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Pipelines Located on Seabed
:

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Diameter range : 10cm-2m Transporting oil , water, gas

Wall design: Simple steel to sophisticated design Their content: High temperature , High pressure
Robot systems called pigs Clean pipeline , remove obstruction , repairs

 Installation : On the floor , in trench , buried Trench keep pipeline in place laterally Burial provide thermal insulation Protection against seafloor hazard Trenching and Burial done by Sub-sea jetting Ploughing systems

 Soil weakens during

Laying

buckling
walking Storm loading Ploughing and trenching

 Pipeline route selection

Provide security Allow the asset to be installed Interaction with other users of the seabed Assessment of the geological setting An oceanographic survey A Geohazard assessment(earthquake-prone regions) A geotechnical survey A borrow search

 Hazards for pipelines

Fishing & Anchoring vessels

 Hazards for pipelines

Free span

 Hazards for pipelines

Submarine landslide and debris flows

 Hazards for pipelines

Trenching action of an iceberg keel

 Hazards for pipelines

Seabed contain fluid expulsion

Problem for pipelines

Geological faults

Earthquakes and water waves

Liquefaction of a sandy seabed Allowing a light pipeline to rise from buried depth Allowing a heavy one to sink in Hard , rocky seabed Abrade a pipe Do not allow to fix pipe in position Very soft seabed Allow pipeline to sink in Existing pipelines Shoreline Shallow water movement can be significant

o o o o o

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Towing method:
(a) surface tow
(b) controlled depth

 Pipe-laying operation
S-lay method

 Pipe-laying operation
J-lay method

 Pipe-laying operation
Reel system

 Trenching and burial technologies

Offshore pipelines can be laid On the seabed In pre-formed trenches In trenches formed during laying In trenches formed after laying

 Jet trenching systems

 Offshore ploughs

 Burial assessment

Burial assessments are carried out prior to commencing a project in order to determine the ease or difficulty with which a pipeline may be trenched or buried in a seabed, and to determine the technologies required and the timescales, and costs. Burial assessment can include:

Trenchability
Ploughability Rippability

 Consideration include: Bearing capacity Cuttability Mouldability Erodability

Sedimentation
Trench side stability

Density , permeability and dilation

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o Lateral buckling
The pipeline moves laterally across the seabed, so that an initially straight
pipeline will become curved. Movements can be up to 20 or more pipeline diameters, and can affect pipeline lengths of several hundred metres. The

pipeline moves into a shape whose length is longer than in the unbuckled
position; this relieves the induced stresses.

o Upheaval buckling
A buried pipeline curves up, and may break out above the seafloor, creating a free span that can extend several metres above the seabed. The curve is longer than the original shape, so the axial stresses are relieved. The breakout defeats the objective of burial, which was to protect the pipeline against hazards above the seafloor.

o Walking
Because the internal fluids carry the temperature and pressure in the pipe, changes in the temperature and pressure progress axially along the pipe. Repeated changes cause a cyclic effect, in which a pipeline on the seafloor expands, moves a small distance axially, then contracts and moves back; but not all the way due to soil friction. Over many cycles, the pipeline moves along its length.

Consequences Fatigue Plastic failure in bending

Rupture of thermal insulation

Cracking or tearing

Water ingress
Loss of flow capacity

 Mechanics of buckling
Lateral buckling : When the pipeline is started up, the changing temperature and pressure cause axial compressive stress to develop, and the pipe tends to move upwards where the soil resistance is

least, usually at a place where there is

an upwards overbend in the pipeline due to the imperfections.

 Mechanics of buckling
Upheaval buckling :

 Geotechnical analysis
Yield locus concept Yield envelope joins Load-states that large displacement occur

 Simplified embedment mechanism

Conventional bearing capacity mechanism, 'wished in place' at a shallow embedment D

Pipeline considered to be a Strip footing

Using the general bearing capacity equation, the vertical bearing capacity V per unit length of a strip footing of this width on the surface of a clay of uniform shear strength Su is :

 Simplified embedment mechanism

An issue with this calculation is that the penetration of pipeline will cause heave.

 A conventional mechanism at an embedment deeper than

It is convenient to consider the

pipe as a strip footing at this depth with a width of D/2. The general bearing capacity equation gives :

 Another potential mechanism at deeper embedment (e) and very deep embedment (f)

 Mechanism for creation of the berms in lateral buckling

 Simplified embedment mechanism

Concept for vertical break-out

 Photographs taken of an experimental in which pipe was installed in sand in a glass-ended box

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Preventative and remedial
To prevent buckling and walking Decreasing the driving forces Increasing the resisting forces

 Preventative and remedial

 Control lateral buckling