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DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL h (soil) (con) q (SBC) fck fy cbc st Ca = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 9.80 30 18 25 0.

5 300
20 415

m degree kN/cu m kN/cu m kN/sq m N/mm2 N/mm2 Mpa Mpa

7 150

Cp

(1-sin )/(1+sin ) (1-sin30)/(1+sin30) 0.333 (1+sin )/(1-sin ) (1+sin30)/(1-sin30) 3.00

0.3

591.275

9.00 Pa h/3 582.275 0.8 Ca h W5 1.5

W1 W2 W3

0.65 3.5 5

W4

0.6

Design Constants :

m k j Q

= = = =

13.33 0.38 0.87 1.17

Priliminary Praportions:Counterfort:Spacing = = = = = = = = = h/3 to h/5 9.8/3 to 9.8/2 3.27 to 4.9 m 3.02 m 0.05h 0.05 x 9.8 0.49 0.5 0.05h 0.05 x 9.8 0.49 0.6 0.08h 0.08 x 9.8 0.784 0.8 0.06h 0.06 x 9.8 0.588 0.65 1.5 x 1.5 x 3.27 4.9 5

Adopt Thickness

Adopt Heal Slab thickness

m m

Adopt Toe Slab thickness

= =

m m

Adopt Stem thickness

= =

m m

Adopt Length of Base Slab L

= = = = = = =

m m

Adopt x

m m

h x (Ca/3)^0.5 9.8x (0.33/3)^0.5 3.27 m

Stability against overturning :Forces due to active pressure (per m length of wall) Pa = = = Ca h2/2 0.5 x 0.333 x 18 x 9.8^2 288 kN

Overturning moment (per m length of wall)

Mo

= =

Pa x h/3 288.12 x 9.8/3 941 kN m

Line of action of resultant of vertical forces w.r.t heel,considering 1 m length of the wall Force (kN) - W 18x(3.5-0.3) x(9.8-0.6) 25x(0.3) x(9.8-0.6) (25-18)x0.5x(0.65-0.3) x(9.8-0.6) 25x(0.6) x(3.5) 25x(0.8) x(1.5) Distance from heel(m) 0.5x(3.5-0.3) 1.6 3.5-(0.3/2) 3.35 3.5-0.3-(0.65-0.3)/3 3.08 0.5 x3.5 1.75 0.5 x1.5 0.75

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5

529.92 69 11.27 52.5 30 693

Mom(kNm) - Mw 529.92 x 1.6 69 x 3.35 11.27 x 3.08 52.5 x 1.75 30 x 0.75

848 231 35 92 23 1228

Distance of resultant vertical force from heel,Xw =Mw/W

Stabilising moment (about toe):Mr=W(L-Xw) (per m length of wall) =

1228/693 1.77 m 692.69x (5-1.77) = 2235 kNm =

(F.O.S)overturning = 0,9 Mr/Mo

= 0.9 x2235.3 / 941.2 = 2.14 > 1.4 SAFE

Soil Pressure @ footing base:Resultant vertical reaction R = W (per m length of wall) Distance of R from heel Lr = (Mw +Mo)/R Eccentricity e = Lr -0.5 L q min =R/L (1-(6e/L)) q max =R/L(1+(6e/L)) = = 3.13-5/2 = (1228+941.19)/693 0.63 m 33.51 243.57 693 3.13 <L/6 =0.83 > > 0 300 kN m

693/5(1-6 x0.63/5) = 693/5(1+6 x0.63/5) =

525 0.63 693

33.51 243.57 5 Stability against Sliding:Sliding force = Pa = 288.12 kN 0.5x693= 346 > Pa < kN 3.13

Restoring force (ignoring Passive pressure) F = R

(F.O.S)sliding = 0.9 F/Pa

= 0.9 x346 / 288.12 =

1.08

1.4 UNSAFE

Hence, a shear key needs to be provided to generate the balance force through passive resistance. Reqd Pp = 1.4 x 288.12-0.9 x346 91.66 kN (per m length of wall)

h2 30 Cp h2 2.3 Provide b d = = @ 0.3 0.3 2.3 m m m from toe

= = Pp = = = (F.O.S)sliding = 0.9 F/Pa

h2

0.8+(2.3*(TAN(30*PI()/180)))+0.3 2.43 m Cp (h22 -t2) 3x18x(2.43^2-0.8^2) 284 kN = 0.9 x(346+284) / 288.12 1.97 >

1.4 SAFE

Design of toe slab :1.5 20 0.65 2.85 180.6

180.55 243.57

153.24 5

33.51

147.09 27.36 160.55 223.57

Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Shear force,Vu Bending Moment,Mu

= = = = = = =

50 20 740

mm mm mm

(223.57+160.55) x 0.5 x(1.5-(0.74) 146.0 kN/m (0.5 x160.55x1.5^2)+((223.57-160.55)x0.5x1.5^2x2/3) 227.88 kNm/m = 145.96x10^3/(10^3x740) = 0.20 Mpa 0.20 Mpa 0.2 % = =227.88x10^6/(0.87x150x740) =

Nominal Shear stress,v = Vu/bd Reqd pt for M20 concrete & = Required Area of Steel Provide
20

1600 2354

sq mm sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = = 20 mm2 314 (314.16/2354)x1000 133 mm mm dia bars @

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

120 47x20=

mm c/c 940 mm

The bars should extend by at least a distance Ld = 47 beyond the front face of the stem,on both sides

Distribution Steel:

0.1% of bd Spacing 12

Hence Provie Design of Heel slab :-

= 0.1 x 800x1000/100 = = (113.04/800)x1000 = 141 mm mm dia bars @ 140

800

mm c/c

For continuous beam action:Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth = = = 50 16 542 mm mm mm

Intensity of pressure @ 1 m from the free edge Average Loading on the strip Effective Span,l = =(147.09+105.08)x0.5 126.08 kN/sq m (542/1000)+3.02 = 3.56

m 147.09

105.08

0.5 3.02 Toe Slab

Counterfort Heel Slab

0.5

1 2.85 Max negative moment occuring in the heel slab @ counterfort location :Mu -ve = wu l2 /12 =126.08x3.562x3.562/12 = (STAAD) Max mid span moment :Mu +ve = wu l2 /16 =126.08x3.562x3.562/16 = (STAAD) Design shear force :Vu =wu (clear span/2 -d) = 122.05 (STAAD) 182.66 =126.08x((3.02x0.5)-(0.542) kN/m kN/m 100 123 kNm/m kNm/m 133 110 kNm/m kNm/m

Design of top reinforcement (for -ve BM) @ the counterforts :Nominal shear stress v = Vu / bd = For c = 0.34 =182.659x10^3/(542x10^3) = 0.34 Mpa Mpa with M 20 concrete, the required pt =

0.75

Required Area of Steel ( at 1m from the free edge) 4500 sq mm Provide 25 mm dia. bars. Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie = = 25 491 109 mm2 mm 100 mm c/c

mm dia bars @

At a distance beyond 1m from the free edge, only minimum reinforcement need be provided: Ast(min) Provide =
12

0.15% bd

900

Sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 126 mm2 mm 120 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @

Design of bottom reinforcement (for +ve BM) @ mid span of heel slab :Required Area of Steel Ast(min) Provide =
16

1271 0.15% bd =

sq mm 900 Sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 158 mm2 mm 150 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie Distribution Steel :Area of one bar Spacing Provie

mm dia bars @

= = 20

314 349

mm2 mm 240 mm c/c

mm dia bars @

Design of heel slab for cantilever action :-

Counterfort Toe Slab Heel Slab

27.36

90.79

Consider the triangular loading on the heel slab to be carried dy cantilever action with fixity at the face of the stem Load Intensity at the face of the stem Load Intensity at 1.51 = 27.36 kN/ sqm

from the face of the stem =((1.51/2.85)x(147.09-27.36))+27.36 = 90.79 kN/ sqm

Total BM due to loading on the triangular portion =(0.5x3.02x1.51)*((27.36x1.51/3)+((90.79-27.36)x1.51/(2*3)) = 67.80 kNm This moment is distributed non-uniformly across the width of =1.51x2 = 3.02 m.

For design purpose, the max moment intensity (in the middle region) may be taken as two times the average value. Mmax Required Area of Steel Provide
12

=(2/3)x67.8 900 sq mm

45.20

kNm/m

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 126 mm2 mm 120 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @

Design of vertical stem:The cantilever action is limited to the bottom region only (triangular portion) with fixity at the junction of the stem with the base slab.

Elsewhere, the stem is treated as a continuous beam spanning between the counterforts.

Height of stem above base

h=

9.20

Intensity of earth pressure at the base of the stem is (linearly varying to zero at the top), Pa = = = = Ca h 0.33x18x9.2 55.2 kN 3.02 m

Clear spacing between the counterforts

Design of stem for continuous beam action At base Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective Span,l = = = = 50 16 592 mm mm mm 3.61 m

(592/1000)+3.02 =

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = wu l2 /12 =55.2 x 3.612^2/12 (STAAD) Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = wu l2 /16 =55.2 x 3.612^2/16 (STAAD) Design Shear force Vu =55.2 x((0.5x3.02)-(592/1000))) 50.7 kN/m (STAAD) 68.7 kN/m Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu / bd = For c = 0.12 = Mpa with M 20 =68.657x10^3/(592x10^3) 0.12 Mpa < c = 0.18 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15) =wu (clear span/2 -d) 45.01 48.4 kNm/m kNm/m 60.01 43.01 kNm/m kNm/m

Required Area of Steel 775 Provide


12

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 113 146 mm2 mm

Area of one bar Spacing

Hence Provie

12

mm dia bars @ 140 mm c/c (up to one-third height above base).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel 625 Provide
12

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 181 mm2 mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c (up to one-third height above base).

At one-third height above base At base Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective Span,l = = = = 50 16 467 mm mm mm 3.49 m

(467.33/1000)+3.02 =

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = =55.2 x (2/3) x 3.49^2/12 (STAAD) Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = =55.2 x (2/3) x 3.49^2/16 (STAAD) Design Shear force Vu =55.2 (2/3) x((0.5x3.02)-(467.33/1000))) 38.37 kN/m (STAAD) Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu/bd = For c = 0.08 =wu (clear span/2 -d) 27.97 32.5 kNm/m kNm/m 37.30 30 kNm/m kNm/m

52

kN/m

=38.37x10^3/(467.33x10^3) 0.08 Mpa Mpa with M 20 concrete,< c = 0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15) 610 mm dia. bars. = 113 mm2 sq mm

Required Area of Steel Provide Area of one bar


12

Spacing Hence Provie

= 12

185

mm

mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c (in the middle one-third height ).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel Provide
12

467 mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 242

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm2 mm 200 mm c/c

mm dia bars @

(up to one-third height above base). At two-thirds height above base At base Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective Span,l = = = = 50 12 351 mm mm mm 0.601 (350.67/1000)+3.02 = 3.37 m

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = =55.2 x (1/3) x 3.37^2/12 (STAAD) Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = =55.2 x (1/3) x 3.38^2/16 (STAAD) Design Shear force Vu =55.2 (1/3) x((0.5x3.02)-(350.67/1000))) 21.33 kN/m (STAAD) Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu/bd = For c = 0.06 =wu (clear span/2 -d) 13.07 16 kNm/m kNm/m 17.42 15 kNm/m kNm/m

27

kNm/m

21.33x10^3/(350.67x10^3) 0.06 Mpa Mpa with M 20 concrete,< c = 0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15) 380 mm dia. bars. sq mm

Required Area of Steel Provide


12

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

= = 12

113 298

mm2 mm

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (in the upper one-third height).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel Provide
12

351 mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 323

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm2 mm

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (in the upper one-third height).

Design of stem for cantilever action:Consider the triangular loading on the stem to be carried by cantilever action about the face of the stem as follows: Intensity of horizontal pressure at the base of the stem = 55.2 kN/sq m Intensity of horizontal pressure at a distance of 1.5 m from the base of the stem =0.33x18x(9.2-1.51) = 46.14 kN/sq m

1.51 0.6 3.02 0.5 0.5 Total BM due to loading on the triangular portion = 84.63 kN/sq m

This moment is distributed non-uniformly across the width of 3.0m. For design purposes, the max. moment intensity (in the middle region) may be taken as two times the average value Mmax = 56.42 kNm/m

Required Area of Steel 863 Provide


12

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 12 (reqd up to 113.10 131.12 mm2 mm 120 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @ 1.51 600 sq mm

m height above base)

Required Area of Steel

Hence Provie

12 10

mm dia bars @ mm dia bars @ (reqd above

240 20 1.51

mm c/c mm c/c m height above base)

3.00 12@200 12@200 12@240

12@200 3.00

12@180

12@120

3.00

12@180

12@140 25@100 (1 m fromfree edge)

12@120 12@120 12@140

20@120

16@150

20@240

Design of interior counterfort :The typical interior counterfort acts as a T beam of varying section cantilevering out of the base slab. The design should include:

provision for beam action provision of horizontal ties against separation from stem provision of vertical ties against separation of base Thickness of counterforts = 0.5 m Clear spacing of counterforts = 3.02 m Thus, each counterfort receives earth pressure from a width of l= 3.52 m At base The intensity of earth pressure at the base of the stem Pa = Ca h = 0.33x18x9.2 = 55.2 Mu Vu = = 2352 767 kN/m kN

kN/sq m

9.20

90

0.65 tan D base =(0.5x0.65+2.85)/9.2 = 0.345 = 19.04 =2.85xCOS(19.04x PI/180) = 2.69 = = = 50 25 2.63

2.85

Degree m mm mm m

Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth

Effective flange width bf = lo/6 +bw + 6Df =(9.2/6)+0.5+(6x0.65) bf = bw + clear span of slab =0.5+3.02 bf is the least of the above 2 values

5.93 3.52

m m

bf

3.52

Approximate requirement of tension steel is given by assuming a lever arm z to be larger of 0.9d 2.37 m and d -Df/2 2.31 m i.e 2.37 m Ast reqd = = Mu/st j d 6619 sq mm dia bars required 9 provided in 2 layers with

No of 32 32 dia spacer bar

Above one-third height from the base:Intensity of earth pressure @ h Mu Vu D Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth = = = = = = 697 341 1.75 6.13 kNm kN m 50 25 1.69 mm mm m

803.84 6430.72 = m from top 36.8 kN/sq m

Approximate requirement of tension steel is given by assuming a lever arm z to be larger of 0.9d 1.58 m and d -Df/2 1.54 m i.e 1.58 m Ast reqd = = Mu/st j d 3021 sq mm dia bars required 4 provided in 1 layers with

No of 32 25 dia spacer bar

0.65

0.5

4 nos 32 from 6.14 to top

3.02

0.5

9 nos 32 from top 6.14 to base

1.50

2.85

Design of horizontal ties:Horizontal tie (closed stirrup) reinforcement in the counterfort serves as shear reinforcement against flexural shear in the counterfort and also as ties resisting the separation of the stem from the counterfort due to the lateral pressure. At base Vu,net = = = Vu - Mu/d tan 458 kN 0.35 0.50 Mpa Mpa %

Nominal shear stress v =Vu net/bd pt c = = 100 Ast/bd = 0.25

Hence shear reinforcement is to be provided for a shear force of Vus Assuming Asv = = 10 (v - c)bd dia 314 4 sq mm 975 mm legged stirrups 127.13 kN

Required spacing

sv =Asv st d/Vus

Max spacing specified by code = 0.75 d or 300 mm (Lesser value) Tie connection requirement: Tension resisted by the tie reinforcement is given by the lateral pressure on the wall multiplied by the tributary area. T = 181 kN/m = Required spacing = 1203 sq mm/m

261

mm

The tie reinrorcement requirement governs (compared to shear reinrorcement requirement) Provide 10 dia 4 legged stirrups @ spacing of 150 mm

At one-third height from the base Ast reqd 802 Required spacing for = Provide 10 sq mm/m 10 391 dia

dia mm 4

legged stirrups @ spacing of 150 mm

legged stirrups @ spacing of

Design of vertical ties :As in the case of the connection between the counterfort and the vertical stem, the connection between the counterfort and the heel slab must be designed to resist the tension arising out of the net downward pressures acting on the heel slab. Considering a 1m strip from the free edge, Average downward pressure 126 kN/sq m Average tensile force intensity,T 444 kN/m Total area of reinforcement required to resist this direct tension 2959 sq mm Spacing of 12 dia 4 legged ties reqd 153 mm Provide 12 dia 4 legged ties reqd 150 mm upto 1 m from the free edge. The spacing may be increased to 200 mm beyond 1m, owing to the significant reduction in net pressure.

10 dia 4L@150 H ties 12 dia 4L@200 v ties

12 dia 4L@150 v ties

10 dia 4L@150 H ties

Beam 1

L/C Dist m 1 LOAD 0 0.525 1.05 1.575 2.1 1 LOAD 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 1 LOAD 0 1.012 2.025 3.037 4.05 1 LOAD 0 1.013 2.025 3.038 4.05 1 LOAD 0 1.013 2.025 3.038 4.05 1 LOAD 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 1 LOAD 0 0.563 1.125 1.688 2.25 L/C 1 1 LOAD Dist m 0 0.525 1.05 1.575 2.1 0 1.25 2.5 3.75

Fx kN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fx kN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fy kN Fz kN 0 0 -72.45 0 -144.9 0 -217.35 0 -289.8 0 357.671 0 185.171 0 12.671 0 -159.829 0 -332.329 0 295.027 0 155.302 0 15.577 0 -124.148 0 -263.873 0 278.467 0 138.742 0 -0.983 0 -140.708 0 -280.433 0 268.022 0 128.297 0 -11.428 0 -151.153 0 -290.878 0 320.76 0 148.26 0 -24.24 0 -196.74 0 -369.24 0 310.5 0 232.875 0 155.25 0 77.625 0 0 0 Fy kN Fz kN 15.909 -14.331 -44.571 -74.811 -105.051 140.897 68.897 -3.103 -75.103

Mx kNm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mx kNm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

My kNm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 My kNm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mz kNm 0 19.018 76.073 171.163 304.29 304.29 -34.986 -158.638 -66.664 240.935 240.935 12.955 -73.552 -18.589 177.847 177.847 -33.365 -103.105 -31.374 181.828 181.828 -18.808 -77.973 4.333 228.112 228.112 -65.026 -142.538 -4.425 349.313 349.313 196.488 87.328 21.832 0 Mz kNm 0 -0.414 15.047 46.385 93.599 93.599 -37.523 -78.644 -29.765

Beam

2 1 LOAD

3 1 LOAD

4 1 LOAD

5 1 LOAD

6 1 LOAD

7 1 LOAD

5 0 1.012 2.025 3.037 4.05 0 1.013 2.025 3.038 4.05 0 1.013 2.025 3.038 4.05 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 0 0.563 1.125 1.688 2.25

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-147.103 125.491 67.171 8.851 -49.469 -107.789 116.631 58.311 -0.009 -58.329 -116.649 107.83 49.51 -8.81 -67.13 -125.45 146.981 74.981 2.981 -69.019 -141.019 106.613 74.213 41.813 9.413 -22.987

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

109.113 109.113 11.578 -26.908 -6.344 73.268 73.268 -15.297 -44.812 -15.279 73.304 73.304 -6.349 -26.954 11.491 108.985 108.985 -29.741 -78.468 -37.195 94.079 94.079 43.222 10.589 -3.818 0

349.313 -158.638 240.935 185.171

DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL h (soil) (con) q (SBC) fck fy cbc st Ca = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 10.20 30 18 25 0.5 300
20 415

m degree kN/cu m kN/cu m kN/sq m N/mm2 N/mm2 Mpa Mpa

7 150

Cp

(1-sin )/(1+sin ) (1-sin30)/(1+sin30) 0.333 (1+sin )/(1-sin ) (1+sin30)/(1-sin30) 3.00

0.3

591.675

9.40 Pa h/3 582.275 0.8 Ca h W5 1.5

W1 W2 W3

0.6 3.5 5

W4

0.5

Design Constants :

m k j Q Priliminary Praportions:-

= = = =

13.33 0.38 0.87 1.17

Counterfort:Spacing = = = = = = = = = h/3 to h/5 10.2/3 to 10.2/2 3.4 to 5.1 m 3.11 m 0.05h 0.05 x 10.2 0.51 m 0.5 m 0.05h 0.05 x 10.2 0.51 m 0.5 m 0.08h 0.08 x 10.2 0.816 m 0.8 m 0.06h 0.06 x 10.2 0.612 m 0.6 m 1.5 x 1.5 x 3.4 5.1 m 5 m 0.5 h x (Ca/3)^ 10.2x (0.33/3)^0.5 3.40 m

Adopt Thickness

Adopt Heal Slab thickness

Adopt Toe Slab thickness

= =

Adopt Stem thickness

= =

Adopt Length of Base Slab L

= = = = = = =

Adopt x

Stability against overturning :Forces due to active pressure (per m length of wall) Pa = = = Ca h2/2 0.5 x 0.333 x 18 x 10.2^2 312 kN

Overturning moment (per m length of wall)

Mo

= =

Pa x h/3 312.12 x 10.2/3 1061 kN m

Line of action of resultant of vertical forces w.r.t heel,considering 1 m length of the wall Force (kN) - W 18x(3.5-0.3) x(10.2-0.5) 25x(0.3) x(10.2-0.5) (25-18)x0.5x(0.6-0.3) x(10.2-0.5) 25x(0.5) x(3.5) 25x(0.8) x(1.5) Distance from heel(m) 0.5x(3.5-0.3) 1.6 3.5-(0.3/2) 3.35 3.5-0.3-(0.6-0.3)/3 3.10 0.5 x3.5 1.75 0.5 x1.5 0.75

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5

558.72 72.75 10.185 43.75 30 715

Mom(kNm) - Mw 558.72 x 1.6 72.75 x 3.35 10.185 x 3.1 43.75 x 1.75 30 x 0.75

894 244 32 77 23 1268

Distance of resultant vertical force from heel,Xw =Mw/W

Stabilising moment (about toe):Mr=W(L-Xw) (per m length of wall) =

1268/715 = 1.77 m 715.4x (5-1.77) = 2309 kNm

(F.O.S)overturning = 0,9 Mr/Mo

= 0.9 x2308.72 / 1061.21 = 1.96 > 1.4 SAFE

Soil Pressure @ footing base:Resultant vertical reaction R = W (per m length of wall) Distance of R from heel Lr = (Mw +Mo)/R Eccentricity e = Lr -0.5 L q min =R/L (1-(6e/L)) q max =R/L(1+(6e/L)) = = 3.26-5/2 = (1268+1061.21)/715 0.76 m 13.24 272.92 715 3.26 <L/6 =0.83 > > 0 300 kN m

715/5(1-6 x0.76/5) = 715/5(1+6 x0.76/5) = 649

0.76 715

13.24 272.92 5 Stability against Sliding:Sliding force = Pa = 312.12 kN 0.5x715= 358 > Pa < kN 3.26

Restoring force (ignoring Passive pressure) F = R

(F.O.S)sliding = 0.9 F/Pa

= 0.9 x358 / 312.12 =

1.03

1.4 UNSAFE

Hence, a shear key needs to be provided to generate the balance force through passive resistance. Reqd Pp = 1.4 x 312.12-0.9 x358 115.04 kN (per m length of wall)

h2 30 Cp h2 2.3 Provide b d = = @ 0.3 0.3 2.3 m m m from toe

= = Pp = = = (F.O.S)sliding = 0.9 F/Pa

h2

0.8+(2.3*(TAN(30*PI()/180)))+0.3 2.43 m 2 2 Cp (h2 -t ) 3x18x(2.43^2-0.8^2) 284 kN = 0.9 x(358+284) / 312.12 1.85 >

1.4

SAFE Design of toe slab :1.5 20 0.6 2.9 187.1

195.02 272.92

163.86 5

13.24

173.86 23.24 175.02 252.92

Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Shear force,Vu Bending Moment,Mu

= = = = = = =

50 20 740

mm mm mm

(252.92+175.02) x 0.5 x(1.5-(0.74) 162.6 kN/m (0.5 x175.02x1.5^2)+((252.92-175.02)x0.5x1.5^2x2/3) 255.32 kNm/m = 162.62x10^3/(10^3x740) = 0.22 Mpa 0.22 Mpa 0.15 % =255.32x10^6/(0.87x150x740) = 2637 sq mm

Nominal Shear stress,v = Vu/bd Reqd pt for M20 concrete & = Required Area of Steel Provide
20

mm dia. bars. = = = 20 mm2 314 (314.16/2637.39)x1000 119 mm mm dia bars @

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

110

mm c/c

The bars should extend by at least a distance Ld = 47 beyond the front face of the stem,on both sides Distribution Steel:

47x20=

940

mm

0.1% of bd = 0.1 x 800x1000/100 = Spacing = (200.96/800)x1000 = 251 mm Hence Provie 16 mm dia bars @ 200

800

mm c/c

Design of Heel slab :-

For continuous beam action:Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth = = = 50 16 442 mm mm mm

Intensity of pressure @ 1 m from the free edge Average Loading on the strip Effective Span,l = =(173.86+121.92)x0.5 147.89 kN/sq m (442/1000)+3.11 = 3.55

m 173.86

121.92

0.5 3.11 Toe Slab

Counterfort Heel Slab

0.5

1 2.9 Max negative moment occuring in the heel slab @ counterfort location :Mu -ve = wu l2 /12 =147.89x3.552x3.552/12 = (STAAD) Max mid span moment :155.49 241 kNm/m kNm/m

Mu +ve

wu l2 /16

=147.89x3.552x3.552/16 = (STAAD)

116.62 159

kNm/m kNm/m

Design shear force :Vu =wu (clear span/2 -d) = 164.60 (STAAD) 186.00 =147.89x((3.11x0.5)-(0.442) kN/m kN/m

Design of top reinforcement (for -ve BM) @ the counterforts :Nominal shear stress v = Vu / bd = For c = 0.37 =164.6x10^3/(442x10^3) = 0.37 Mpa Mpa with M 20 concrete, the required pt =

0.5

Required Area of Steel ( at 1m from the free edge) 1606 sq mm Provide 12 mm dia. bars. Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie = = 12 113 70 mm2 mm 120 mm c/c

mm dia bars @

At a distance beyond 1m from the free edge, only minimum reinforcement need be provided: Ast(min) Provide =
16

0.1% bd

500

Sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 402 mm2 mm 240 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @

Design of bottom reinforcement (for +ve BM) @ mid span of heel slab :Required Area of Steel Ast(min) = 0.1% bd = 1205 sq mm 500 Sq mm

Provide

12

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 94 mm2 mm 180 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie Distribution Steel :Area of one bar Spacing

mm dia bars @

= =

314 628

mm2 mm 220 mm c/c

Provie 20 mm dia bars @ Design of heel slab for cantilever action :-

Counterfort Toe Slab Heel Slab

23.24

104.00

Consider the triangular loading on the heel slab to be carried dy cantilever action with fixity at the face of the stem Load Intensity at the face of the stem Load Intensity at 1.555 = 23.24 kN/ sqm

from the face of the stem =((1.555/2.9)x(173.86-23.24))+23.24 = 104.00 kN/ sqm

Total BM due to loading on the triangular portion =(0.5x3.11x1.555)*((23.24x1.555/3)+((104-23.24)x1.555/(2*3)) = 79.74 kNm This moment is distributed non-uniformly across the width of =1.555x2 = 3.11 m.

For design purpose, the max moment intensity (in the middle region) may be taken as two times the average value.

Mmax Required Area of Steel Provide


12

=(2/3)x79.74 549 sq mm

53.16

kNm/m

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 206 mm2 mm 150 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @

Design of vertical stem:The cantilever action is limited to the bottom region only (triangular portion) with fixity at the junction of the stem with the base slab. Elsewhere, the stem is treated as a continuous beam spanning between the counterforts.

Height of stem above base

h=

9.70

Intensity of earth pressure at the base of the stem is (linearly varying to zero at the top), Pa = = = = Ca h 0.33x18x9.7 58.2 kN 3.11 m

Clear spacing between the counterforts

Design of stem for continuous beam action At base Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective Span,l = = = = 50 16 542 mm mm mm 3.65 m

(542/1000)+3.11 =

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = wu l2 /12 =58.2 x 3.652^2/12 64.68 kNm/m

(STAAD) Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = wu l2 /16 =58.2 x 3.652^2/16 (STAAD) Design Shear force Vu =wu (clear span/2 -d) =58.2 x((0.5x3.11)-(542/1000))) 59.0 kN/m

241

kNm/m

48.51 241

kNm/m kNm/m

Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu / bd = For c = 0.11 = Mpa with M 20 =58.96x10^3/(542x10^3) 0.11 Mpa < c = 0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15)

Required Area of Steel 912 Provide


16

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 220 mm2 mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (up to one-third height above base).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel 684 Provide
16

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 294 mm2 mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (up to one-third height above base).

At one-third height above base At base Clear cover Bar Dia = = 50 16 mm mm

Effective Depth Effective Span,l =

434

mm 3.54 m

(434/1000)+3.11 =

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = =58.2 x (2/3) x 3.54^2/12 40.61 kNm/m

Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = =58.2 x (2/3) x 3.54^2/16 30.46 kNm/m

Design Shear force Vu =58.2 (2/3) x((0.5x3.11)-(434/1000))) 43.49 kN/m Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu/bd = =43.49x10^3/(434x10^3) 0.10 Mpa For c = 0.10 Mpa with M 20 concrete,< c = 0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15) Required Area of Steel Provide
16

=wu (clear span/2 -d)

715 mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 281

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm2 mm

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (in the middle one-third height ).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel Provide
16

536 mm dia. bars. = = 16 201 375

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm2 mm 200 mm c/c

mm dia bars @

(up to one-third height above base). At two-thirds height above base

At base Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective Span,l = = = = 50 12 334 mm mm mm 3.44 m

(334/1000)+3.11 =

Max - ve Moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location Mu -ve = =58.2 x (1/3) x 3.44^2/12 19.18 kNm/m

Maximum mid-span moment Mu +ve = =58.2 x (1/3) x 3.45^2/16 14.38 kNm/m

Design Shear force Vu =58.2 (1/3) x((0.5x3.11)-(334/1000))) 23.69 kN/m Design of (rear face) reinforcement for ve moments at the counterforts Nominal shear stress v = Vu/bd = 23.69x10^3/(334x10^3) 0.07 Mpa For c = 0.07 Mpa with M 20 concrete,< c = 0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15) Required Area of Steel Provide
12

=wu (clear span/2 -d)

439 mm dia. bars. = = 12 113 258

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm2 mm

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (in the upper one-third height).

Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moments in the mid-span of stem Required Area of Steel Provide
12

334 mm dia. bars. = = 113 339

sq mm

Area of one bar Spacing

mm2 mm

Hence Provie

12

mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c (in the upper one-third height).

Design of stem for cantilever action:Consider the triangular loading on the stem to be carried by cantilever action about the face of the stem as follows: Intensity of horizontal pressure at the base of the stem = 58.2 kN/sq m Intensity of horizontal pressure at a distance of 1.5 m from the base of the stem =0.33x18x(9.7-1.555) = 48.87 kN/sq m

1.555 0.5 3.11 0.5 0.5 Total BM due to loading on the triangular portion = 97.72 kN/sq m

This moment is distributed non-uniformly across the width of 3.0m. For design purposes, the max. moment intensity (in the middle region) may be taken as two times the average value Mmax = 65.15 kNm/m

Required Area of Steel 996 Provide


12

sq mm

mm dia. bars. = = 12 113.10 113.55 mm2 mm 90 mm c/c

Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @

(reqd up to Provide
12

1.555

m height above base)

mm dia. bars. 500 = = 12 113 226 sq mm mm2 mm 180 1.555 mm c/c m height above base)

Required Area of Steel Area of one bar Spacing Hence Provie

mm dia bars @ (reqd above

3.13 12@200 12@200 12@180

16@200 3.13

16@200

12@90

3.13

16@200

16@200 12@120 (1 m fromfree edge)

16@200 12@150 16@200

20@110

12@180

20@220

Design of interior counterfort :The typical interior counterfort acts as a T beam of varying section cantilevering out of the base slab. The design should include: provision for beam action

provision of horizontal ties against separation from stem provision of vertical ties against separation of base Thickness of counterforts = 0.5 m Clear spacing of counterforts = 3.11 m Thus, each counterfort receives earth pressure from a width of l= 3.61 m At base The intensity of earth pressure at the base of the stem Pa = Ca h = 0.33x18x9.69999999999998 = 58.2 Mu Vu = = 2838 878 kN/m kN

kN/sq m

9.70

90

0.6 tan D base

2.9

=(0.5x0.6+2.9)/9.69999999999998 0.330 = = 18.26 Degree =2.9xCOS(18.26x PI/180) = 2.75 m = = = 50 25 2.69 mm mm m

Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth Effective flange width

bf = lo/6 +bw + 6Df =(9.69999999999998/6)+0.5+(6x0.6) 5.72 m bf = bw + clear span of slab =0.5+3.11 3.61 m bf is the least of the above 2 values bf 3.61 m Approximate requirement of tension steel is given by assuming a lever arm z to be larger of 0.9d 2.42 m and d -Df/2 2.39 m i.e 2.42 m Ast reqd = = Mu/st j d 7812 sq mm dia bars required 10 provided in 2 layers with

No of 32 32 dia spacer bar

Above 0ne-third height from the base:Intensity of earth pressure @ h Mu Vu D Clear cover Bar Dia Effective Depth = = = = = = 841 390 1.79 6.47 kNm kN m 50 25 1.73 mm mm m m from top 38.8 kN/sq m

Approximate requirement of tension steel is given by assuming a lever arm z to be larger of 0.9d 1.61 m and d -Df/2 1.59 m i.e 1.61 m Ast reqd = = Mu/st j d 3517 sq mm dia bars required 5 provided in 1 layers with

No of 32 25 dia spacer bar

0.6

0.5

5 nos 32 from 6.47 to top

3.11

0.5

10 nos 32 from top 6.47 to base

1.50

2.9

Design of horizontal ties:Horizontal tie (closed stirrup) reinforcement in the counterfort serves as shear reinforcement against flexural shear in the counterfort and also as ties resisting the separation of the stem from the counterfort due to the lateral pressure. At base Vu,net = = = Vu - Mu/d tan 530 kN 0.39 0.58 Mpa Mpa %

Nominal shear stress v =Vu net/bd pt c = = 100 Ast/bd = 0.25

Hence shear reinforcement is to be provided for a shear force of Vus Assuming Asv = = 10 (v - c)bd dia 314 4 sq mm 663 mm legged stirrups 191.10 kN

Required spacing

sv =Asv st d/Vus

Max spacing specified by code = 0.75 d or 300 mm (Lesser value) Tie connection requirement: Tension resisted by the tie reinforcement is given by the lateral pressure on the wall multiplied by the tributary area.

= =

196 1304

kN/m sq mm/m

Required spacing =

241

mm

The tie reinrorcement requirement governs (compared to shear reinrorcement requirement) Provide 10 dia 4 legged stirrups @ spacing of 150 mm

At one-third height from the base Ast reqd 869 sq mm/m Required spacing for 10 = 361 Provide 10 dia Design of vertical ties :As in the case of the connection between the counterfort and the vertical stem, the connection between the counterfort and the heel slab must be designed to resist the tension arising out of the net downward pressures acting on the heel slab. Considering a 1m strip from the free edge, Average downward pressure 148 kN/sq m Average tensile force intensity,T 534 kN/m Total area of reinforcement required to resist this direct tension 3559 sq mm Spacing of 12 dia 4 legged ties reqd 127 mm Provide 12 dia 4 legged ties reqd 150 mm upto 1 m from the free edge. The spacing may be increased to 200 mm beyond 1m, owing to the significant reduction in net pressure.

dia mm 4

legged stirrups @ spacing of 150 mm

legged stirrups @ spacing of

10 dia 4L@150 H ties 12 dia 4L@200 v ties

12 dia 4L@150 v ties

10 dia 4L@150 H ties

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