CONTENTS

PREFACE NOMENCLATURE INTRODUCTION 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 DuctilityA System Behavior Enhancer 1.1.1 Impact on Behavior 1.1.2 Impact of Strength Degradation on Response 1.1.3 Quantifying the Response of Structures to Ground Motion 1.1.4 Strength-Based Design 1.1.4.1 Identifying a Design Strength Objective 1.1.4.2 Creating a Ductile Structure 1.1.5 Displacement-Based Design 1.1.5.1 Equal Displacement-Based Design 1.1.5.2 Direct Displacement-Based Design 1.1.6 System Ductility 1.1.7 Recommended Displacement-Based Design Procedure
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1.1.8 Selecting Design Strength Objectives 1.1.9 Concluding Remarks 1.2 ConnementA Component Behavior Enhancement 1.2.1 Impact of Conning Pressure on Strength 1.2.2 High-Strength Concrete (HSC) 1.2.2.1 Ductility 1.2.2.2 High-Strength Ties 1.2.2.3 Higher Axial Loads 1.3 Shear 1.3.1 Shear Strength 1.3.2 Shear Transfer across Concrete Discontinuities 1.3.3 Passively Activated Shear Transfer Mechanisms Selected References 2 COMPONENT BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN 2.1 Beams 2.1.1 Postyield BehaviorFlexure 2.1.1.1 Experimentally Based ConclusionsGeneral Discussion 2.1.1.2 Predicting Postyield Deformation Limit States 2.1.1.3 Impact of Shear and Connement on Behavior 2.1.1.4 Importance of Detailing 2.1.1.5 Modeling Considerations 2.1.2 Designing the Frame Beam 2.1.2.1 Beam-Column Joint Considerations 2.1.2.2 Reinforcing Details 2.1.2.3 Beam Shear Demand 2.1.2.4 Column Shear Demand 2.1.2.5 Available Ductility 2.1.2.6 Design Process Summary 2.1.2.7 Example Designs

49 51 54 54 59 61 62 63 64 65 82 86 90 92 93 95 95 107 112 116 120 122 124 126 129 131 133 135 135

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2.1.3 Analyzing the Frame Beam 2.1.3.1 Analysis Process Summary 2.1.3.2 Example Analysis 2.1.3.3 Postyield Behavior 2.1.4 Precast Concrete Beams 2.1.4.1 Moment Transfer 2.1.4.2 Shear Transfer 2.1.4.3 Composite Systems 2.1.4.4 Post-Tensioned Assemblages 2.1.4.5 Bolted Assemblages 2.1.4.6 Experimental Conrmation 2.2 The Beam Column 2.2.1 Strength Limit States 2.2.1.1 Developing an Interaction Diagram 2.2.1.2 Design Relationships 2.2.2 Experimentally Based Conclusions 2.2.2.1 Strength 2.2.2.2 Strain States 2.2.2.3 Stiffness 2.2.3 Conceptual Design of the Beam Column 2.2.3.1 Estimating Probable Levels of Demand 2.2.3.2 Sizing the Beam Column 2.2.3.3 Story Mechanism Considerations 2.2.3.4 Design Process Summary 2.2.3.5 Example Designs 2.2.4 Analyzing the Beam Column 2.3 Beam-Column Joints 2.3.1 Behavior Mechanisms 2.3.1.1 Bond Stresses 2.3.1.2 Biaxially Loaded Joints

144 146 149 163 166 168 172 173 185 216 222 244 245 247 250 251 251 255 263 264 264 270 275 276 278 292 296 296 300 301

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2.3.1.3 Exterior Joints 2.3.1.4 Eccentric Beams 2.3.2 Experimentally Based Conclusions 2.3.3 Impact of High-Strength Concrete 2.3.4 Impact of Joint Reinforcing 2.3.5 Bond Deterioration within the Beam-Column Joint 2.3.6 Design Procedure 2.3.7 Design Example 2.3.8 Precast Concrete Beam-Column JointsDDC Applications 2.3.8.1 Experimentally Based Conclusions 2.3.8.2 Beam-Column Joint Design Procedures 2.3.9 Precast Concrete Beam-Column JointsHybrid System 2.3.9.1 Experimentally Based ConclusionsInterior Beam-Column Joint 2.3.9.2 Design ProceduresInterior Beam-Column Joints 2.3.9.3 Design ProceduresExterior Beam-Column Joints 2.3.9.4 Corner Hybrid Beam-Column Joints 2.4 Shear Dominated Systems 2.4.1 Tall Thin Walls 2.4.1.1 Experimentally Based Conclusions 2.4.1.2 Design Procedures 2.4.1.3 Design Summary 2.4.1.4 Design Example 2.4.2 Shear Walls with Openings 2.4.2.1 Coupling Beams 2.4.2.2 Analytical Modeling of the Coupling Beam 2.4.2.3 Design ProceduresCoupling Beams

301 301 302 310 312 314 314 321 322 322 332 335 335 341 344 345 348 349 349 374 387 389 402 402 417 425

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2.4.2.4 Coupled Shear Walls with Stacked Openings Design Process and Example 2.4.2.5 Capped and Belted Shear Walls 2.4.2.6 Shear Walls with Randomly Placed Openings 2.4.3 Precast Concrete Shear Walls 2.4.3.1 Experimental Efforts 2.4.3.2 Experimentally Inferred ConclusionsHybrid Precast Wall System 2.4.3.3 Design Procedures 2.4.3.4 Example DesignTen-Story Shear Wall Selected References 3 SYSTEM DESI 3.1 Shear Wall Braced Buildings 3.1.1 Shear Walls of Equivalent Stiffness 3.1.1.1 Alternative Shear Wall Design Procedures 3.1.1.2 Analyzing the Design Processes 3.1.1.3 Conceptual Design Review 3.1.1.4 Summarizing the Design Process 3.1.2 Shear Walls of Varying Lengths 3.1.2.1 Alternative Design Methodologies 3.1.2.2 Suggested Design Approach 3.1.3 Coupled Shear WallsDesign Conrmation 3.1.4 Precast Concrete Shear Walls 3.1.4.1 Hybrid Wall SystemEqual Displacement-Based Design (EBD, Section 3.1.1) 3.1.4.2 Hybrid Wall SystemDirect Displacement Design Procedure 3.1.4.3 Vertically Jointed Wall Panels 3.2 Frame Braced Buildings 3.2.1 Design Objectives and Methodologies 3.2.1.1 How to Avoid Lower Level Mechanisms

437 455 471 484 485 514 514 519 530 533 534 534 536 561 564 571 576 576 593 597 615 621 639 648 662 662 669

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CONTENTS

3.2.2 Force- or Strength-Based Design Procedures 3.2.3 Displacement-Based Design 3.2.3.1 Building Model 3.2.3.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Model 3.2.4 Precast Concrete FrameDirect Displacement-Based Design 3.2.4.1 DDC Frame 3.2.4.2 Hybrid Frame 3.2.4.3 Precast Frame Beam Designs 3.2.5 Irregular Frames 3.2.6 Frame Design Evaluation by Sequential Yield Analysis 3.2.6.1 What Constitutes Good Behavior? 3.2.6.2 P Concerns and Modeling Assumptions

669 680 680 689 691 694 700 702 704 711 712 713 718 729 734 736 738 738 740 746 753 753 754 757 758 758 759 762

3.2.6.3 Behavior ReviewFrame 3 (Table 3.2.1) 3.2.6.4 Frame 3Consequences of Alternative Strengths 3.2.6.5 Behavior ReviewIrregular Frame 3.2.6.6 Behavior ReviewPrecast Frame Systems 3.3 Diaphragms 3.3.1 Design Approach 3.3.2 Estimating Diaphragm Response 3.3.3 Establishing the Strength Limit State of a Diaphragm 3.3.4 Precast Concrete Diaphragms 3.3.4.1 Composite Diaphragms 3.3.4.2 Pretopped Precast Concrete Diaphragms 3.4 Design Process Overview 3.4.1 System Ductility 3.4.2 Capacity Considerations 3.4.3 Recommended Design Approach Selected References
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DESIGN CONFIRMATION 4.1 Response of Shear Wall Braced Buildings to Ground Motion 4.1.1 Testing the Equal Displacement Hypothesis 4.1.2 Impact of Design Strength on Response 4.2 Frame Braced Buildings 4.2.1 Impact of Design Strength on Performance 4.2.2 Impact of Modeling Assumptions 4.2.3 Distribution of Postyield Deformations 4.2.4 Design/Behavior Reconciliation 4.2.5 Postyield Beam Rotations 4.2.6 Evaluating Column Behavior 4.2.7 Response of Irregular Frame 4.2.8 Response of Precast Concrete FramesDDC 4.3 Behavior Imponderables 4.3.1 System Stability Considerations 4.3.2 Torsion Selected References

763 764 768 776 780 780 784 794 797 800 800 802 806 807 807 810 814 815

INDEX

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