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Data Structures
Data Structures: An aggregation of atomic and composite data types into a set with defined relationships. Space complexity of a program is the amount of memory it needs to run to completion. Time complexity of a program is the amount of computer time it needs to run to completion. Binary search: First=1 Last=end Loop(first<=last) mid=(first+last)/2 if(target>list[mid])

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Data Structures
First=mid+1 Else if target <list[mid] Last=mid-1 Else First=last+1 Locn=mid If target = list[mid] Found=true Else Found=false Return found

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Data Structures
A hash search is a search in which the key through an algorithmic function, determines the location of the data. A linked list is an ordered collection of data in which each element contains the location of the next element:data and link. The nodes in a ll are called self referential structures. In the circularly linked list, the last nodes link points to the first node of the list. A doubly ll is a data structure in which the node has a pointer to both its successor and its predecessor. A stack is a linear list in which all additions and deletions are restricted to one end called the top of the stack.{LIFO structure}. Eg., coins and dishes(Balancing Symbols,Postfix)

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Data Structures
Common operations: Push Pop Stack top

Infix a + b Postfix a b + Prefix + a b

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Data Structures
Algorithm Queens8 Createstack(stack) Set row=1 and col =0 Loop (row<=boardsize) Loop(col<=boardsize and row<=boardsize) add 1 to col if (not guarded(row,col)) place queen at board [row][col] pushstack(stack,[row][col]) add 1 to row set col = 0

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Data Structures
Loop(col>=boardsize) Popstack(stack,[row,col]) Remove queen at board[row][col] Printboard(stack)

A Queue is a linear list in which data can only be inserted at one end, called the rear and deleted from the other end called the front.FIFO.
Operations: Enq Deq Q front,rear.

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Data Structures
Recursion is a repetitive process in which an algorithm calls itself. Towers of Hanoi: Void towers(int n,char src,char dst,char aux){ Static int step=0 If n==1 Printf(Step %3d:move from %c to %c,++step,src,dst) Else {towers(n-1,src,aux,dst) Printf(Step %3d,++step,src,dst) }return;}

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Data Structures
A tree consists of a finite set of elements called nodes and a finite set of directed lines called branches that connect the nodes. The level of a node is its distance from the root.

The height of the tree is the level of the leaf in the longest path from the root plus one.
A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two subtrees. The balance factor of a binary tree is the difference in height between its left and right subtrees.

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Data Structures
Preorder: - Root,left,right Inorder left,root, right Post order left,right,root General algorithm: If(root is not null) Inorder(root->leftsubtree) Inorder(root) Inorder(root->rightsubtree)

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Data Structures
In the depth first traversal, the processing proceeds along a path from the root through one child to the most distant descendent of that child before processing a second child. In the breadth first traversal, the processing proceeds horizontally from the root to all of its children, then to its childrens children and so forth until all nodes have been processed. A general tree in which each node can have an unlimited outdegree. Binary search tree:properties: All items in the left subtree are less than the root. All items in the right subtree are greater than or equal to the root. Each subtree is itself a binary search tree.
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Data Structures
An AVL(Adelson Velskii Landis) tree is a search tree in which the heights of the subtrees differ by no more than one.It is a heightbalanced binary tree.(Depth O(log N)). A heap is a complete or nearly complete binary tree in which the key value in a node is greater than the key values in all of its subtrees and the subtrees are in turn heaps. Two operations:Insert and delete a node. Reheap up operation repairs the structure so that it is a heap by floating the last element up the tree until that element is in its correct position in the tree. Applications of Heaps: Priority Queues.

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Data Structures
An m-way tree is a search tree in which each node can have from zero to m subtrees , where m is defined as the order of the tree. A B Tree is an m way search tree with the properties: The root is either a leaf or it has 2..m subtrees. All internal nodes have at least [m/2] non null subtrees and at most m nonnull subtrees. All leaf nodes are at the same level;perfectly balanced. A leaf node has at least [m/2]-1 and at the most m-1 entries. Grows from bottom up.

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Data Structures
B tree and B+ tree: Each data entry must be represented at the leaf level. Each leaf node has one additional pointer, which is used to move to the next leaf node in sequence.(B+)

Sorting (internal primary and external secondary storage)

Insertion sort,heap,quick sort(look in the book) Graph is a collection of nodes,called vertices and a collection of line segments connecting pairs of vertices called lines.

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Data Structures
A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which each line has a direction to its successor. An undirected graph is a graph in which there is no direction on the lines known as edges.

A path is a sequence of vertices in which each vertex is adjacent to the next one.
A cycle is a path consisting of at least three vertices that starts and ends with the same vertex. The outdegree of a vertex is the number of arcs leaving the vertex The indegree of a vertex is the number of arcs entering the vertex.

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Data Structures
A network is a graph whose lines are weighted. Unsigned int gcd(int m,int n) { Int rem; While(n>0) { Rem=m%n; M=n;n=rem;} Return m; }

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Data Structures
Solution to collision: Linear Probing Quadratic probing(i2) Double Hashing(R-(X Mod R), R prime<X) Rehashing(create a new table, twice as large as the old table size) Extendible hashing(00,01,10,11) Algorithm(run time worst case) Insertion sort ( O(N) presorted - O(N2)) Shell sort(O(N2)) Heap sort(2N log N O(N))

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Data Structures
Merge Sort(O(N log N)) Quick sort(O(N log N) O(N2)) External sort Polyphase Merge External selection Multiway merge NP stands for nondeterministic polynomial time. A nondeterministic machine has a choice of next steps. It is free to chose any that it wishes, and if one of these steps leads to a solution, it will always choose the correct one.

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Data Structures
A simple way to check if a problem is in NP is to phrase the problem as a y/n problem? An NP complete problem has the property that any problem in NP can be polynomially reduced to it. A problem p1 can be reduced to p2 as follows. Provide a mapping so that nay instance of p1 can be transformed to an instance of p2. Solve p2, and then map the answer back to the original.

Given a function to compute on n inputs the divide and conquer strategy suggest splitting the inputs into k distinct subsets 1<k<=n, yielding k subproblems.

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Data Structures
Any subset that satisfies these constraints is called a feasible solution. We need to find a feasible solution that either maximizes or minimizes a given objective function. Dynamic programming is an algorithm design method that can be used when the solution to a problem can be viewed as the result of a sequence of decisions. A problem that is np complete has the property that it can be solved in polynomial time iff all other np complete problems can also be solved in polynomial time. If an np hard problem can be solved in polynomial time, then all

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Data Structures
Np complete problems can be solved inpolynomial time. All np complete problems are np hard but some np hard problems are not known to be np complete.

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