Visualize: (v) to form a picture of sb/sth in your mind Bear in mind: to remember sb/sth; to remember or consider that Have sth in mind: to be thinking of sb/sth, especially for a particular job, etc.

Put your mind at ease/rest: to do or say sth to make sb stop worrying about sth Slip your mind: you forget it or forget to do it Keep an open mind: to be willing to listen to or accept new ideas or suggestions Adolescent: Typically: used to say that sth usually happens in the way that you are stating c trng, in hnh Ex: The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week. In a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular Ex: Mothers typically worry about their children. In the way that you expect sb/sth to behave Ex: He was typically modest about his achievement. Adolescent: a young person who is developing from a child into an adult Attempt: (v) trying to do sth Break-in: (n) an entry into a building using force, usually to steal sth Whereabouts: (n) the place where sb/sth is Ex: His whereabouts are/is still unknown. Policy: (n) chnh sch, ng li hot ng A written statement of a contract of insurance. Convert: (V) to change or make sth change from one form, purpose, system, etc. to another Add on: (v) to include or attach sth extra Allocation: (n) an amount of money, space, etc. that is given to sb for a particular purpose Orientation: (n) s nh hng hun luyn Corridor (n): a long narrow passage in a building, with doors that open into rooms on either side Emboss: (v) to put a raised design or piece of writing on paper, leather, etc. Hand sb over to sb: to let sb listen or speak to another person, especially on the telephone or in a news broadcast. class reunion: (n) hp lp peer pressure: (n) p lc ng trang la

compulsory (required) subject: (n) mn hc bt buc optional (elective) subject: mn hc t hc co-ed school: (n) trng c nm v n juvenile problem: (n) vn v thnh nin extracurricular activities: hot ng ngoi kha life-long education: (n) gio dc c i standardized test: bi test chun ha t g self-instruction: (v) t hc enroll for = sign up for up-to-date: (adj) update (v) get involved in = participate in = take part in via = through attend: (v) to be present at an event address: (v) to think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it put pressure on sb work under a lot of pressure from sb shift work: lm vic theo ca high(low)-paying job, well-paid job job performance self-employment, unemployment rate ensure: (v) to make sure that sth happens or its definite recession: (n) a difficult time for the economy of a country corruption: (n) tham nhng the financial crisis: (n) khng hong ti chnh the high inflation rate: (n) lm pht cao

the economy: (n) nn kinh t economic: (adj) the economic growth economics: (n) ngnh hc kinh t economist: (n) ngi nghin cu kinh t economize: (v) tit kim economical: (adj) tnh tit kim Aspect: (n) a particular part or feature of a situation, an idea, a problem, etc; a way in which it may be considered Attitude: (n) the way that you behave towards sb/sth that shows how you think Creative (adj): involved the use of skill and the imagination to produce sth new or a work of art Creativity (n): Fulfil: (v) to do or achive what was hoped for or expected Fulfilment: (n) s hon thnh Insight (n): the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations An understanding of what sth is like Ex: The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico Optimist: (n) a person who always expects good things to happen or things to be successful Optimize: (v) to make sth as good as it can be; to use sth in the best possible way Ex: to optimize the use of resources Outlook: (n) the attitude to life and the world of a particular person, group or culture Pessimist: (n) a person who always expects bad things to happen Realist: (n) a person who accepts and deals with a situation as it really is and does not try to pretend that it is different Im a realist I know you cant change people overnight. Risk-taking: (n) the practice of doing things that involve risks in order to achieve sth Self-expression: (n) the expression of your thoughts or feelings, especially through activities such as writing, painting, dancing, etc. Sense: (n) a feeling about sth important

Dissatisfied: (adj) not happy or satisfied with sb/sth Materialistic: (adj) caring more about money and possessions than anything else duy vt, thin v vt cht Recreational: (adj) connected with activities that people do for enjoyment when they are not working thuc v gii tr Motivate: (v) to be the reason why sb does sth or behaves in a particular way To make sb want to do sth, especially sth that involves hard work and effort Satisfy: (v) to make sb pleased by doing or giving them what they want To provide what is wanted, needed or asked for Living expenses: chi ph sinh hot Lifetime: (n) the length of time that sb lives or that sth lasts From all walks of life: mi thnh phn trong x hi Once in a lifetime opportunity: c hi c mt khng hai A lifelong ambition of mine A rise in petrol prices leads to a rise in the cost of living Clarify (v) to make sth clearer or easier to understand Appreciate (v) to understand that sth is true To recognize the good qualities of sb/sth Gossip (n) informal talk or stories about other peoples private lives, that may be unkind or not true Chuyn ngi l i mch, tm pho Argue (v) to give reasons why you think that sth is right/wrong, true/not true, etc, especially to persuade people that you are right Eventually (adv) at the end of a period of time or a series of events Evolution (v) the gradual development of plants, animals, etc. over many year as they adapt to changes in their environment Grooming (n) the things that you do to keep your clothes and hair clean and neat, or to keep an animals fur or hair clean Reliant (adj) needing sb/sth in order to survive, be successful, etc. da vo, nh cy tn nhim

Oppose (v) to disagree strongly with sbs plan, policy, etc. and try to change it or prevent it from succeeding Precursor (n) tin thn Opiate (n) thuc phin, kch thch Banter (n) giu ct, ni a Cohesive (adj) forming a united whole Utilize (v) to use sth, especially for a practical purpose Prevalent (adj) that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place Thnh hnh, ph bin Sympathetic (adj) kind to sb who is hurt or sad; showing that you understand and care about their problems Showing that you approve of sb/sth or that you share their views and are willing to support them Minor (adj) not very large, important or serious Secure (adj) feeling happy and confident about yourself or a particular situation Likely to continue or be successful for a long time (v) to obtain or achieve sth, especially when this means using a lot of effort Pattern (n) the regular way in which sth happens or is done An excellent example to copy Cease (v) to stop happening or existing; to stop sth from happening or existing Genuine (adj) real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial Sincere and honest; that can be trusted Congestion (n) the state of being crowded and full of traffic Freight (n) goods that are transported by ships, planes, trains or lorries/trucks; the system of transporting goods in this way Revert to sb/sth: to return to the original owner again Deplete (v) to reduce sth by a large amount so that there is not enough left Depletion (n) s thiu ht Scenario (n) kch bn, vin tng

Feasible (adj) that is possible and likely to be achieved Merit (n) phm cht xng ng c khen thng, cng lao Trial (n) s th thch, th nghim xt x Fraud (n) the crime of cheating sb in order to get money or goods illegally Verify (v) to check that sth is true or accurate Authorize (v) to give official permission for sth, or for sb to do sth Enforce (v) to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule Welfare (n) sc khe thnh vng Tin tr cp cho ngi tht nghip Abuse (n) the use of sth in a way that is wrong or harmful lm dng, ngc i, lng m, x nhc, hnh ng bt lng Roof (n) the structure that covers or forms the top of a building or vehicle Critic (n) nh ph bnh, ngi tr trch Stigmatize (v) to treat sb in a way that makes them feel that they are very bad or unimportant Recipient (n) a person who receives sth Skim (v) read sth quickly in order to find a particular point or the main points Tear tore torn: (v) to damage sth by pulling it apart or into pieces or by cutting it on sth sharp; to become damaged in this way Flicker (v,n) a light that shines in an unsteady way Leak (v) to allow liquid or gas to get in or out through a small hole or crack Spare (adj) kept in case you need to replace the one you usually use; extra Available to do what you want with rather than work Slippery (adj) difficult to hold or to stand or move on, because it is smooth, wet or polished Irritate (v) to annoy sb, especially by sth you continuously do or by sth that continuously happens To make your skin or a part your body sore or painful Ethical (adj) connected with beliefs and principles about what is right and wrong o c Oppressive (adj) treating people in a cruel and unfair way and not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people n p, p bc

Regime (n) a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way Ch Virtually (adv) almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important Anticipate (v) to expect sth on trc, lng trc Prompt (v) to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen thc y, ngay lp tc (adj) done without delay Impede (v) to delay or stop the progress of sth Hunt (v,n) an act for looking for sb/sth that is difficult to find Versus (v) used to show that two teams or sides are against each other vs Empirical (adj) based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories Interfere (v) to get involved in and try to influence a situation that does not concern you, in a way that annoys other people can thip, xa vo Assess (v) to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/sth nh gi Offset (v) n b Redundant (adj) not needed or useful b sa thi, d tha Marvellous (adj) wonderful Turn aside from: b qua, dp sang bn Recipe (n) cng thc lm mn n, cch lm, phng thc thc hin Defect (n) a fault in sth or in the way has been made which means that it is not perfect Be delivered of a baby: to give birth to a baby The baby was delivered by Caesarean Womb (n) the organ in women and female animals in which babies develop before they are born Foetus (n) a young human or animal before it is born, especially a human more than eight weeks after fertilization Cystic fibrosis (n) a serious medical condition that some people are born with, it often leads to infections and can result in early death x gan Muscular dystrophy (n) a medical condition that some people are born with in which the muscles gradually become weaker

Interrealtionship = interrelation (n) the way in which two or more things or people are connected and affect each other Discriminate = oppress (v) n p, bt cng Afflict (v) to affect sb/sth in an unpleasant or harmful way Ailment (n) an illness that is not very serious Objective (n) something that you are trying to achieve Anatomy (n) the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies Proof (n) information, documents, etc. that show that sth is true Caucasian (n) a member of any of the races of people who have pale skin Underlying (adj) nm di dng Sequence (n) chui cc s kin, con s Fundamental (adj): serious and very important; affecting the most central and important parts of sth c bn, ch yu Moral (adj) o c Counselling (n) professional advice about a problem Session (n) a period of time that is spent doing a particular activity phin hp Drop in: gh thm Ridiculous (adj) very silly or unreasonable Confine (v) to keep sb/sth inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc. Overtake (v) to go past a moving vehicle or person ahead of you because you are going faster than they are Verbal abuse (n) ci v, ci ln Rage (n) cn thnh n, gin d Inhabitant (n) a person or an animals that lives in a particular place Ex: a town of 11000 inhabitants the oldest inhabitant of the village Itinerary (n) a plan of journey, including the route and the places that you visit Adventurous (adj) willing to take risks and try new ideas; enjoying being in new, exciting situations Including new and interesting things, methods and ideas

Full of new, exciting or dangerous experiences Breathtaking (adj) very exciting or impressive; very surprising ngon mc Coastal (adj) of or near a coast Cosmopolitan: (adj) containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culture Luxurious (adj) very comfortable, containing expensive and enjoyable things Mountainous (adj) having many mountains a mountainous region Very large in size or amount; like a mountain Mountainous waves Picturesque (adj) pretty, especially in a way that looks old-fashioned a picturesque cottage Quaint (adj) attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way l l Scenic (adj) having beautiful natural scenery An area of scenic beauty Stunning (adj) extremely attractive or impressive tuyt vi Extremely surprising or shocking Tough (adj) cng ci, cng rn Rough (adj) g gh, th Unspoilt (adj) beautiful because it has not been changed or built on Fluctuate (v) to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc. especially from one extreme to another Thay i tht thng Spoil (v) to change sth good into sth bad, unpleasant, useless, etc. Theme (n) the subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art Fountain (n) i phun nc At times: some time Overlook (v) ngm c cnh Crisp (adj) pleasantly dry and cold Treacherous (adj) dangerous that cannot be trusted

Steep (adj) rising or falling quickly, not gradually Winding (adj) s un khc quanh co In advance of sth: before the time that is expected; before sth happens More developed than sb/sth else Malnutrition (n) a poor condition of health caused by a lack of food or a lack of the right type of food Immune (adj) that cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness Surgery (n) phu thut The time during which a doctor, dentist or vet is available to see patients Propel (v) to move, drive or push sth forward or in a particular direction To force sb to move in a particular direction or to get into a particular situation Thc y, a y Represent (v) to be a member of a group of people and act or speak on their behalf at an event, a meeting, etc. i din, tiu biu, in hnh Literally (adv) theo ngha en tht vy Reaction (n) phn lc trong vt l Principle: (n) a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions. nguyn tc o c A law, a rule or a theory that sth is based on nguyn l Civilization (n) nn vn minh khai ha Artefact (n) an object that is made by a person Analogous: (adj) similar in some way to another thing or situation and therefore able to be compared with it tng t Analogy (n) Chamber (n) a hall in a public building that is used for formal meetings A room used for the particular purpose that is mentioned Eject (v) to force sb to leave a place To push sth out suddenly and with a lot of force Cylindrical (adj) shaped like a cylinder (hnh tr)

String (n) si dy To and fro: backwards and forwards Discharge (v) phng ra Repel (v) to successfully fight sb who is attacking you, your country, etc. and drive them away Terminate (v) to end, to make sth end Construct (v) to build or make sth such as a road, building or machine Launcher (n) a device that is used to send a rocket, a missible, etc. into the sky Clinic (n): trung tm khm bnh, phng khm cha bnh Strain (n) pressure, worry or anxiety Counterproductive (adj) having the opposite effects to the one which was intended Immobile (adj) not moving Tense (adj) nervous or worried, and unable to relax Twist (v) to bend or turn sth into a particular shape Spine (n) xng sng Osteoporosis (n) chng long xng Slouch (v) to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward Posture (n) the position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting Alignment (n) arrangement in a straight line Ligament (n) dy chng Devastating (adj) causing a lot of damage and destruction Tn ph, gy hi, tn hi Take up: to start or begin sth to learn or start to do sth, especially for pleasure Attribute (v) to say or believe that sth is the result of a particular thing cho l Spouse (n) a husband or wife Exposure (n) tip xc c hi m khng c bo v Exhale (v) to breathe out the air or smoke, etc. in your lungs

Inhibit (v) to prevent sth from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequency than normal Consultant (n) a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people Ease (v) to become or to make sth less unpleasant, painful, severe, etc. Tension (n) a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and which may cause them to attack each other To feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax Patriotic (adj) having or expressing a great love of your country Hypothesis hypotheses (plural): (n) an idea or explanation of sth that is based on a few know facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct Guesses and ideas that are not based on certain knowledge Inductive (adj) quy np Interpretation (n) the particular way in which sth is understood or explained s gii thch Discourage (v) to try to prevent sth or to prevent sb from doing sth, especially by making it difficult to do or by showing that you do not Suffer (v) to be badly affected by a disease, pain, sadness, a lack of sth, etc. Myth (n) chuyn thn thoi Disorder: (n) an untidy state; a lack of order or organization An illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly ri lon Unbiased (adj) fair and not influenced by your own or sb elses opinions, desires, etc. khng thnh kin, khng thin v Inquiry = enquiry Discard (v) to get rid of sth that you no longer want or need Rigorous (adj) done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail Demanding that particular rules, processes, etc. are strictly followed Khc khe nghim ngt Apparently: (adv) according to what you have heard or read; according to the way sth appears nhn bn ngoi, hnh nh Practitioner (n) a person who works in a profession, especially medicine or law

Archaeologist (n) a person who studies archaeology (kho c hc) Era (n) a period time, usually in history, that is different from other periods because of particular characteristics or events Excavation (n) the activity of digging in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time A place where people are digging to look for old buildings or objects Middle Ages: thi trung c chu u 1000 1450 Millenium millenia (plural): a period of 1000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ Pioneer (n) a person who is the first to study and develop a particular area of knowledge, culture, etc. that other people then continue to develop Timeline (n) a horizontal line that is used to represent time, with the past towards the left and the future towards the right Chronological (adj) arranged in the order in which they happened theo nin i, theo th t nin i, theo thi gian Consecutive (adj) following one after another in a series, without interruption Lin tc, lin tip, gn nhau Imminent (adj) likely to happen very soon Middleaged (adj) neither young nor old People who are middle-aged Nostalgia (n) a feeling of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when you think of happy times in the past hoi c, luyn tic Prehistoric (adj) connected with the time in history before information was written down Tin s Punctual (adj) happening or doing sth at the arranged or correct time, not late Timeconsuming (adj) taking or needing a lot of time Infer (v) to reach an opion or decide that sth is true on the basis of information that is available suy ra, lun ra, gi Predate (v) to be built or formed, or to happen, at an earlier date than sth else in the past Span (v) to last all through a period of time or to cover the whole of it

Lose track of time = forget what time it was On time: at exactly the correct time One time: once In time: not late, with enough time to be able to do sth Subsequently (adv) afterwards; later; after sth else has happened In advance: before the time that is expected; before sth happens Succession (n) a number of people or things that follow each other in time or order lin tip Precede (v) to happen before sth or come before sth/sb in order Erect (v) to build sth Pine (n) cy thng Ditch (n) a long channel dug at the side of a field or road, to hold or take away water ho rnh, mng Carve (v) chm, c pastureland (n) land where animals can feed on grass hunter-gatherer (n) a member of a group of people who do not live in one place but move around and live by hunting, fishing and gathering plants ngi thi k tin s sn bt hi lm post (n) ct tr astronomical (adj) connected with astronomy (thin vn hc) interval (n) a period of time between two events wear away: to become, or make sth become, gradually thinner or smoother by continuously using rubbing it antique (adj) old and often valuable antiquated (adj) old-fashion an no longer suitable for mordern conditions skull (n) the bone structure that forms the head and surrounds anh protects the brain reliable (adj) that can be trusted to do sth well, that you can rely on remedy (n) a treatment or medicine to cure a disease or reduce pain that is not very serious antibiotic (n) a subtance, for example penicillin, that can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections thuc khng sinh

prescribe (v) to tell sb to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a prescription for a particular medicine, etc. at/in/to the forefront (n) tin tuyn extract (v) nh rng Placement (n) the act of finding sb a suitable job or place to live Sufficient (adj) enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need Query (n) a question, especially one asking for information or expressing a doubt about sth Regarding: concerning sb/sth; about sb/sth Outing (n) a trip that you go on for pleasure or education, usually with a group of people and lasting no more than one day Pursue (v) to do sth or try to achieve sth over a period of time Call (v) phone shout visit Democratic (adj) dn ch Frown upon sth: to disapprove of sb/sth Focal (adj) central, very important; connected with or providing a focus Reverse (v) to change sth completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before Emphasis (n) special importance that is given to sth tm quan trng Ambiguity (n) c nhiu ngha m h Heighten (v) tng thm Faith (n) trust in sbs ability or knowledge; trust that sb/sth will do what has been promised Strong religious belief Compile (v) to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc Subsidize (v): to give money to sb or an organization to help pay for sth Exploitation (n) the use of land, oil, minerals, etc Plough (n) ci cy, t cy (v) cy Irrigate (v) to supply water to an area of land through pipes or channels so that crops will grow

Abandonment (n) the act of leaving a person, thing or place with no intention of returning The act of giving up an idea or stopping an activity with no intention of returning to it S b, rung b Intensive (adj): cao , tp trung chuyn su Intensive farming: thm canh Immense (adj) extremely large or great Scrap (v) to cancel or get rid of sth that is no longer practical or useful Incentive (n) sth that encourages you to do sth s khch l ng vin Payment (n) a sum of money paid or expected to be paid Fallow (adj) not used for growing crops, especially so that the quality of the land will improve B hoang Degrade (v): to make sth become worse, especially in quality Overlap (v) chng ln nhau, gi ln nhau Constraint (n) a thing that limits or restricts sth, or your freedom to do sth Impose (v) p t, bt ai phi chu ci g Stairway (n) a set of stairs inside or outside a building Strip (n) a long narrow piece of paper, metal, cloth, etc. mnh vi, giy Beetle (n) an insect, often large and black, with a hard case on its back, covering its wings. There are several types of beetle Dung (n) the droppings or excreta of animals Cow pats (n): droppings of cows ng phn b Pasture: (n) land covered with grass that is suitable for feeding animals on Excavate (v) to dig in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time, to find sth by digging in this way To make a hole, etc, in the ground by digging Abandon (v) b Cattle (n) cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat

Marginally (adv) very slightly, not very much Animal kingdom: gii ng vt Burrow (v) to make a hole or a tunnel in the ground by digging Den (n) the hidden home of some types of wild animal Disaster (n) an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood or a fire, that kills a lot of people or causes a lot of damage Ecology (n) sinh thi hc The relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment Extinction (n) a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life, etc. stops existing Fauna (n) all the animals living in an area or in a particular period of history Flora (n) the plants of a particular area, type of environment or period of time Genetics (n) di truyn hc Human nature (n) bn cht con ngi the ways of behaving, thinking and feeling that are shared by most people and are considered to be normal mother nature (n) the natural world, when you consider it as a force that affects the world and humans thin nhin, ng to ha Predator (n) an animal that kills and eats other animals A person or an organization that uses weaker people for their own advantage Prey (n) an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another Repercussion (n) an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards hu qu, di li Scent (n) a pleasant smell that sth has The smell that a person or an animal leaves behind and that other animals such as dogs can follow Ex: The air was filled with the scent of wild flowers. Vegetation (n) plants in general, especially the plants that are found in a particular area or environment Vermin (n) wild animals or birds that destroy plants or food, or attack farm animals and birds Insects that live on the bodies of animals and sometimes humans

Weed (n) a wild plant growing where it is not wanted, especially among crops or garden plants Arid (adj) having little or no rain, very dry Catastrophic (adj) thm khc, th thm Disastrous (adj) thm ha, thm khc Domesticate (v) to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans To grow plants or crops for human use Genetically- modified (adj) having had its genetic structure changed artificially, so that it will produce more fruit or not be affected by disease Ex: genetically modified foods Native (adj) connected with the place where you were born and lived for the first years of your life Existing naturally in a place Semi-arid (adj) dry, with little rain Vulnerable (adj): weak and easily hurt or emotionally Combat (n) fighting or a fight, especially during a time of war Cultivate (v) to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops To grow plants or crops Cultivation (n): the preparation and use of land for growing plants or crops Eradicate (v) to destroy or get rid of sth completely, especially sth bad Hibernate (v) to spend the winter in a state like deep sleep Tolerate (v) tha th, chu ng Curry (n) c ry Lentil (n) cy u lng Newsletter (n) a printed report containing news of the activities of a club or organization that is sent regularly to all its members Hang over sb: if sth bad or unpleasant is hanging over you, you think about it and worry about it a lot because it is happening or might happen Straightforward (adj) easy to do or to understand; not complicated Backup (n) extra help or support that you can get if necessary

Put sth up: to fix sth in a place where it will be seen put up a notice Issue (v) to give sth to sb, especially officially Ritually (adv) l nghi Ritual (n) l nghi Ethnography (n) dn tc hc Riot (n) a situation in which a group of people behave in a violent way in a public place, often as a protest Irritable (adj) getting annoyed easily; showing your anger D cu knh Possibly (adv) c l, c th Puzzle (n) a game that you have to think about carefully in order to answer it or do it Cu , tr chi nhm kim tra kin thc Jigsaw = puzzle: xp hnh Handicapped (adj) b tt nguyn Visual (adj) of or connected with seeing or sight Electrics (n) the system of electrical wires in a house, car or machine Sheep (n) cu Poultry (n) chickens, ducks, kept for their meat or eggs Livestock (n) the animals kept on a farm Tough (adj) having or causing problems or difficulties a tough childhood Difficult to cut or chew Ostrich (n) iu Breed (v) sinh sn Delicate (adj) mm mi mnh manh Hide (v) trn (n) an animals skin for sell Biltong (n) raw dry meat that is eaten in small pieces. Biltong is preserved by being treated with salt

Fertilize (v) th tinh, th phn Capital (n) a large amount of money that is invested or is used to start a business Incubator (n) a piece of equipment in a hospital which new babies are placed in when they are weak or born too early, in order to help them survive A machine like a box where eggs are kept warm until the young birds are born Intervene (v) xen vo, can thip vo Endure (v) : to experience and deal with sth that is painful or unpleasant, especially without complaining To to continue to exist for a long time Relic (n) an object, a tradition, a system, etc. that has survived from the past Du tch, di ch, di vt Trace (n) a mark, an object or a sign that shows that sb/sth existed or was present (v) to find or discover sb/sth by looking carefully for them/it Elaborate (adj) very complicated and detailed, carefully prepared and organized Dismiss (v) to decide that sb/sth is not important and not worth thinking or talking about Ruin (n) the state or process of being destroyed or severely damaged decay (n) the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for tnh trng su rng sustain (v) to provide enough of what sb/sth needs in order to live or exist to make sth continue for some time without becoming less misconception (n) s quan nim sai, s nhn thc sai casualty (n) vt, ngi b tn thng indigenous (adj) belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else bn x, bn a unfit (adj) khng t tiu chun, khng thch hp depict (v) m t Pot plant = plant pot (n) a container for growing plants in

Be par for the course (n) to be just what you would expect to happen or expect sb to do in a particular situation in hnh, thng thng, ph thng Division (n) s phn chia Broad (adj) wide Margin (n) the empty space at the side of a written or printed page Chronology (n) the order in which a series of events happened; a list of these events in order Monitor (v) to watch and check sth over a period of time in order to see how it develops, so that you can make any necessary changes Offender (n) a person or thing that does sth wrong Vocal (adj) telling people your opinions or protesting about sth loudly and with confidence Connected with the voice Acute: (adj) very serious or severe Intense: (adj) very great, very strong Suffragette (n) a member of a group of women who, in Britain and the US in the early part of the 20th century, worked to get the right for women to vote in political elections Movement (n) a group of people who share the same ideas or aims Devote sth to sth: (v) to give an amount of time, attention, etc. to sth Violence (n) physical or emotional force and energy Enfranchise (v) to give sb the right to vote in an election Confine (v) to keep sb/sth inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc. Opponent (n) a person that you are playing or fighting against in a game, competition, argument, etc. Devise: (v) to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth Fierce (adj) angry and aggressive in a way that is frightening Investigate (v) to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc. to find the truth about it or how it happened Vacuum flask (n) a container like a bottle with double walls with a vacuum between them, used for keeping liquids hot or cold

Burglary (n) the crime of entering a building illegally and stealing things from it Entail (v) to involve sth that cannot be avoided Assign (v) to give sb sth that they can use, or some work or responsibility Overstaffed (Adj) having more workers than are needed Leadership skills Seek sought: try to obtain or achieve sth try to do sth Substantial (adj) large in amount, value or importance Cot (n) a small bed with high sides for a baby or young child Verdict (n) a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if sb is considered guilty of a crime or not A decision that you make or an opinion that you give about sth, after you have tested it or considered it carefully Brake (n) a device for slowing or stopping a vehicle Base (n) the lowest part of sth, especially the part or surface on which it rests or stands Ex: the lamp has a heavy base. Detach (v) to remove sth from sth larger, to become separated from sth To leave or separate yourself from sb/sth Rust (v) g Pretension (n) tnh t ph Poverty (n) the state of being poor Poverty cycle Crisis (n) a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made Pension (n) an amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to sb who is considered to be too old or too ill/sick to work Informed (adj) having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation Am hiu Initiative: (n) a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose The ability to decide and act on your own without waiting for sb to tell you what to do

Coursework (n) work that students do during a course of study, not in exams, that is included in their final mark/grade Confer (v) to discuss sth with sb, in order to exchange opinions or get advice To give sb an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right Stability (n) the quality or state of being steady and not changing or being disturbed in any way S n nh Cornerstone (n) the most important part of sth that the rest depends on Contemporary (adj) belonging to the present time Scholarly (adj) connected with academic study Subtlety (n) the small but important details or aspects of sth Tinh vi s t m Precedent (n) a similar action or event that happened earlier Underestimate (v) to think or guess that the amount, cost or size of sth is smaller than it really is Comply (v) to obey a rule, an order, etc. Procedure (n) a way of doing sth, especially the usual or correct way Discharge (v) to release force or power Urge (n) strong desire to do sth (v) to advise or try hard to persuade sb to do sth Trait (n) a particular quality in your personality Surrender (v) to give up sth/sb when you are forced to u hng Self-sacrifice (n) the act of not allowing yourself to have or do sth in order to help other people S hy sinh, qun mnh Discipline (n) the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not, the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training Malevolent (adj) having or showing a desire to harm other people Institutional (adj) thuc c quan c tnh cht c quan

Merge (v) to combine or make two or more things combine to form a single thing Hard-wired (adj) present when you are born and not changing during your life Dictate (v) ra lnh Radically (adv) c bn, tn gc, trit Forgo (v) thi, b Sake (n) quyn li, li ch Elucidate (v) to make sth clearer by explaining it more fully Nurture (n) s chm sc, khuyn khch, ng h Exaggerate (v) to make sth seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is Restrict (v) to limit the size, amount or range of sth To stop sb/sth from moving or acting freely Cure: (v) to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness (n) something that will solve a problem, improve a bad situation, etc Accelerate (v) to happen or to make sth happen faster or earlier than expected Transient (adj) continuing for only a short time Urgent (adj) that needs to be dealt with or happen immediately Showing that you think that sth needs to be dealt with immediately Pressing (adj) needing to be dealt with immediately Bushwalk (n) cuc hnh trnh xuyn rng Provisional (adj) tm thi Issue (v) pht ra Minibus (n) small vehicle with seats for about twelve people Lopsided (adj) nghing hn v mt bn Impression (n) n tng Overwhelming (adj) very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react t hn, tri hn

Lobby (n) a group of people who try to influence politicians on a particular issue Scepticism (n) ch ngha hoi nghi Selfless (adj) thinking more about the needs, happiness, etc. of other people than about your own V tha Distribute (v) to give things to a large number of people, to share sth between a number of people Overhead = overheads (n) regular costs that you have when you are running a business or an organization, such as rent, electricity, wages, etc. Expense (n) the money that you spend on sth Strip sth down (v) to separate a machine, etc. into parts so that they can be cleaned or repaired Spare part (n) a new part that you buy to replace an old or broken part of a car, machine, etc. Cling clung (v) bm cht, dnh cht trung thnh Committee (n) a group of people who are chosen, usually by a larger group, to make decisions or to deal with a particular subject Foster (v) to encourage sth to develop hostile (adj) very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight bt li, c hi ultimate (adj) happening at the end of a long process cui cng most extreme; best, worst, greatest, most important, etc survival (n) cn st li fall into the category: a group of people or things with particular features in common break off: to become separated from sth as a result of force Integrate (v) to combine two or more things so that they work together To become or make sb become accepted as a member of a social group, especially when they come from a different culture Ice shelf (n) a layer of ice that is attached to land and covers a large area of sea Sledge (n) a vehicle for travelling over snow and ice, with long narrow strips of wood or metal instead of wheels. Lager sledges are pulled by horses or dogs and smaller ones are used for going down hills as a sport or for pleasure

Crush (v) to press or squeeze sth so hard that it is damaged or injured or loses it shape Platform (n) a raised level surface, for example one that equipment stands on or is operated form Rations (n) a fixed amount of food given regularly to a soldier or to sb who is in place where there is not much food available Compact (adj) smaller than is usual for things of the same kind Appeal: (n) a formal request to a court for a judgement to be changed (n) a quality that makes sb attractive or interesting (n) yu cu khn khon (v) to make a formal request to a court or to sb in authority for a judgement or a decision to be changed (v) to attract or interest sb Indicator (n) a sign that shows you what sth is like or how a situation is changing Ch th Tutorial (n) a period of teaching in a university that involves discussion between an individual student or a small group of students and a tutor Slang (n) very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people, for example, children, criminals, soldiers, etc Drab (adj) xm xt Tone (n) tng mu Disdain (n) the feeling that sb/sth is not good enough to deserve your respect or attention Xem thng Unparalleled (adj) used to emphasize that sth is bigger, better or worse than anything else like it Mould (n) khun Extract (v) trch, chit, rt ra Superiority (n) vt tri hn Humour (n) s hi hc External (adj) connected with located on the outside of sth/sb Internal (adj) >< external

Laughter (n) ting ci Puncture (v) to make a small hole in sth; to get a small hole m thng Puchline (n) the last few words of a joke that make it funny Interpretation (n) the particular way in which sth is understood or explained Interpreter (n) a person whose job is to translate what sb is saying into another language Presume (v) to suppose that sth is true, although you do not have actual proof Manual (adj) operated or controlled by hand rather than autmatically or using electricity, etc Valuation (n) a professional judgement about how much money sth is worth, its estimated value Reasonalbe (adj) fairly good, but not very good Incinerate (v) to burn sth until it is completely destroyed Incineration (n) Virgin (adj) in its original pure or natural condition and not changed, touched or spoiled Drop off (n) dng xe a ci g n ni no v li ni y Over and over again: many times, repeatedly Oddly (adv) in a strange or unusual way Fibreglass (n) si thy tinh Stationery (n) materials for writing and for using in an office, for example paper, pens and envelopes Special paper for writing letters on Taper (v) vut, thon, nhn Evenly (adv) u Delighted (adj) very pleased vui mng, hi lng Conditioner (n) cht iu ha du x nc x vi Outline (n) a description of the main facts or points involved in sth Handout (n) a free document that gives information about an event or a matter of public interest, or that states the views of a political party, etc. Text (n) a book, play, etc. especially one studied for an exam

Reserve (n) a supply of sth that is available to be used in the future or when it is needed Battlefield (n) a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought Camouflage (n) a way of hiding soldiers and military equipment, using paint, leaves or nets, so that they look like part of their surroundings Sediment (n) the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid Erode (v) to gradually destroy the surface of sth through the action of wind, rain, etc; to be gradually destroyed in this way Coin (v) to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use Expression (n) cm t Perception (n) s nhn thc, quan im, suy ngh Prospect (n) an idea of what might or will happen in the future Opt: (v) to choose to take or not to take a particular course of action chn la Opt in opt out Justify (v) to show that sb/sth is right or reasonable To give an explanation or excuse for sth or for doing sth Postal (adj) connected with the official system for sending and delivering letters, etc. Involving things that are sent by post Literate (adj) able to read and write Illiterate (adj) not knowing how to read or write Debatable (adj) not certain because people can have different ideas and opinions about the thing being discussed ng ng Critical (adj) involving making fair, careful judgements about the good and bad qualities of sb/sth Ph phn, ch trch Acknowledge (v) to accept that sth is true Chp nhn, cng nhn Expand (v) to become greater in size, number or importance; to make sth greater in size, number or importance

Journalism: the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television. Journal (n) a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession Phase sth out: to stop using sth gradually in stages over a period of time Oversee (v) to watch sb/sth and make sure that a job or an activity is done correctly Guest (n) a person that you have invited to your house or to a particular event that you are paying for Vegetarian (n) a person who does not eat meat or fish Intermediate (adj) having more than a basic knowledge of sth but not yet advanced; suitable for sb who is at this level Extension (n) an extra period of time allowed for sth Interest (n) the extra money that you pay back when you borrow money or that you receive when you invest money Back (v) to give help or support to sb/sth Assume: (v) to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it cho rng, tha nhn A foregone conclusion: if you say that sth is a foregone conclusion, you mean that it is a result that is certain to happen Be to blame: to be responsible for sth bad Suppress (v) to prevent sth from being published or made known The tip of the iceberg: only a small part of a much larger problem Shatter (v) to suddenly break into small pieces; to make sth suddenly break into small pieces Fragment (n) a small part of sth that has broken off or comes from sth larger Dispute (v) to fight to get control of sth or to win sth Tranh lun Incidence (n) phm vi tc ng Turn to crime: phm php Commit a crime Circumstance (n) the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action

iu kin hon cnh tnh hung Cue (n) an action or event that is a signal for sb to do sth m hiu Rhythm (n) a strong regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements Nhp iu No doubt: khng cn nghi ng g na Little doubt: gn nh khng th nghi ng Transparent (adj) trong sut Fragile (adj) easily broken or damaged Invader (n) qun xm lc Conquer (v) to take control of a country or city and its people by force Restriction (n) a rule or law that limits what you can do or what can happen Dock (n) a part of a port where ships are repaired, or where goods are put onto or taken off them Marshland = marsh (n) an area of soft wet land Damp (adj) slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant tiny (adj) very small in size or amount employ (v) to use sth such as a skill, method, etc. for a particular purpose narrow (v) thu hp, lm cho hp reproduce (v) to make a copy of a picture, piece of text, etc. obstacle (n) chng ngi vt, s cn tr expertise (n) expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject, activity or job premises (n) the building and land near to it that a business owns or uses wheelchair (n) a special chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk because of illness, an accident, etc legroom (n) the amount of space available for your legs when you are sitting in a car, plane, theatre, etc Curtain (n) a piece of cloth that is hung to cover a window Presumably (adv) used to say that you think sth is probably true

Refectory (n) a large room in which meals are served, especially in a religious institution and in some schools and colleges in Britain Worth (n) an amount of sth that has the value mentioned Output (n) the amount of sth that a person, a machine or an organization produces Dominant (adj) more important, powerful than others Dominate (v) chi phi, tri hn Improvement (n) the act of making sth better; the process of sth becoming better Tariff (n) a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country Thu xut nhp khu Cargo (n) the goods carried in a ship or plane Deter (v) to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth, especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions ngn cn, ngn chn Machinery (n) machines as a group, especially large ones Hardship (n) a situation that is difficult and unpleasant because you do not have enough money, food, clothes, etc Terrain (n) used to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features, for example, if it is rough, flat, etc. a hnh, a vt Colonist (n) a person who settles in an area that has become a colony Provisions (n) supplies of food and drink, especially for a long journey Content (adj) willing to do sth Jealous (adj) ghen ght, k Guard (v) to protect property, places or people from attack or danger Autonomy (n) khu t tr, ch Territory (n) land that is under the control of a particular country or ruler Lnh th Tide (n) thy triu Ashore (adv) towards, onto or on land, having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river Occurrence (n) something that happens or exists

Parasite (n) a small animal or plant that lives on or inside another animal or plants and gets its food from it Strand (v) to make a boat, fish, whale, etc. be left on land and unable to return to the water worm (n) a long thin creatures that live inside the bodies of humans or animals and can cause illness Navigate (v) nh hng, tm ng Tuna (n) c ng Prey (n) an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another Spread out: to separate from other people in a group, to cover a larger area Apart from: except for In addition to, as well as Prompt (v) thc y Malaria (n) bnh st rt Frustrate (v): to make sb feel annoyed because they cant do or achieve what they want Lm tht bi, lm v mng, lm nn lng Likelihood (n) the chance of sth happening; how likely sth is to happen Kh nng xy ra Vast (adj) extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. Life expectancy (n) the number of years that a person is likely to live; the length of time that sth is likely to exist or continue for Promptly (adv) without delay Appropriate (adj) suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances Proper (adj) right, appropriate or correct; according to the rules Properly (adv) Affect (v) to produce a change in sb/sth Educationalist (n) a specialist in theories and methods of teaching Accomplish (v) to succeed in doing or completing sth Linguistic (adj) connected with language or the scientific study of language

Linguist (n) a person who knows several foreign languages well Fluency (n) Fluently (adv) Phenomenon (n) a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood Optimum (adj) the best possible; producing the best possible results Migrate (v) to move from one part of the world to another according to the season Invasion (n) the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it Equivalent (adj,n) equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc. Gill (n) one of the openings on the side of a fishs head that it breathes through Vacancy (n) a job that is available for sb to do Keep-fit (n) physical exercises that you do, usually in a class with other people, in order to improve your strength and to stay healthy Keep-fit studio Yoga (n) Salad bar (n) where serve salad Vice versa (adv) used to say that the opposite of what you have just said is also true Assessment (n) an opinion or a judgement about sb/sth that has been thought about very carefully Primarily (adv) mainly Castle (n) Undersea (adj) Bottle top (n) nt chai Silver paper (n) very thin, shiny sheets of aluminium that are used for wrapping chocolate, etc. Glue (n,v) a sticky substance that is used for joining things together Entire (adj) including everything, everyone or every part Tension (n) tnh trng cng thng Reel (n) cun (phim) Deteriorate (v) to become worse

Catalogue (n) Checklist (n) a list of the things that you must remember to do, to take with you or to find out Discipline (n) s rn luyn k lut Embark upon/ on sth: to start to do sth new or difficult Democratic (adj) dn ch Favoured (adj) c hng n hu Dispersal (n) the process of sending sb/sth in different directions; the process of spreading sth over a wide area Nursing (n) the job or skill of caring people who are sick or injured Shared area Bedsit (n) a room that a person rents and uses for both living and sleeping in Interpret (v) to explain the meaning of sth understand it in this way Perception (n) s nhn thc Pitfall (n) a danger or difficult, especially one that is hidden or not obvious at first Trap Unusually (adv) khc thng, cc k Conjecture (n) an opinion or idea that is not based on definite knowledge and is formed by guessing Phng on, c on Extraordinary (adj) unexpected, surprising or strange Phi thng, khc thng Trivial (adj) not important or serious, not worth considering Demanding (adj) needing a lot of skill, patience, effort, etc. i hi kht khe Broadcast = show = tv programme Reality (adj) Valuable (adj) Creation (n)

Ventilate (v) ventilation (n) Hypothesis (n) gi thuyt Manage (v) to succeed in doing sth, especially sth difficult Pave the way for sb/sth: m ng cho Footbridge (n) a narrow bridge used only by people who are walking On the market: available for people to buy Tenant (n) a person who pays rent for the use of a room, building, land, etc. to the person who owns it Cock and bull story (n) truyn ng ngn Primitive (adj) belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc Very simple and old-fashioned, especially when sth is also not convenient and comfortable Nguyn thy, c xa Grain (n) the small hard seeds of food plants such as wheat, rice, etc; a single seed of such plant Consist of sth/sb: bao gm Pot (n) ci ni Pottery (n) gm Embed (v) gn vo, dnh cht vo Biased (adj) c thnh kin, khng cng bng, bt cng, thin v Storyline (n) the basic story in a novel, play, film/movie, etc. Novelty (adj) tnh mi Overwhelmingly (adv) tri hn, t hn Stick to sth: to continue doing sth despite difficulties Mortal (n) a human, especially an ordinary person with little power or influence Sunshade (n) a light umbrella or other object such as an awning, that is used to protect people from hot sun Barbecue (n) Terrace (n) the same balcony Capture (v) catch control

Representative (n) a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for sb else or on behalf of a group Relative (n) a person who is in the same family as sb else Insulation (n) the act of protecting sth with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through; the materials used for this Tide (n) a regular rise and fall in the level of the sea, caused by the pull of the moon and sun; the flow of water that happens as the sea rises and falls Objection (n) a reason why you do not like or are opposed to sth; a statement about this S phn i Unlikely (adj) not likely to happen; not probable Difficult to believe Relatively (adv) to a fairly large degree, especially in comparison to sth else Tng i, kh Comparatively = relatively Ail (v) to cause problems for sb/sth To make sb ill/sick Undercut (v) to sell goods or services at a lower price than your competitors To make sb/sth weaker or less likely to be effective Omit (v) to not do or fail to do sth b st, b qun Incident (n) sth that happens, especially sth unusual or unpleasant A serious or violent event, such as crime, an accident or an attack Account (n) a written or spoken description of sth that has happened Bn bo co, bn miu t Shun (v) to avoid sb/sth Acclaim (n) tung h, danh ting Fame (n) a state of being known and talked about by many people Fundamental (adj) serious and very important; affecting the most central and important parts of sth Interpret (v) to explain the meaning of sth

Anticipate (v) on trc Probe (n) a spacecraft without people on board which obtains information and sends it back to earth ng thm d advocate (n) ngi ng h misrepresent (v) xuyn tc, bp mo prescriptive (adj) quy tc descriptive (adj) saying how language is actually used, without giving rules for how it should be used statistic (n) statistics: a collection of information shown in numbers the science of collecting and analysing statistics confidence (n) confident (adj) physician (n) a doctor, especially one who is a specialist in general medicine and not surgery prescribe (v) to tell sb to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a prescription for a particular medicine, etc. tremendous (adj) very great extremely good loyal (adj) trung thnh sample (n) mu hard-wearing (adj) the lasts a long time and remains in good condition boutique (n) a small shop/store that sells fashionable clothes or expensive gifts at the height of fashion (adj) fashionable up-to-the-minute (adj) the most recent