CDMA and WLL Networks

Muhammad Ali Raza Anjum

ali.raza.anjum@gmail.com

Part I
Introduction

FDMA
Frequency spectrum is divided up into channels and shared Each channel is used by a single user Least spectrally efficient

Frequency Time

TDMA
Channels occupy cyclically repeating time intervals or time slots DAMPS is 6 times more spectrally efficient than FDMA, and GSM is 8 times more so

Frequency
Time

CDMA
Each channel is assigned a unique code and occupies the same frequency and time as other users Most prone to interference Maximum spectral efficiency

Same frequency; same time; different code

Frequency
Time

Some Cellular Bands

Standard AMPS GSM EGSM Access FDD FDMA / TDMA FDMA/ TDMA/ FDD FDMA/ TDMA/ FDD CDMA
CDMA

Spectrum Channel (MHz) Spacing 825-845 t 30 kHz 870-890 r 890-915 t 200 kHz 935-960 r 880-915 t 200 kHz 925-960 r 824-849 t 869-894 r 824-849 t 869-894 r
1920-1980 t 2110-2170 r

DAMPS IS-136 CDMAOne / CDMA2000

WCDMA

30 kHz

1.25 MHz
5 MHz

Cellular full duplex channels on FDD

Tx frequency (825.030 MHz) Duplex spacing (45 MHz)
30 KHz

AMPS; DAMPS
200 KHz

Rx frequency (870.030 MHz)

Tx frequency (890 MHz) Duplex spacing (45 MHz) Rx frequency (935 MHz) Tx frequency (1710 MHz) Duplex spacing (95 MHz) Rx frequency (1805 MHz) Tx frequency (1850 MHz) Duplex spacing (80 MHz) Rx frequency (1930 MHz)
200 KHz 200 KHz

GSM 900

GSM 1800

PCS

Erlang B: Blocking System

Erlang C: Non Blocking System

BHCA and Traffic per subscriber

BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts) The number of calls that a subscriber attempts in a system busy hour MHT (Mean Holding Time) The time in seconds for which a trunk is seized Erlang If a trunk is busy for the entire duration of the observation time interval (usually I hour or 3600 seconds), then the traffic on the trunk is 1 Erlang

.BHCA
For cellular, BHCA is taken as 4 MHT is 45 seconds Observation time interval is 1 hr Traffic / Subscriber = BHCA x MHT =0.05 Erl 3600

Grade of service (GoS)

Required grade of service
Usually 2% blocking probability during busy hour. This means that during the busy hour, 2 out of every 100 calls would be blocked due to congestion Busy hour may be (1) busy hour at busiest cell or (2) system busy hour or (3) system average over all hours

Estimated traffic distribution

Traffic intensity is measured in Erlang (named after Danish mathematician A.K. Erlang) One Erlang = completely occupied channel, eg, a radio channel occupied for 30 min. per hour carries 0.5 Erl

GoS signifies the likelihood that a call is blocked or is queued for more than the designed time

Grade of Service
Erlang B formula is used for non-queuing systems and is given by
Pr( blocking )= A C / C!

k= 0

A k / k!

where C = number of channels A = traffic intensity

Queued Trunking System

Erlang C formula is used to find GoS in queued trunked systems A queue is provided to hold blocked calls Pr (delay) = AC

AC+C!(1-A/C)

C-1

Ak/k!

k=0

Erlang B and Erlang C formulae are used to determine important network parameters such as maximum number of users for a given GoS and number of channels

A practical example
Find maximum number of users that can be supported for a 0.5% blocking probability if connected trunks are 100. Assume each user generates 0.1Erl traffic.

Solution: Traffic/subs Au = 0.1 Erl; Trunks C = 100; GoS = 0.5% Users U = A/Au; where A is traffic intensity for a given GoS. From graph we can see that A for 0.5 GoS and 100 trunks equals 80.9.

http://www.erlang.com/calculator/erlb/

A practical example
So U = 80.9/0.1 = 809 users. For practice repeat the above example for
C=20; GoS = 2%, Au = 0.2 Erl C=50, GoS = 0.1%, Au = 0.2 Erl

CDMA Full Duplex Channel (450 MHz band)

Tx frequency (453.625 MHz) Duplex spacing (10 MHz)

1.25 MHz

Rx frequency (463.625 MHz)

Channel 146 in CDMA 450 MHz band

Frequency Allocation For GSM Operators in 900 MHz band

Frequency Allocation For GSM Operators in 1800 MHz Band

Frequency Allocation For WLL Operators

Frequency Allocation For WLL 1.9 GHz band

Each band of 5 MHz can have 3 carriers of 1.5 MHz each S-333 configuration is allowed, which increases cell capacity upto three times

Companies in 450 MHz WLL Band

Companies in 1.9 GHz WLL Band

Evolution Paths
IS-41 Core Network cdmaOne IS-95A TDMA
cdmaOne IS 95B Cdma2000 1xEV-DO

Cdma2000 1x
Cdma2000

1xEV-DV

GSM GPRS

EDGE

WCDMA

GSM Core Network 2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G

Part II
CDMA Technology

Walsh Codes and Channel Elements

Air interface uses Walsh codes in downlink to separate individual traffic channels Hardware dealing with Walsh Codes is Channel Element
between BTS and BSC

Channel elements
are less than Walsh Codes and provided by specific chips designed by Qualcomm copyright protection depend upon Erlang calculations inside a BTS usually 1:2 for downlink and uplink respectively

.Walsh Codes & Channel Elements

Standard for WLL traffic is ~22 Erl per sector, GoS=1% Channels = (Traffic + 4)/0.8 = 33 CDMA is interference limited, so 33 simultaneous conversations amounts to 32 interfering signals within the cell This means that in each sector, there should be at least 32 channel elements These 32 channel elements correspond to 32 Walsh Codes that the system assigns in the downlink direction In the uplink, the same channel elements are utilised, but Walsh codes are used for Orthogonal Modulation

CDMA Spread Spectrum

Data Bit Time

O/P =Digital Signal

PNCode

Data Signal PN Code Output

)
Chip Time

X-OR

PN Code and how it spreads data for a spreading factor of 5

CDMA - Codes and Orthogonality

Orthogonal or Walsh Codes
Used to separate users. Each forward channel is assigned a distinct Walsh Code

Orthogonal Spreading and Despreading

XOR twice and retrieve original signal each encoded symbol is XORed with 64 Walsh Code chips eg 1 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
= 1111000000001111000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111

After XORing, pattern is transmitted as a 64 bit representation and at Rx, it is again XORed with the 64 bit Walsh code which gives original symbol. Tx signal 64 bit Walsh Code = 1

The second type of code used in CDMA systems is the Psuedorandom Noise (PN) code

Codes and OrthogonalityAn Example

+1 -1

Signal from user A Signal 00 code 0101

+1 Symbol Period

Composite Signal A+B+C

+1 -1

Signal from user B 10 0011

-3

User A Walsh Code 0101

+1 -1

Signal from user C 11 0000

Composite Signal A+B+C

+1 -1

+1

+3

Product

-1 -3

Spreading

Despreading

3 users and 3 orthogonal codes Signals are spread and then summed up for transmission

At As receiver, composite signal is multiplied by As Walsh code 0101 Result is averaged over symbol time Average voltage over symbol time = 1 so bit transmitted = 0

Construction Principle of Walsh Code Matrix

1/4 of the matrix is shown
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

PN Codes
2 short codes (215 = 32768)
Unique offsets serve as identifiers for cells and sectors Clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps

1 long code (242 ~ 4400 Billion)

Used for spreading and scrambling clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps Repeats every 41 days

PN Codes
Channelisation of users in reverse direction is accomplished by assigning them different time shifted versions (masks) of the long PN code, thus making them uncorrelated with each other Each cell or sector uses a unique short PN code PN codes are generated by simple mechanisms that employ shift registers and XOR gates

Generation of PN codes
Requires shift registers and OR gates
+ + 0 1 1 1 + 0 0 0 1 1 1 +
Out

0 1

1 1 0

+ 0

1 + 1

Read Clockwise
+ 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0

+
0 + 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Masking

7 digit output that repeats continuously 1001011

Traffic carrying capability

CDMA is the most spectrally efficient technology One channel of 1.25 MHz can carry entire traffic load for one or more base stations The same channel may be used in adjacent cells and for split up and sectorised cells to increase traffic handling capacity Soft handoff is employed whenever neighbouring cells use the same frequency as the reference cell

.. Traffic Carrying Capability

S0, Snnn BTS configuration, where values of n are 1,2 or 3 S0 is omnidirectional used for low traffic areas S111 is sectorised, with each sector using one carrier Variations include S222, S333, S123, S322 etc Increase in traffic carrying capability is linear Capacity increases in direct proportion with increase in carriers Usually in rural areas, S0 is used and in urban, Snnn is employed

Frequency Planning in CDMA

Since cluster size N = 1, frequency planning is not a big issue Adjacent base stations may use the same frequency However limited frequency reuse is required in certain conditions Interfering cells on the same channel as the serving cell may create interference overload leading to dropped calls
f1/f2 cell planning (hard handoffs) Near far effect Breathing cell

Frequency planning in CDMA

If number of users increase beyond a certain level, there may be an abrupt increase in dropped calls More users mean degraded performance Power levels and thresholds for VC and CC have to be meticulously designed

CDMA specific behaviour

f1/f2 cell planning
nearest cells use different radio frequencies implemented where interference is experienced used for hard handoffs

Breathing Cell
dynamic, time varying, user dependent cell boundaries

Soft handoff
MSC monitors MS from two or more base stations the strongest channel is automatically allocated to MS without a change in frequency

CDMA specific behaviour

Near Far Effect
precise power control for each user power from each user should be equal at base station. If not, near far effect occurs generally stronger signal at Rx drowns weaker signals this is avoided by sending power change commands over the forward radio link to all mobiles each MS provides the same signal level to the base station Rx and near far effect is avoided from mobiles within a cell however, out of cell mobiles may cause near far effect

Data Rates in CDMA

RS1
9.6 kb/s 4.8 kb/s 2.4 kb/s 1.2 kb/s 14.4 kb/s 7.2 kb/s 3.6 kb/s 1.8 kb/s
All four rates are used Data rates change in real time System adjusts to user requirement and adjusts data transfer speeds Either RS1 or RS2 is used

RS2
RC Data speed Kb/s RC1 9.6 PTCL WLL is using RC3 RC2 14.4 RC3 153.6

Downlink Channel
RS1 or RS2 kb/s 9.6 4.8 2.4 1.2 14.4 7.2 3.6 or 1.8
R=1/2 for RS1 or R=3/4 for RS2

Repetition
0 1 3 7 Orthogonal Spreading Offset Q PN

PWR Control bit Channel Gain MUX Channel Gain 19.2 ksps DCMT

Walsh Code 1.2288 Mcps

19.2 ksps

Conv Encoder & Repetition

Block Interleaver

1.2288 Mcps

Quadrature Spreading
Offset I PN

Long PN Code

DCMT

For uplink, Walsh codes are used for orthogonal modulation

PN Codes
2 short codes (215 = 32768)
Unique offsets serve as identifiers for cells and sectors Clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps

1 long code (242 ~ 4400 Billion)

Used for spreading and scrambling clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps Repeats every 41 days

Connectivity of Peshawar WLL MSC

MSC Peshawar
3,6 HLR
2,1 SMC 64,6

MSC Lahore
5 PDSN

MSC Multan

MSC H/abad

MSC Quetta
NSS Plane

BSC
Pshr City Hayatabad

Mathani Charsadda Mardan Thana Sakhakot Bara Khar Bajaur

Kohat Hangu DIKhan

Abbottabad Mansehra Nathiagali

Rwp Cantt Westridge F-8 Iba Bara Kahu

Bannu
Tank Sadda Thall Parachinar Laki Marwat Karak

Landi Kotal

BSS Plane

References
1. Wireless Communications Principles & Practice (2nd Edition) by Theodore S. Rappaport 2. IS-95 CDMA & cdma2000 Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation by Vijay K. Garg 3. Telecommunications by Warren Hioki 4. M/S Qualcomm cdmaOne and cdma2000 manuals 5. M/S Huawei cdma2000 manuals 6. Management and technical staff of M/S Paktel, Instaphone, Mobilink, Ufone and Telenor 7. PTA Headquarters 8. PTCL Headquarters 9. The world wide web (www) 10. ITU-T & ITU-R Recommendations