Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rijkswaterstaat
Juli 2009
iii
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Colofon
Published by: In corporation with: Information: Telephone: E-mail: Made by: Rijkswaterstaat Data-ICT-Dienst Royal Netherlands Navy Netherlands Hydrographic Service Data-ICT-Dienst Netherlands Hydrographic Service +31(0)70-3162800 info@hydro.nl
servicedesk-data@rws.nl
Periplus Consultancy b.v.
+31(0)15-2757700
Version number:
3.0
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2 3
Horizontal uncertainty .................................................................................... 13 Introduction........................................................................................................ 15 Vertical uncertainty ......................................................................................... 15 Reductions for Tides / Water-level Observations.................................. 16 Minimum depth ................................................................................................. 16 Feature detection ............................................................................................. 16 Sounding density / Line spacing ................................................................. 17 Introduction........................................................................................................ 19 Seabed sampling .............................................................................................. 19 Chart and land survey vertical datums connection .............................. 19 Tidal predictions ............................................................................................... 19 Tidal stream and current observations ..................................................... 19 Introduction........................................................................................................ 21 Metadata ............................................................................................................. 21 Point data attribution ...................................................................................... 21 Bathymetric model attribution ..................................................................... 22 Report of survey ............................................................................................... 22 Introduction........................................................................................................ 23 Extent of Area to be Searched .................................................................... 23 Conducting the search .................................................................................... 23 Presentation of search results ..................................................................... 23
Other measurements...................................................................................... 19
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Preface
Out of various responsibilities the Netherlands Hydrographic Service and Rijkswaterstaat carry out hydrographic surveys. It is therefore logical that our departments work together. Our activities are harmonized as much as possible and data is being exchanged between the two departments. In order to aid this cooperation, the Dutch Hydrographic Institute has been active for years. It takes initiatives such as the here-described Hydrographic standards. In order to be able to work together effectively, a common reference frame, such as the S-44-Standards of the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO), is important. The 5th edition of these Standards was published in February 2008. The Dutch Hydrographic Standards build on this with some additional Standards for the Dutch situation. The Dutch Standards prescribe the minimum requirements regarding hydrographic surveys. They have influence in almost every hydrographic work process and end product, such as planning and execution of hydrographic surveys, the purchasing, maintenance and operational use of hydrographic equipment and the education and competences of the personnel involved. Rijkswaterstaat has declared the Dutch standards for hydrographic surveys applicable to all surveys performed by the Meet- and Information services and for surveys performed by external parties commissioned by Rijkswaterstaat. Further more the standards are applicable on all surveys performed by the Netherlands Hydrographic Service for their survey plan. For military-hydrographic reconnaissance and surveys these standards are applied if the operational task permits it We hope, that by using these standards, our organisations can have information with a clearly defined quality and that our cooperation will be strengthened by it.
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Introduction
This publication has been prepared in accordance with the 5th edition of the IHO Special Publication S-44 Standards for Hydrographic Surveys. The layout and a part of the text are similar to it. The big difference is that this publication is dedicated to hydrographic work as performed by the Dutch government. It therefore contains some important additions and extensions. The purpose of this publication is to establish a set of standards for conducting and processing hydrographic surveys. The standards apply to all hydrographic surveys conducted by or on behalf of Rijkswaterstaat or the Netherlands Hydrographic Service. The S-44 standard is an international standard for hydrographic surveys for the maritime shipping. Nautical information gathered and published for the maritime shipping needs, in accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), to follow these standards. In the Netherlands, the Hydrographic Service of the Navy Command is responsible for these activities. For hydrographic surveys in the rest of the control region and hydrographic surveys for purposes other than vessel traffic, Rijkswaterstaat in the past had formulated standards to complement those established by the IHO S-44 standard. These, for the Netherlands specific standards, are more strict due to the stringent requirements that apply to coastal protection, morphological research, environment and management and maintenance of inland waterways and because methods for inland and the coastal region may be more accurate. The Dutch standards are prepared in accordance with IHO standards, so they mutually well comparable. The result is six standards for hydrographic surveys. The strictest standard, NL Order A, corresponds to what is reasonably achievable with existing equipment and existing way of working in the relatively shallow Dutch waters. The least stringent standard, IHO Order 2, applies at sea at depths exceeding 100 meters. This standard does not apply for the Dutch continental waters, however so in the waters around the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. Sections exceeding 200 meters need to comply with the GEBCO standards and are outside the scope of this document. The four IHO standards in this document are translated from the final version of the IHO S-44 standard, fifth edition, February 2008. To them NL Order A and B are added. The standards describe, among other things, to what conditions validated xyz data must comply and which objects / obstacles that should be able to be detected. It must be stressed that if a survey must comply with a specific standard from this document, it thus must comply demonstrably with all the requirements for this standard, from this document. One should also realize that this publication provides only the minimum requirements that must be fulfilled. Local circumstances may for example lead to the collection of data with more stringent conditions than described in this document. In occurring cases, the awarding authority should describe these more stringent requirements in accordance with the standards in this document and notify the contractor of the more stringent requirements. It is also important to note that the degree to which a survey meets these standards is the result of the whole measuring system and the processes applied thereto. The uncertainties listed in the following chapters therefore describe the total propagated uncertainty of all parts of the system. Using a certain tool that in theory is able to achieve the mentioned precision is not necessarily sufficient to meet the requirements of this document. The way the instrument was setup, used and the interaction with other parts of the whole measuring system should be taken into account. An online apriori THU / TVU calculation and an aposteriori analysis are needed to test the results against the required standards. Due to the great variety
Dutch standards for hydrographic surveys Juli 2009
of equipment, surveymethodes, local seabed conditions, etc., it is impracticable to lay down standard procedures for each standard. These procedures and instructions are the responsibility of the awarding authority and the contracting authorities. They must have such procedures and competent staff to be able to comply with the requirements of this standard. All individual components of the measuring system and the measuring system as a whole must be able to deliver data at the desired standard level. The awarding authority and the contracting authority should convince herself of this for example by carrying out appropriate tests with the system used and by convincing herself that the appropriate calibrations are performed prior to, during and, if applicable, after the survey. The hydrographic surveyor is an essential part of the hydrographic surveying process. This person must have sufficient proven knowledge and experience to perform hydrographic surveys in accordance with the standards required. IHO Manual M-5, Standards of Competence for Hydrographic Surveyors and IHO Special Publication S-47, Training courses in hydrography and nautical cartography offer the internationally accepted guidelines for this. The hydrographic competences of the staff involved, should be mentioned in the report of the hydrographic survey. At those locations where the seabed is dynamic as a result of for example erosion, sedimentation and sediment transport, surveys performed according to a particular standard will be a good representation of reality for a shorter period. Such areas must be re-surveyed periodically to ensure that the seabed in that area is in ongoing compliance with the managing requirements. The corresponding survey frequency is to be determined by the awarding authority that should be based on local morphological and climatic conditions, on risk defining factors, such as for instance traffic intensity and under keel clearance and on the desired maximum uncertainty in the presented results. Although the standards in this publication apply to hydrographic surveys conducted by or on behalf of the Dutch government, it should be stressed that they certainly dont have the exclusive right of use. On the contrary, the use of these standards by other hydrographic agencies is strongly recommended. The hydrographic sector as a whole benefits from a general application of these standards. They provide clarity in the execution but also in the procurement of contracts for both the awarding and the contracting authorities. However, authorities should at all times check if the standards listed in this document are applicable to the concerning contract. To the 5th edition of S-44 two appendices are added. Annex A Guidelines for Quality Control and Annex B Guidelines for Data Processing. These annexes are not part of this publication. The IHO states that they are not an integral part of the S-44 standards and that they will be removed when the information contained in them is fully included in IHO Publication M-13, Manual on hydrography. Rijkswaterstaat and the Netherlands Hydrographic Service have, based on these guidelines, established coordinated data management and quality control procedures to fulfil these NL standards. A glossary of terms used in this publication is added, after Chapter 6. Italic words in the text are included in the glossary. In the electronic version there are hypertext links between the italicized words and their definition in the glossary. During the translation of the terms from the original English version there has been chosen to use the terms of Aquo-lex as much as possible as far as they are consistent with the meaning of the terms in the S-44. An important exception is the use of the
Dutch standards for hydrographic surveys Juli 2009
term uncertainty. In the Aquo-lex it is stated by the term uncertainty that the use of this term in relation to measurements is to be discouraged. Because of ambiguity in the original IHO version and the there used terms it was chosen to maintain the term uncertainty. The following fundamental terms of the glossary are considered essential for understanding the standards and are therefore listed here. Fundamental terms: Full sea floor search: A systematic method for examining the sea floor performed in such a way that most of the features and objects as specified in the applicable standard will be mapped. In practice it is impossible to achieve 100% coverage and the use of the term 100% bathymetric coverage is therefore discouraged. Object detection: The ability of a system to detect objects and / or obstacles of a specific size. The standards in this document define the minimum size of objects that must be able to be detected during the survey. Reduced z-value: Observed z-value plus any subsequent adjustments associated with the survey and processing with the result that the value is reduced to the appropriate datum. Total propagated uncertainty (TPU): The resultant propagation of the uncertainties when all known uncertainties, both random and systematic are considered. The TPU is due to the uncertainty in the measurements and is a 3-dimensional variable. Total horizontal uncertainty (THU): The component of the total propagated uncertainty (TPU) calculated in the horizontal plane. The THU is a 2-dimensional variable and listed as a single number. The assumption is that the horizontal uncertainty is isotropic, in other words, there is a negligible correlation between errors in x-and y-direction. Because of this a normal distribution becomes circularly symmetric, so a single number can be used to describe the distribution of the errors around the true value. Total vertical uncertainty (TVU): The component of the total propagated uncertainty (TPU) calculated in the vertical dimension. The TVU is a 1-dimensional variable. Z-value: This term indicates both the value for the depth as for the bottom height.
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1.2 NL Order A
This standard was initially prepared by Rijkswaterstaat with the aim to establish more stringent standards than specified by the IHO Special Order. This standard is intended for specific projects such as morphologic research, examination of constructions, in particular for construction, management and maintenance, and dredging operations. This requires another survey regime than what is necessary for maritime shipping. This makes additional requirements necessary. In particular, the requirements regarding position and z-value have been strengthened with respect to the IHO Special Order. Besides this, a full sea floor search has to be carried out so that all objects and characteristics of the sea floor can be sufficiently captured.
1.3 NL Order B
This standard was initially prepared by Rijkswaterstaat with the aim to establish a standard that applies to waterways outside the scope of NL Order A. It concerns mostly areas that are not part of navigation channels and harbours, and where no inspection of construction applies. A full sea floor search is not necessary in all cases, meaning that some objects shall not be detected, although the size of possibly undetected objects may be limited by the maximum line spacing. This standard is recommended only for those areas where under keel clearance is supposed to be not a problem. With this, this standard is an alternative for IHO Order 1b for the continental waters.
standard, NL Order A. Because under keel clearance is critical a full sea floor search is required and the size of the features to be detected by this search is deliberately small Kept. The nature of the bottom is also relevant. In rocky soil, this standard is more likely required then in case of for example sludge. Since under-keel clearance is critical it is considered unlikely that Special Order surveys will be conducted in waters deeper than 40 meters. Examples of areas that may warrant Special Order surveys are: berthing areas, harbours and critical areas of shipping channels.
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a 2 + (b d ) 2
Where: a represents that portion of the uncertainty that does not vary with depth b is a coefficient which represents that portion of the uncertainty that varies with depth d is the reduced depth b x d represents that portion of the uncertainty that varies with depth 4. For safety of navigation purposes, the use of an accurately specified mechanical sweep to guarantee a minimum safe clearance depth throughout an area may be considered sufficient for Special Order and Order 1a surveys. 5. If for the Dutch Orders A and B full sea floor search is required, a maximum of 5% of the survey area may be left uncovered with bathymetric data. These uncovered areas may, individually, not be bigger then 0.5% of the total area. Using neighbouring values, an estimate must be made of the risk there is a critical bottom depth within the uncovered area. The intention is always to have full bottom coverage. Due to circumstances during the survey it is not always possible to meet the requirements in table 1 for the entire area 6. A cubic feature means a regular cube each side of which has the same length. It should be noted that the NL Order A, IHO Special Order and Order 1a feature detection requirements, are minimum requirements. In certain circumstances it may be deemed necessary by the hydrographic offices / organizations to detect smaller features to minimise the risk of undetected hazards to surface navigation. For Order 1a the relaxing of feature detection criteria at 40 metres reflects the maximum expected draught of vessels.
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Positioning of fixed aids of navigation and topography significant to navigation (95% confidence level) (2) Positioning of the coastline and topography less significant to navigation (95% confidence level) (2) Mean position of floating aids to navigation (95% confidence level) Correcting for errors during the survey Maximum allowable THU, 95% confidence level Maximum allowable TVU for reduced depths, 95% confidence level (3) Sea floor search (4) Coverage in survey line (5)
Surveys in harbours, Areas outside shipping Areas where under- Areas shallower than Areas shallower than Areas generally deeper shipping lanes, e.d. lanes, harbours inside keel clearance is 100 m where under-keel 100 m where under-keel than 100 m where a where under-keel the coastline and critical clearance is less critical clearance is not general description of teh clearance is critical and inspections of but features of concern considered to be an sea floor is considered for inspections of underwater to surface shipping may issue for the type of adequate. underwater constructions constructions. exist. surface shipping expected to transit the area. Not defined as full sea Depending on the Not defined as full Not defined as full sea 3 x average depth or 25 4 x average depth floor search is required. project but no greater sea floor search is floor search is required. metres, whichever is then IHO Order 1b. required. greater. For bathymetric Lidar a spot spacing of 5x5 m. 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 5m
5m
5m
10m
20m
20m
20m
5m
5m
10m
10m
10m
20m
Correct for all irregularities during survey and processing. Filtering off the data, including the removal of blunders and systematic errors. Applying tidal and other water level reductions. Validated data points should comply with the requirements described below. 0.40m 0.40m 2m 5m + 5% of depth 5m + 5% of depth 20m +10% of depth a = 0.10 m b = 0.0075 Full sea floor search a = 0.15 m b = 0.0075 Not required a = 0.25 m b = 0.0075 Full sea floor search a = 0.5 m b = 0.013 Full sea floor search a = 0.5 m b = 0.013 Not required a = 1.0 m b = 0.023 Not required Not defined
Not defined as full sea One measurement a Not defined as full Not defined as full sea Not defined floor search is required metre 95% of the survey sea floor search is floor search is required line. required Cubic features > 1m Not applicable Cubic features > 1m Cubic features > 2m in Not applicable depths up to 40 m; 10% of depth beyond 40 m
Not applicable
the
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2 Positioning
2.1 Horizontal uncertainty
The uncertainty of a position is the uncertainty at the position of the sounding or feature within the geodetic reference frame. Positions should be referenced to a geocentric reference frame based on the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) e.g. WGS84 or ETRS89. Preferebly, reference to ETRS89 is used. If, exceptionally, positions are referenced to the local horizontal datum, such as RD, this datum should be tied to a geocentric reference frame based on ITRF. For RD this is accompliced by referring to the latest transformation procedure RDNAPTRANSTM. The uncertainty of a position is affected by many different parameters, e.g. errors in the positioning system, errors in the various sensors, errors in the geometry of the vessel, e.d. The contributions of all such parameters to the total horizontal uncertainty (THU) should be accounted for. A statistical method, combining all uncertainty sources, for determining positioning uncertainty should be adopted. The position uncertainty at the 95% confidence level should be recorded together with the survey data (see also 5.2). The capability of the survey system should be demonstrated by the THU calculation. The position of soundings, dangers, other significant submerged features, navaids (fixed and floating), features significant to navigation, the coastline and topographical features should be determined such that the horizontal uncertainty meets the requirements specified in Table1. This includes all uncertainty sources not just those associated with positioning equipment.
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3 Depths
3.1 Introduction
The navigation of vessels requires accurate knowledge of the water depth in order to exploit safely the maximum cargo carrying capacity, and the maximum available water for safe navigation. Where under-keel clearances are an issue the depth uncertainties must be more tightly controlled and better understood. In a similar way, the sizes of features that the survey will have or, more importantly, may not have detected, should also be defined and understood. A similar situation occurs during the inspection of objects and the monitoring of dredging activities. The measured depths and drying heights shall be referenced to a vertical datum that is compatible with the products to be made or updated from the survey e.g. chart datum. Ideally this sounding datum should also be a well-defined vertical datum such as, LAT, MSL/MV, a geocentric reference frame based on ITRS or a geodetic reference level (NAP).
a 2 + (b d ) 2
Where: represents that portion of the uncertainty that does not vary with depth b is a coefficient that represents that portion of the uncertainty that varies with depth d is the depth b x d represents that portion of the uncertainty that varies with depth a The vertical uncertainty at the 95% confidence level should be recorded together with the survey data (see also 5.3).
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If there is concern that features may exist within an area that may not be detected by the Survey System being used, consideration should be given to the use of an alternative system (e.g. a mechanical sweep) to increase the confidence in the minimum safe clearance depth across the area.
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4 Other measurements
4.1 Introduction
The following observations may not always be necessary but if specified in the survey requirement should meet the following standards. Additional requirements for these measurements may be specified in regulations issued by the awarding authority. If so, the awarding authority will refer to these documents and the requirements in these documents become part of the standard to be achieved.
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The speed and direction of the tidal stream and current should be measured to 0.1 knots ( 0.05 m/s) and the nearest 10 respectively, at 95% confidence level. Where there is reason to believe that seasonal river discharge influences the tidal streams and currents, measurements should be made to cover the entire period of variability. For current measurements other then for navigational purposes, extra requirements may be defined.
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5 Data attribution
5.1 Introduction
To allow a comprehensive assessment of the quality of survey data it is necessary to record or document certain information together with the survey data. Such information is important to allow exploitation of survey data by a variety of users with different requirements, especially as requirements may not be known when the survey data is collected.
5.2 Metadata
Metadata should be comprehensive but should comprise, as a minimum, information on: the survey in general e.g. purpose, date, area, equipment used, name of survey platform; the geodetic reference system used, i.e. horizontal and vertical datum including ties to a geodetic reference frame based on ITRS (e.g. WGS84) if a local datum is used; calibration procedures and results; sound speed correction method; tidal datum and reduction; uncertainties achieved and the respective confidence levels; any special or exceptional circumstances; rules and mechanisms employed for data thinning.
Metadata should preferably be an integral part of the digital survey record and conform to the IHO S-100 Discovery Metadata Standard, when this is adopted. The metadata must also comply with the Dutch Metadata Standard for Geography as prepared by Geonovum. This national standard is a further specification of the international ISO 19115 standard for metadata and also meets the European INSPIRE directive. To support the above requirements both Rijkswaterstaat and the Netherlands Hydrographic Service have, for their activities, prepared lists with the required and optional metadata elements that every dataset must contain. The contracting authority must see to this as regular part of their hydrographic reports.
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1-Dimensional 2-Dimensional 3-Dimensional Differential Global Positioning System Existence Doubtful European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans Global Navigation Satellite System International Hydrographic Organisation International Terrestrial Reference System Lowest Astronomical Tide Laser Imaging Detection And Ranging Mean Sea Level Middenstandsvlak Normaal Amsterdams Peil Position Approximate Position Doubtful Rijksdriehoeksmeting Reported but not confirmed Real Time Kinematic Sounding Doubtful Safety Of Lives At Sea Total Horizontal Uncertainty Total Propagated Uncertainty Total Vertical Uncertainty World Geodetic System 1984
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Confidence interval: A measure of uncertainty. Confidence Level: The probability that a given confidence interval contains an unknown. It should be noted that the confidence level (often set at 95%) depends on the assumed statistical distribution of the data and the calculation is different for 1-dimensional (1D) than for 2-dimensional (2D) quantities. In this publication, based on the normal distribution of the error, the 95% confidence level for 1D quantities (z-value) are defined as 1.96 x standard deviation and the 95% level for 2D quantities (XY coordinates) as 2.45 x standard deviation. Correction: The best estimate that can be made of the difference between the actual and the measured value of a parameter. The sign is such that the correction added to the observation yields the measurement. Datum: The vertical reference plane to which z-values during a survey are determined. Error: The difference between an observed or computed value of a quantity and the true value of that quantity. (NB The true value can never be known, therefore the true error can never be known. It is legitimate to talk about error sources, but the values obtained from what has become known as an error budget, and from an analysis of residuals, are uncertainty estimates, not errors. See uncertainty) Feature detection: The ability of a system to detect objects and / or obstacles of a specific size. The standards in this document define the minimum size of objects that must be able to be detected during the survey. Feature: under this standard, an object, artificial or not, which protrudes above the bottom and yields a potential danger to shipping or should be examined. Full sea floor search: A systematic method for exploring the sea floor performed in such a way that most of the features and objects as specified in the applicable standard will be mapped. In practice it is impossible to achieve 100% coverage and the use of the term 100% bathymetric coverage is therefore discouraged. Integrity monitoring: This is the ability of a system to provide timely warnings to users when the system should not be used. Integrity monitor: equipment consisting of a GNSS receiver and radio transmitter set up over a known survey point that is used to monitor the quality of a Differential GNSS (DGNSS) signal/system. Positional discrepancies are continuously monitored and timely warnings are transmitted to users indicating when the system should not be used. Line spacing: The distance between two adjacent survey lines. Metadata: Data about data. Or the information on the characteristics of the data, such as the uncertainty of the survey, the overall quality, data set title, source, uncertainty of positioning and copyrights. Reduced z-value: Observed z-value including all corrections related to the survey and post processing and reduction to the used vertical datum. Survey line: An imaginary line across water and/or land, set out for conducting surveys, measurements, sampling, etc.
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Total horizontal uncertainty (THU): The component of the total propagated uncertainty (TPU) calculated in the horizontal plane. Although THU is quoted as a single figure, THU is a 2-dimensional quantity. The assumption has been made that the horizontal uncertainty is isotropic (i.e. there is a negligible correlation between errors in x- and y-direction). This makes a Normal distribution circularly symmetric allowing a single number to describe the radial distribution of the errors about the true value. Total propagated uncertainty (TPU): The resultant propagation of the uncertainties when all known uncertainties, both random and systematic are considered. The TPU is due to the uncertainty in the measurements and is a 3-dimensional variable. Total vertical uncertainty (TVU): The component of the total propagated uncertainty (TPU) calculated in the vertical dimension. The TVU is a 1-dimensional variable. Uncertainty: The distribution of a stochastic variable around the given value. The corresponding confidence level and the assumed probability distribution should be given thereto. Uncertainty surface: a model, typically grid based, which describes the depth uncertainty of the product of a survey over a contiguous area of the skin of the earth. The uncertainty surface should retain sufficient metadata to describe unambiguously the nature of the uncertainty being described. Under-Keel Clearance: The distance between the lowest point of the hull of the ship, usually a point on the keel, and the bottom Z-value: This term indicates both the value for the depth as for the bottom height. The Royal Netherlands Navy uses only depth. At Rijkswaterstaat the determination of the bottom height is also used.
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