1º ESO Cuadernillo Bilingue

Juan N.
Puebla Rodrguez
Lola Reguera Doblado

1

Matemticas
Material curricular
1 ESO BILINGE

DEPARTAMENTO MATEMTICAS

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INDEX
UNIT I: NUMBERS.... 3
UNIT II: INTEGERS... 20
UNIT III: POWERS. 33
UNIT IV: DIVISIBILITY.. 44
UNIT V: FRACTIONS.. 55
UNIT VI: WHAT IS MAGNITUDE? .... 72
UNIT VII: ALGEBRA. 87
UNIT VIII: GEOMETRY.... 106


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NUMBERS UNIT I

Exercise 1. Say the numbers:
3 18 34 355 5 0 15
50 406 1,520 36 247 5,000
400 2,000,000 234,289 21
480 57 35 662
12 2,389 756 13 7
290.023 6.2
12.99 123 $2.34 12.67

Exercise 2. Write the number that you hear.

Exercise 3. Say the operations:
a) 2 + 3 = b) 5 8 = c) 12 8 = d) 18 9 =
e) 10 + 15 = f) 3 12 = g) 21 7 = h) 81 9 =
i) 23 + 7 = j) 102 17 = k) 12 6 = l) 125 35 =
m) 33 3 = n) 14 6 = o) 111 22 = p) 222 23 =


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PLACE VALUE
In the number 3 147 286 (three million, one hundred and forty seven thousand, two
hundred and eighty six), the figure 2 has a value of 200 (two hundred), and the figure 3
has a value of 3 000 000 (three million).

Exercise 4. What is the value of the figure 8? What is the value of the figure 4?

Exercise 5.
a) Describe the numbers 384 in words.
b) Describe the number 79 in words.
c) Describe the number 348 in words.
d) Describe the numbers 9 139 in words.
e) Describe the numbers 125 .978 in words.
f) Describe the numbers 4. 235 225 in words.

COMPARING NUMBERS
Symbol Meaning
Example in
Symbols
Example in Words
> Greater than 7 > 4 7 is greater than 4
< Less than 4 < 7 4 is less than 7
= Equal to 7 = 7 7 is equal to 7


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Exercise 6. Use < (less than), equals (=) or > ( greater than) to compare each set of
numbers.

a) (12 7) y (3 5) b ) (24 18) y 6 c) 23 y (100 77)

ORDER TO OPERATION
Problem: Evaluate the following arithmetic
expression: 3 + 4 2

It seems that each student interpreted the problem differently, resulting in two different
answers. Student 1 performed the operation of addition first, then multiplication;
whereas student 2 performed multiplication first, then addition. When performing
arithmetic operations there can be only one correct answer. We need a set of rules in
order to avoid this kind of confusion. Mathematicians have devised a standard order
of operations for calculations involving more than one arithmetic operation.

Rule 1: First perform any calculations inside parentheses.
Rule 2: Next perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right.
Rule 3: Lastly, perform all additions and subtractions, working from left to right.

The above problem was solved correctly by Student 2 since she followed Rules 2 and
3.

Let's look at some Exercises of solving arithmetic expressions using these rules.

Student 1

Student 2
3 + 4 2= 3 + 4 2=
= 7 2 = 3 + 8
= 14 = 11


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Exercise 7. Evaluate each expression using the rules for order of operations.
Order of Operations
Expression Evaluation Operation
6 + 7 8 = 6 + 7 8 Multiplication
= Addition
=
16 8 2
= Division
= Subtraction
=
(25 11) 3
= Parentheses
= Multiplication
=

In Exercise 7, each problem involved only 2 operations. Let's look at some Exercises
that involve more than two operations.

Exercise 8. Evaluate 3 + 6 (5 + 4) 3 7 using the order of operations.

Exercise 9. Evaluate 9 5 (8 3) 2 + 6 using the order of operations.
Solution: Step 1: . = .. Parentheses
Step 2: = Division
Step 3: = Multiplication
Step 4: = Subtraction
Step 5: = 13 Addition

Solution: Step 1:
3 + 6 (5 + 4) 3 7
= . Parentheses
Step 2: = Multiplication
Step 3: = Division
Step 4: = Addition
Step 5: = 14 Subtraction


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In Exercise 8 and 9, you will notice that multiplication and division were evaluated from
left to right according to Rule 2. Similarly, addition and subtraction were evaluated from
left to right, according to Rule 3.

When two or more operations occur inside a set of parentheses, these operations
should be evaluated according to Rules 2 and 3.

Exercise 10. Evaluate 150 (6 + 3 8) 5 using the order of operations.
Solution: Step 1: = Multiplication inside Parentheses
Step 2: = Addition inside Parentheses
Step 3: = Division
Step 4: = Subtraction

Exercise 11. Write an arithmetic expression for this problem. Then evaluate the
expression using the order of operations.
Mr. Smith charged Jill 32 for parts and 15 per hour for labour to repair her bicycle. If
he spent 3 hours repairing her bike, how much does Jill owe him?
Solution:

Jill owes Mr. Smith:

Summary: When evaluating arithmetic expressions, the order of operations is:
- Simplify all operations inside parentheses.
- Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right.
- Perform all additions and subtractions, working from left to right.


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Exercise 12. Evaluate 3 + 6 (5 + 4) 3 7 using the order of operations.
(fill up the gaps)

Step 1: 3 + 6 (5 + 4) 3 7 = (Bracket)
Step 2: 3 + 6 ___ 3 7 = (Multiplication)
Step 3: 3 + ___ 3 7 = (Division)
Step 4 : 3 + ____ 7 = ( Addition and subtraction)

Exercise 13. Evaluate 9 5 (8 3) 2 + 6 using the order of operations.

In Exercise 8 and 9, you will notice that multiplication and division were evaluated from
left to right.

Exercise 14. Evaluate 150 (6 + 3 8) 5 using the order of operations.

Exercise 15. There are 365 days in a year, and each day has 24 hours in it. How
many hours are there in a week?

Exercise 16. After a school trip, there's 532 left over. The school decides to share
this out between the 38 students on the trip. How much does each student receive?

Exercise 17. A farmer has 630 eggs. They are to be placed in trays. Each tray holds
48 eggs. How many trays can be filled?

DIVISION
- Multiplication:
In multiplication two numbers are given and we find their product as:
5 15 = ?
5 15 = 75


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- Division:
We can rewrite the above multiplication as a division problem as:
What number times 15 equals 75?
? 15 = 75
This is a division problem.
- Division is also called the inverse of multiplication. To find the
answer we have to divide as:
? = 75 15
Here we have to divide 75 into groups of 15
75 15 = 5 75 divided by 15 equals 5
- Else we could subtract 15 from 75 five times.
- Multiplication is repeated addition and division is repeated subtraction.
- 15 is called the divisor.
- 75 is called the dividend. It is the number being divided.
- 4 is called the quotient.

In a division problem:
1. The number that is divided is called the dividend.
2. The number that divides the dividend is called divisor.
3. The number of times the dividend is divisible by the divisor is called the quotient.
4. If the dividend is completely not divisible by the divisor it leaves behind a
remainder.

Exercise 18. How do you check if the division is right?

Dividend = Quotient Divisor + Remainder
Here the remainder is 0.
Hence 8 = 4 2
Answer: Multiply the ..............and the ...................
8 2 = 4
Quotient
Divisor
Dividend
Quotient
Dividend
Divisor
4
8 2


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Question 1: To check if a division problem was solved correctly,
multiply the quotient and the divisor and add the remainder.
multiply the quotient and the dividend and subtract the remainder.
multiply the remainder and the divisor and add the quotient.

Question 2: In the problem 305 = 6, what is the divisor?
6
5
30

Question 3: If a division problem has no remainder,
quotient = dividend divisor
divisor = dividend quotient
dividend = quotien divisor

Question 4: In the problem 305 = 6, what is the quotient?
6
30
5

Question 5: In the problem 305 = 6, what is the dividend?
5
6
30

Question 6: The number you are dividing by is called:
quotient
dividend
divisor
remainder

Question 7: The number that is remaining after division problem is called:
quotient
remainder
dividend
divisor

Question 8: In the problem 305 = 6, what is the answer?
5
30
6


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ROUNDING NUMBERS
- Rounding makes numbers that are easier to work with in your head.
- Rounded numbers are only approximate.
- An exact answer generally can not be obtained using rounded numbers.
- Use rounding to get an answer that is close but that does not have to be exact.

How to round numbers
1.Make the numbers that end in 1 through 4 into the next lower number that ends in 0.
2.Numbers that end in a digit of 5 or more should be rounded up to the next even ten.

For example 74 rounded to the nearest ten would be 70.
The number 88 rounded to the nearest ten would be 90.

Exercise 19. Fill in the gaps.
424 rounded to the nearest hundred is ..........
988 rounded to the nearest hundred is ..........
6424 rounded to the nearest thousand is . .........
8788 rounded to the nearest thousand is ...........

DECIMALS ORDER
We use a decimal point to separate units from parts of a whole (tenths, hundredths,
thousandths etc).

- A tenth is
1
/
10
of a unit
- A hundredth is
1
/
100
of a unit
- A thousandth is
1
/
1000
of a unit

In the number 34,27, the value of the figure 2 is a tenth, and the value of the figure 7 is
a hundredth.

Ordering decimals
Hundreds are greater than tens, tens are greater than units, units are greater than
tenths, and tenths are greater than hundredths!


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When ordering numbers, we should always compare the digits on the left first.

For example, which is greater: 2,701 or 2,71?
Units Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
2 7 0 1
2 7 1 0

Both numbers have two units and seven tenths, but 2.701 has no hundredths, whereas
2.71 has one hundredth. Therefore, 2.71 is greater than 2.701.
Another way to look at it is to add a zero to the end of 2.71 (this does not change its
value, because it is after the decimal point!).
The two numbers are now 2.710 and 2.701. It is quite easy to see that 2.710 is bigger
(just as 2710 is bigger than 2701).

Exercise 20. Write decimal numbers:
a) Describe the number 0,2 in words.
b) Describe the number 2,48 in words.
c) Describe the numbers 0.345 in words.
d) Describe the numbers 1,8 in words.
e) Describe the numbers 2,005 in words.

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
Adding and subtracting decimals is easy. Simply add or subtract as normal, but make
sure that you keep the decimal points aligned.

Exercise 21. Solve
a) Four and twenty seven hundredths plus two and three tenths.
b) Fifty two and seven hundredths minus twenty seven and three tenths.
c) Twenty times one hundred.
d) Eight times two hundred and twenty four.


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MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING DECIMALS
Multiplying and dividing by 10, 100, 1000 .You need to learn the following rules:

Action Rule Example
Multiply by 10 Move the decimal point one place to the right 2.45 10 = 24.5
Multiply by 100 Move the decimal point two places to the right 2.45 100 = 245
Multiply by 1000 Move the decimal point three places to the right 2.45 1000= 2450
Divide by 10 Move the decimal point one place to the left 46.7 10 = 4.67
Divide by 100 Move the decimal point two places to the left 46.7 100 = 0.467
Divide by 1000 Move the decimal point three places to the left 46.7 1000=0.0467

Exercise 22. Products and division. Solve:

a) 6.23 1000
b) 1,2 100
c) 115.1 1000
d) 125 100
e) 1000 22,2

Ejercicio 23. En cada uno de los casos, escribe el resultado con letras en ingls:

1) 1.1 + 2.4 = 5) 3.07 10 =
2) 3.25 + 1.04 = 6) 2.5 100 =
3) 5.26 1.18 = 7) 2.31 2 =
4) 3.75 + 1.23 2.41 = 8) 0.8 1.2 =
5) 4.2 0.07 = 9) 6.074 2 =


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Exercise 24. Write down the missing numbers.

a) 15 = 45 f) 50 200 =
b) 297
= 2,97 g) 70 = 4900
c) 741 1000 = h) 140 30 =
d) 3,5 = 3500 i) 60 = 3600
e) 14,2
10 = j) 0,12
= 0,0012

Exercise 25. A builder requires 65 pieces of expensive timber. The Timber costs
$126 a piece What is the total cost of the timber?

Exercise 26. Use the following answer to work out the questions below
5300 120 = 636000

a) 53 1,2 = f) 0,53 1,2 =
b) 53 120 = g) 530 0,12 =
c) 1200 0,53 = h) 53 120000 =
d) 53 12 = i) 0,053 12 =

Exercise 27. Each of these expressions can work out to 20 with brackets in the right
places. Write the expressions with bracket.

a) 30
6 4 = b) 26 3 + 3 = c) 10 7 17 =
d) 4 + 6 6 2 = e) 15 + 25
9 7 = f) 5 24
6 =

Exercise 28. Work out

a) 20 5 (2 + 3) 2 + 6 = b) 15 2 ( 7 4 ) 7 =
c) ( 2 + 6 ) 4 5 2 = d) 3 12 4 ( 10 8 ) =
e) 2 0 15 3 = f) 2 + 5 7 =
g) 3,2 100 0,2 5 = h) 1,22 0,022 10 =


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The numbers at the Start of the maze can only survive if they manage to find a route to
the Exit which has transformed them into the numbers shown.

Start numbers are 10, 4, 6 and 3

Exit numbers are 9, 3.5, 12,20,8 and 14

Which numbers manage to survive the maze?

START
EXIT


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ORDINAL NUMBERS
Ordinal numbers refer to a position in a series. Common ordinals include:

10th tenth
1st first 11th eleventh
2nd second 12th twelfth (note "f", not "v") 20th twentieth
3rd third 13th thirteenth 30th thirtieth
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 40th fortieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 50th fiftieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 60th sixtieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 70th seventieth
8th eighth (only one "t") 18th eighteenth 80th eightieth
9th ninth (no "e") 19th nineteenth 90th ninetieth

Ordinal numbers such as 21st, 33rd, etc., are formed by combining a cardinal ten with
an ordinal unit.

21st twentyfirst 58th fiftyeighth 83rd eightythird
25th twentyfifth 64th sixtyfourth 99th ninetyninth
32nd thirtysecond 79th seventyninth


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AUTOEVALUACIN Matemticas UNIT I

Ejercicio 1. Explica cmo se aproximan por redondeo los nmeros naturales y
decimales. Aydate de ejemplos.

Exercise 2. Write the following numbers:
a) Twelve and fifteen thousandths.
b) Seven hundredths.
c) Eight and nine thousandths.

Ejercicio 3. En una recta numrica ,explica la forma de situar los siguientes puntos:
1,2 ; 1,45 ; 1,03.

Exercise 4. If olive oil cost 3.15 per litre How much would you pay for 0.75 litres?.

Exercise 5. Alfredo and Vanessa buy in the store:
- five cartons of milk at 1,05 per carton
- a 3,5 Kg of cod at 13.25 / Kg.
- A package of cookies for 2.85
What was the total amount paid?

Exercise 6. Manuel has bought 1.25 Kg of apples and 0.750 Kg. of strawberries. If
the strawberries are 1,45 /Kg and the apples are 1.30 /Kg How much change will he
receive if he paid with a 50 bill?

Ejercicio 7. Solve:
a) 6.4 2 (127)= b) 21:(3+4)+6= c) 8,01 2 4,11=
d) 5 ( 0,8 + 0,6)= e) 1,9 + 2 ( 1,3 0,7) = f) (11,210,05)220,21=

Exercise 8. A shopowner buys one hundred twenty five dresses at thirteen point
twenty euros per dress. At what price should the shopowner sell the dresses if five
dresses will not be sold and he wants to make two hundred fifty euros profit?

Ejercicio 9. En una granja, entre caballos y ovejas, hay 847 cabezas. Sabiendo que
hay 31 caballos y que el nmero de vacas supera al de caballos en 108 unidades
cul es el nmero de ovejas?


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REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD I

Nombre y Apellidos 1 ___

Fecha de entrega:
Atencin: todos los ejercicios deben realizarse en DIN A4 con bolgrafo azul o
negro.
Copia todos los enunciados y en los problemas explica el procedimiento
seguido. Utiliza una hoja, que debes entregar, para realizar todas las
operaciones. (No debes utilizar calculadora)

Ejercicio 1. Calcular:

a) 20,23 100 = b) 12,04 1000 = c) 13,345 100 = d) 0,234 100 =
e) 0,23 : 10 = f) 12,3 : 100 = g) 234 : 100 = h) 89,2 : 10 =

Ejercicio 2. Explica cmo se redondean nmeros naturales y decimales. Utiliza
ejemplos.

Ejercicio 3. Trece amigos ganan un premio de 12831 Cunto dinero le
corresponden a cada uno si todos apostaron igual cantidad?

Ejercicio 4. En una recta numrica ,explica la forma de situar los siguientes puntos:
2,3 ; 3,05 ; 3,99.

Ejercicio 5. Si el litro de aceite de oliva virgen est a 3,42 /litro cunto costarn
0,25 litros?

Ejercicio 6. Vanesa y Kevin compran en el sper:
- cinco cartones de leche a 0,97 el cartn
- 2 Kg. de pechuga de pollo a 7,99 el Kg.
- dos cajas de cola 0,45 e la lata, sabiendo que cada caja contiene doce latas
- 2 Kg. de garbanzos a 1,43 / Kg.
Cunto pagan a la cajera del supermercado?


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Ejercicio 7. Jos ha comprado 1,5 Kg. de manzanas y 0,85 Kg. de peras, 2,5 Kg. de
cerezas. Teniendo en cuenta que las cerezas estn a 2,35 /Kg., las manzanas a
1,25/Kg. y las peras 1,25/Kg Cunto le devolvern si paga con un billete de
20?Sabras expresar las operaciones como una nica operacin combinada?

Ejercicio 8. Calcular detallando el proceso seguido:
a) 3 4 2 (21 17) = b) 20 2 (5 4) =
c) 3( 23 12) + 2 ( 21 18) = d) 3 2,2 2 ,2 (2,1 1,7) =
e) 2,3 2, 01 1,2 (1, 5 1, 23 ) = f) 3 ( 2,3 1,2) =

Ejercicio 9. Propiedad de la divisin Al multiplicar el dividendo y el divisor por el
mismo nmero, el cociente no vara Cundo la aplicamos y para qu? Aydate de
ejemplos.

Ejercicio 10. Luis ha comprado una camiseta y unos pantalones por 52 . Si los
pantalones le han costado el triple de la camiseta Cunto le ha costado cada prenda?

Ejercicio 11. Calcula:
a) 0,004 0, 7 = b) 0,23 0, 3 = c) 0,008 0,5 = d) 1,2 0, 4 =
e) 0,008: 0,002 = f) 12 : 0,3 = g) 12 : 0,5 = h) 60 : 0,2 =

Ejercicio 12. Escribe los siguientes nmeros:
a) Dos unidades y cinco milsimas. b) Doce centsimas
c) Diez unidades y ocho centsimas d) 1,023
e) 0,07 g) 23, 4

Ejercicio 13. Un meln est a 59 cntimos el kg. Cunto pagars por un meln de
2,45 Kg.?

Ejercicio 14. Calcula el cociente con dos cifras decimales:
a) 12 : 0,9 = b) 4 : 0,25 c) 15 : 18,3 = d) 4,6 : 1,23 f) 2,385 : 6,9 =

Ejercicio 15. Calcular detallando el proceso seguido:
a) 314 3 (11 7) + 23= b) 20 3 (7 4) + 4= c) (23 12)2+ 23=
d)32 (2,1 1,7) = e) 1,32, 05 1,5(1,58 1,23) = f) 5( 24 10) 5 2
=


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INTEGERS UNIT II

RECOGNISING NEGATIVE NUMBERS
You have to be able to use negative (or directed) numbers in many everyday contexts,
for example with temperatures, bank balances etc.

A temperature of 6 degrees below zero is 6.
If your bank account is 100 overdrawn, then your balance is 100 .

In your exam, you might be asked to put some numbers in order. You have to
remember, for instance, that 10 is less than 5.

Sometimes it helps to see negative numbers on a number line.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Exercise 1. Order the numbers 5, 2, 3, 9, 2.5, 0.5.

The lowest number in this list is .............
The highest number is ...........................
From lowest to highest, the order is..............

Negative numbers and temperature
You need to be able to work out rises and falls in temperature using negative numbers.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A number line can help us to understand changes in temperature. For example, if the
overnight temperature fell to 4C, and by midday it had risen to 7C, then, counting
from 4 up to 7 on the number line,
Negative Positive


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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

the temperature has gone up by 11C

Exercise 2. At 6 pm, the temperature was 3C. By midnight, it had dropped to 5C.
How great was the fall in temperature?

Exercise 3. At 7 am, Joe recorded the temperature in his garden as being 4C.
He went back out outside at 1 pm and found that the temperature had increased by
12C. What was the temperature at 1 pm?

Exercise 4. a. At 6 pm, the outside temperature was 7C. By 6 am, the temperature
had dropped by 13C. What was the temperature at 6am?
b. At 10am the temperature was 2C. How much did the temperature
increase by?
c. At 5 pm the temperature increased by 5C. What was the
temperature at 5 pm?
d. At 8 pm the temperature dropped by 5C. What was the temperature
at 8 pm?

Exercise 5. Here is a table showing temperatures in cities worldwide:

City Barcelona London New York Moscow Oslo Paris Sydney
Temp 17C 5 C 7 C 9 C 5C 12C 23C

What is the difference in temperature between Moscow and Oslo? And between
Sydney and Oslo?
What was the difference in temperature between Barcelona and Moscow? How much
higher was the temperature in London than the temperature in Oslo?


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ADDING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS.
If one of the integers is negative, subtract the absolute value of it from the other
number.

Example: 14 + ( 6) = 14 6 = 8

If both of the integers are negative, add their absolute values and prefix the number
with a negative sign.

SUBTRACTING NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE INTEGERS.
To subtract integers, change the sign on the integer that is to be subtracted.
- If both signs are positive, the answer will be positive.

Example: 14 (6) = 14 + 6 = 20
- If both signs are negative, the answer will be negative.
Example: 14 (+6) = 14 6 = 20
- If the signs are different subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger
absolute value. The sign will be the sign of the integer that produced the larger
absolute value.

Example: 14 (+6) = 14 6 = 8
Example: 14 (6) = 14 + 6 = 8

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO AND THREE INTEGERS
Multiplication of Integers is similar to multiplication of whole numbers (both positive)
except the sign of the product needs to be determined.

If both factors are positive, the product will be positive.
If both factors are negative, the product will be positive.
If only one of the factors is negative, the product will be negative.

In other words, if the signs are the same the product will be positive, if they are
different, the product will be negative.


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DIVISION OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE INTEGERS
Division of Integers is similar to division of whole numbers (both positive) except the
sign of the quotient needs to be determined.

If both the dividend and divisor are positive, the quotient will be positive.
If both the dividend and divisor are negative, the quotient will be positive.
If only one of the dividend or divisor is negative, the quotient will be negative.

In other words, if the signs are the same the quotient will be positive, if they are
different, the quotient will be negative.

Exercise 6. Work out:
a) 1000 (2) = b) 1000 9000 = c) 12 12 =
d) 12 + 12 = e) (200)
( 4) = f) (144)
12 =
g) (125)
(5) = h) 1 1 = i) 1 2 2 =
j) (12 ) (12) = k) 40 (4) = l) 10 + (10) =

ABSOLUTE VALUE
The absolute value of a number is just the value of the numeral, ignoring the sign, that
is, the distance the number is from zero on the number line.

Symbol .... Written as 4 4 = and 4 4 = +

Exercise 7. Use < (less than), equals(=) or > ( greater than) to compare each set of
numbers.

10 .......... 10 a) + C 10 C........ 25 b)
0 . .......... 12 c) 7 5 ......... 5 7 d) +
1 12 .. .......... 1 12 e) + + 5 7 .. .......... 7 5 f) + +


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Exercise 8. Write down the following operations and solve:
a) Negative four times, open bracket seven minus eight closed brackets, plus eighteen
divided by three equals.
b) Four times open brackets twelve minus sixteen closed brackets, minus twenty five
divided by five equals.
c) Negative twenty divided by four plus three times open brackets eight minus
seventeen closed brackets equals.
d) Open brackets, negative two, close bracket times open square bracket, open
bracket, negative five, close bracket minus open bracket negative two close bracket,
close square bracket equal.

Exercise 9. A painter is on the middle step of a ladder.
This means that there are an equal number of steps above and below the painter. If the
painter goes down 4 steps, then up 7 steps, and then down 13 steps, he will be on the
first step of the ladder. How
many steps does the ladder
have all together?

Exercise 10. A group of 68 students went to the amusement park.
Some travelled by car while others rode the school bus .On the way to the amusement
park, 41 students rode in the bus and 3 students rode in each car. During the trip home
4 students rode in each car. How many students came home by bus?

Exercise 11. Look at the dates of birth and deaths of the following people:
Pythagoras de Samos (582 507 BCE.), Cleopatra (69 30 BCE), Alejandro Magno
(356 323 BCE), Herodes Antipas (20 BCE, 39), Miguel ngel (1475 1564), San
Francisco de Ass (1182 1226) y Gustavo Adolfo Bcquer (1836 1870)
a) Order them by least amount of years lived to most.
b) Chronologically


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Ejercicio 12. Calcular, paso a paso:
( ) ( ) | |= 9 8 3) ( a) ( ) ( ) | |= 11 18 42 b)
( ) ( ) | | ( ) = + 4 11 9 c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + 10 7 9 1 d)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + + 6 4 28 4) e) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |= + + 4 6 2 7 5 2 e)
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + + 9 4 10 2) ( 8 3 1 f)

DIRECTED NUMBERS (1)

1) 4 1 = 21) 3 9 = 41) 6 + (9) =
2) 6 4 = 22) 8 ( 8) = 42) 5 (8) =
3) 1 6 = 23) 1 2 = 43) 4 + (11) =
4) 4 + 1 = 24) 2 + 2 = 44) 7 + (12) =
5) 4 1 = 25) 8 + 4 = 45) 2 (4) =
6) 1 ( 2) = 26) 6 11 = 46) 1 + (8) =
7) 5 12 = 27) 9 + 12 = 47) 6 (19) =
8) 4 7 = 28) 3 (6) = 48) 7 + (8) =
9) 10 + 15 = 29) 2 9 = 49) 4 (5) =
10) 17 17 = 30) 8 7 = 50) 3 + (11) =
11) 8 15 = 3) 4 6 = 51) 4 + (6) =
12) 5 (5) = 32) 9 + 7 = 52) 6 (18) =
13) 14 12 = 33) 13 9 = 53) 4 (3) =
14) 10 18 = 34) 11 + 13 = 54) 8 (5) =
15) 9 5 = 35) 10 (9) = 55) 3 + (9) =
16) 2 6 = 36) 14 18 = 56) 5 + (18) =
17) 3 ( 7) = 37) 14 + 18 = 57) 3 + (2) =
18) 17 7 = 38) 14 ( 18) = 58) 5 (4) =
19) 10 17 = 39) 14 18 = 59) 3 + (17) =
20) 13 + 15 = 40) 18 14 = 60) 8 (9) =


26
DIRECTED NUMBERS (2)
1) 5 2 = 21) 2 7 = 41) 8 (9) =
2) 9 ( 4) = 22) 1 ( 5) = 42) 1 (+8) =
3) 10 ( 6) = 23) 18 + 21 = 43) 4 (11) =
4) (4) (+10) = 24) (12) ( 2) = 44) 10 + (2) =
5) 4 1 = 25) 8 + 4 = 45) 2 (24) =
6) 10 ( 7) = 26) ( 6) ( 11) = 46) (2) (11) =
7) 5 12 = 27) 3 + 1 = 47) (6) (9) =
8) 3( 80) = 28) (3) ( 8) = 48) 3 + (3) =
9) 1 15 = 29) 1 9 = 49) 4 (8) =
10) 17 (17) = 30) 8 ( 7) = 50) 3 (11) =
11) 8 (5) = 31) 4 (+ 6) = 51) (4) (6) =
12) 5 (5) = 32) ( 9) (+ 7) = 52)6 (8) =
13) 1 (12) = 33) 13 9 = 53) ( 4) (3) =
14) (10) (18) = 34) 11 + 13 = 54) (8) (5) =
15) 9 500 = 35) 1000 ( 9) = 55) (3) (9) =
16) ( 2 ) (+600) = 36) 14 18 = 56) (5) (8) =
17) 3 ( 7) = 37) 14 + 18 = 57) 3 + (2) =
18) 17 7 = 38) 14 ( 18) = 58) 5 (4) =
19) 10 17 = 39) 14 18 = 59) 3 + (17) =
20) 13 + 15 = 40) 18 14 = 60) 8 (9) =


27
AUTOEVALUACIN Matemticas UNIT II

Ejercicio 1. Contesta razonadamente:
a) Define valor absoluto de un nmero. Qu smbolos utilizamos? Aydate de
ejemplos.
b) Qu smbolo utilizamos para designar el conjunto de los nmeros enteros? Qu
entiendes por opuesto de un nmero entero?
c) Escribe dos nmeros enteros distintos que tengan el mismo valor absoluto.

Exercise 2. There are two opposite integers that are 10 units apart on the number
line What are these two number?

Exercise 3. Order the following integers from least to greatest (> <):
357 , 421 , 234 , 3, 12 , 9 , 362

Ejercicio 4. Marta Elena vende 220 centollos a un restaurante.
El dueo le paga 6,25 el centollo si tienen coral, a 3 si no lo tienen, y si no estn en
buen estado, como indemnizacin le tiene que pagar 1,2 al dueo del restaurante.
Cunto dinero gan Marta Elena si haba 20 centollos podridos, y 80 sin coral?
Expresa la solucin con una nica operacin combinada.

Ejercicio 5. Qu entiendes por orden de operaciones? Aydate de ejemplos.

Exercise 6. Calculate the balance that Roberto will have in his bank account on
October 3
rd
, knowing that on September 11
th
he had a balance of 7450, and on
October 1
st
he received his salary of 1644 , but he had to pay 243 in taxes.

Don Roberto Alczar y Pedrn /CC 2345 1000 23 0012802234/ General Bank
Date Withdraw deposit Concept
September 12
th
200 ATM Withdraw
September 12
th
64 Community
September 17
th
335 Car insurance
September 18
th
400 Transfer
September 22
th
250 Bonus check
September 28
th
1200 Car repair
September 30
th
300 Mortgage


28
a) +10 ( 8) = e) ( 2 + 4 ) ( +1 3) =
b) ( +10) ( 8) = f) (10 21) ( 2 + 3 ) =
c) (10) + ( 8 ) = g) + ( 21 + 8 ) ( +10 30) =
d) ( 8 + 9) ( +2) = h) (111 ) ( +1+1+1 ) =

Ejercicio 8. Calcular
a) ( + 800 )
( 2) = b) ( 2000) (+100) = c) ( 24 )
( + 3) =
d) ( 800 ) ( 2) = f) ( +2000) ( 100) = g) ( 24 ) +( +3) =
h) ( 1000 )
( 4) = i ) ( 25) ( + 5) = j) ( 56 )
( 8) =
k) ( 800 ) ( 2) = l) ( 2000) + ( + 100) = m) ( 24 ) ( + 3) =

Ejercicio 9. Calcular, paso a paso:
( ) ( ) | |= 2 5 2) ( a) ( ) ( ) | |= 6 12 36 b)
( ) ( ) | | ( ) = + 2 10 8 c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + 10 6 4 11 d)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + 6 4 18 4) e) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |= + + + 4 8 3 7 5 4 f)
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |= + + + 9 2 2 2) ( 10 3 2 f)

Exercise 10. The thermometer in a walkin refrigerator reads 5 C. The thermostat is
changed in order to lower temperature decreases 2 C every 5 minutes, what will the
temperature be in one hour?

Ejercicio 11. Hemos recibido un mensaje en clave formado por los siguientes
nmeros {1, +2, 5, +7, 10, 4, 8, 1, +5}. Sabemos que el significado de dicho
mensaje es el resultado de calcular el valor absoluto de la suma de dichos nmeros.
Cul es el significado del mensaje?


29
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD II


Fecha de entrega:
negro.

Ejercicio 1. Completa.
El conjunto de los nmeros enteros se representa por la letra ___ , y est formado
por:
- Los nmeros, _________________ que son los positivos +1, +2, +3, +4, ..
- El cero 0
- Los nmeros ______________ _______

Ejercicio 2. Asocia un nmero, positivo o negativo segn corresponda a cada uno de
los enunciados:
a) La peluquera est en el 4 piso ______
b) Mi coche est en el stano n 2 ______
c) Debo en el banco 123 Euros __________
d) Un termmetro marca 4 bajo cero______
e) Hoy han cado 8 litros de agua por m
2
______
f) Tengo 4 euros en la cartera y 2 euros en el bolsillo_________________
g) He perdido 2 euros __________
h) El ascensor sube 6 plantas _________

Ejercicio 3. Representa en una recta numrica los siguientes nmeros enteros:
a) 3, 0, +4, 6, +6, 7, +1, 1, +3
b) Ordena todos esos nmeros anteriores de menor a mayor (recuerda que tienes que
colocar el signo).

Ejercicio 4. Define que es el valor absoluto de un nmero y pon ejemplos (no te
olvides en los ejemplos de poner las rayas verticales).


30
+ + = +
+ =
+ =
= +
Ejercicio 5. Define quien es el opuesto de un nmero entero. Pon ejemplos.

Ejercicio 6. Escribe cinco elementos ms en las siguientes series numricas:
a) 0, 1 1, 2, 2, .........
b) 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, ........
c) 8, 4, 0, .........

a) +5 + 8 = b) 3 9 = c) + 12 + 14 = d) +2 + 1 + 7 =
e) + 3 + 9 = f) + 6 + 1 + 14 = g) 4 6 3 2 = h) 46 50 =
i) 5 8 = j) + 4 + 6 + 3 + 2 = k) 25 30 5 = l) 6 1 14 =
m) 2 1 7 = n) 4 9 = ) 12 14 = o) 4 + 3 5 =

Ejercicio 8. Efecta las siguientes operaciones:
a) 7 + 5 = d) 5 9 = g) 5 + 6 8 =
b) 3 6 = e) + 9 + 2 = h) + 6 + 4 12 =
c) 8 + 12 = f) + 6 9 = i) 20 40 60 =

Ejercicio 9. Quita parntesis y calcula:
a) ( + 12 ) + ( + 15 ) = e) ( +8 ) ( +6 ) =
b) ( 14 ) + ( + 4 ) = f) ( 18 ) ( +10 ) =
c) ( 14 ) + ( 2 ) = g) ( 50) ( 10) =
d) ( +30 ) + ( 45 ) = h) ( +8 ) ( 12 ) =

Ejercicio 10. Quita parntesis y calcula:
a) ( 8) ( 4) + ( 6) ( + 2) ( 9) =
b) ( + 7 ) ( + 5 ) + ( 11 ) + ( +4 ) =
c) ( + 15 ) + ( 13 ) ( +12 ) ( 10) =
d) ( 2) ( 8) + ( 4) ( 6) + ( 7) =
e) ( +12 ) ( 14 ) ( +16 ) ( 20 ) =
f) ( 4) + ( 8) ( +7 )+ ( +16 ) =

Recuerda que para multiplicar y/o dividir nmeros enteros,
se multiplican y/o dividen como los naturales y se aplica la
regla de los signos:


31
Ejercicio 11. Calcula los siguientes productos:
a) (+4)(+5) = b) (+4)( 5) = c) ( 4)(+5) = d) ( 4)( 5 ) =
e) (+12)(+3) = f) (+12)( 3) = g) (12)(+3) = h) ( 12)( 3) =

Ejercicio 12. Calcula los siguientes cocientes:
a) (+24) : (+3) = b) (+24) : ( 3) = c) ( 24) : (+3) = d) ( 24) : ( 3) =
e) (+120) : (+10) = f) (+120) : (10) = g) (120) : (+10) = h) (120) : (10) =

a) (7) (3) = b) (+2) (5) = c) (+4) (+3) =
d) (1) (8) = e) (2) (7) (1) = f) (+3) ( 2) ( 4) =
g) (+28) : (+4) = h) (21) : (3) = i) (3) : (3) =
j) (+35) : (7) = k) 30 : (6) = l) ( 48) : 6 =

Operaciones combinadas
A la hora de resolver operaciones combinadas, ten en cuenta:
1 Resolver los parntesis o corchetes.
2 Hacer las multiplicaciones y las divisiones.
3 Hacer las sumas y las restas.

Ejercicio 14. Realiza:
a) 5( 4 9 ) = d) 48 : ( 8 4 ) = g) ( 3)[ ( 5 ) + ( 4 )]=
b) 6( 12 + 8 ) = e) 9[ ( 7) ( 3) + (+1 )]= h) 50: [(5)+( 5)] =
c) 12 : ( 6 8) = f) | | ) 2 ( : 10) ( 4) ( 6) ( + + =

Ejercicio 15. Expresa ayudndote de una recta numrica las siguientes situaciones:
a) Tengo en mi cuenta 12 euros, pero me llega una factura de 15 euros. En qu
situacin estoy?
b) El ascensor est en el tercer stano y ha subido cinco plantas. Dnde se
encuentra?
c) Ayer, la temperatura a las nueve de la maana era de 4 C. A medioda haba
subido 6 C ms, a las cinco de la tarde marcaba 5 C ms, a las nueve de la noche
haba bajado 7 C y a las doce de la noche an haba bajado otros 4 C.
Qu temperatura marcaba el termmetro a las doce de la noche?


32
Ejercicio 16. Carlomagno naci en el ao 742, Pitgoras en el ao 580 a.n.e.,
Sneca en el ao 3 a.n.e. y Tiberio en el ao 42 a.n.e. Ordnalos por antigedad, del
ms antiguo al ms moderno.

Ejercicio 17. Euclides naci en el ao 300 a.n.e. y Pitgoras en el ao 580 a.n.e.
Cul de ellos naci antes? Cuntos aos antes?

Ejercicio 18. Ayer a las 8 h de la tarde el termmetro marcaba 2
C. A las 12 h de la
noche la temperatura descendi 5
C. Qu temperatura marc el termmetro a las 12h

de la noche?

Ejercicio 19 La pirmide de Keops se termina de construir aproximadamente hacia el
ao 2.600 a.n.e. Cuntos aos han transcurridos desde su terminacin?

Ejercicio 20. Pitgoras naci en el ao 580 a.n.e y muri en el ao 501 a.n.e.
Cuntos aos vivi Pitgoras?


33
POWERS UNIT III

9 is a square number.
3 3 = 9
3 3 can also be written as 3
2
(3 squared)

8 is a cube number.
2 2 2 = 8
2 2 2 can also be written as 2
3
(2 cubed)

The notation 3
2
and 2
3
is known as index form. The small digit is called the index
number or power.
We have already seen that 3
2
= 3 3 = 9, and that 2
3
= 2 2 2 = 8.

Similarly, 5
4
(five to the power of 4) = 5 5 5 5 = 625, and
3
5
(three to the power of 5) = 3 3 3 3 3 = 243.

In each case, the index number tells us how many times we should multiply the
numbers together.

When the index number is two, we say 'squared'.
When the index number is three, we say 'cubed'.
When the index number is greater than three we say 'to the power of'.

For example:
7
2
is 'seven squared',
3
3
is 'three cubed',
3
7
is 'three to the power of seven',
4
5
is 'four to the power of five'.

All scientific calculators have a 'power' button [x
y
]. This is particularly useful when the
index number is large. (After all, you're very likely to make a mistake if you try to
calculate 4
10
by typing 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 into your calculator!).
Instead, type
4 shift x
y

10 =


34
Exercise 1. Copy and complete the following table then check your answers.
The first has been done for you!

Exercise 2. Use your calculator to find the values of the following:
a) 2
11
b) 5
8
c) 2
6
3
5

INDEX LAWS FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION.
MULTIPLICATION
2
3
= 2 2 2
so 2
3
2
5
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2
8

2
5
= 2 2 2 2 2

Can you see what happened? We had 3 twos from 2
3
and 5 twos from 2
5
, so altogether
we had 8 twos.
In general
Four cube

4
3
4 4 4

64
Two to the power of seven

128
10
4

5555
12
2

2222
1010
64
27
1000
2
m
2
n
=2
(m + n)


35
Exercise 3.
a) 2
5
2
4
= b) 2
7
2
3
= c) 3
4
3
2
= d) 25
6
25
4
=

DIVISION
If we divide 2
5
by 2
3
:
So 2
5
2
3
= 2
2
In general

Exercise 4.
a) 2
5
2
2
= b) 2
7
2
3
= c) 5
10
5
3
= d) 45
9
45
4
=

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps.
powers base exponent Expanded Form value
1)Three squared
Three to the power of two
3
2
3 2 33 9
2)
2 4
3)
2 64
4)
444
5) Ten to the power of four.

6)
1000
7)
3 27
8)
3 1
9)
( 2) 5
10)
3 81
11)
121
2
m
2
n
=2
(m - n)


36
12)
1 5
13)
2 144
14) Negative four to the
power of five

15)

(3) 243
16)
2 6
17)
10000
18)
( 3)
2

19)
7 343
20)
8000
21)
125
22) Negative ten to the
power of six

23)

6 1296
24)

(2)
4
16

SQUARE ROOT
We already know that 3 3 can be written as 3
2
(3 squared).

The opposite of squaring a number is called finding the
square root.

Examples
The square root of 16 is 4 (because 4 4 = 16).


37
Exercise 6.
a) What is the square root of 4?
b) What is the square root of 121?
c) What is the square root of 49?
d) What is the square root of 100?
e) What is the square root of 144?
f) What is the square root of 25?
g) What is the square root of 81?
h) What is the square root of 9?
i) What is the square root of 16?
j) What is the square root of 64?
k) What is the square root of 36?

(Read the instructions carefully and choose the correct answer.)

Exercise 7. What is 25 ?
Possible answers: a) 5 b)
5 c) 625 d) 2.5

Exercise 8. What is 289 ?
Possible answers: a) 17 b)
17 c) 2.89 d) 83521

Exercise 9. What is 2 rounded to two decimal places?
Possible answers: a) 2.00 b)
1.41 c)
1.40 d)
0.5

Possible answers: a)
10 b)
30 c)
31.62 d)
31.00

5 b)
3 c)
3.1 d)
4


38
Exercise 12. What is 68 rounded to one decimal places?
8 b)
9.1 c)
34.1 d)
8.2

Exercise 13. What is 0.0016 ?
Possible answers: a) 0.04 b)
0.04 c)
0.40 d)
0.004

Exercise 14. What is 0.01 ?

Exercise 15. Calculate the value of the following square roots. If it is not a perfect
square, then indicate which two numbers the answer is between.
a)

144
b)

65
c)
32
d) 225
e)
97
f)
256

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
For very large numbers, it is sometimes simpler to use "scientific notation" (so called,
because scientists often deal with very large numbers).

The format for writing a number in scientific notation is fairly simple:

First digit of the number followed by the decimal point and then all the rest of the
digits of the number, times (10 to an appropriate power). The conversion is fairly
simple.

Example: Write 12400 in scientific notation

This is not a very large number, but it will work nicely for an example. To convert this to
scientific notation, I first write "1.24". This is not the same number, but (1.24)(10000) =
12400 is, and 10000 = 10
4
. Then, in scientific notation, 124 is written as 1.24 10
2
.


39
AUTOEVALUACIN Matemticas UNIT III

Exercise 1. Write in exponential form and indicate how you would read it:
a) 7 7 7 7 b) 9 9 9 c) 6 6
d) 3 e) 6 6 6 6 6 f) 5 5 5 5 5 5

Exercise 2. Express the following exponents in product form:
3
6
Dos al cuadrado 7
1

Cinco al cubo 9
0
(6)
4

Exercise 3. Mentally calculate the value of the following:
a) 12
2
b) 5
2
10
2
c) 9
2
d) 5
3
e) 2
3
10
3
f) 6
2

Exercise 4. Calculate:
a) ( 6 2 )
3
b) ( 24 : 3 )
3
c) ( 15 6 )
2

d) ( m n )
3
e) ( m : n )
3
f) ( 3 + 2 )
3

Exercise 5. Simplify to one exponent:
a) (m
3
)
4
b) 4
3
4
5
c) n
8
: n
3
d) (4
2
)
3

e) 3
3
3
5
3 f) a
6
: a
4
g) (4
3
)
2
h) x
5
x
2

i) 8
5
: 8
2
j) (6
3
)
3
k) x
3
x
4
l) x
6
: x
5

Exercise 6. Calculate the value of the following square roots. If it is not a perfect
square, then indicate which two numbers the answer is between.
a)
25
b)
121
c)
32
d)

50
e)
20
f)
2
g)

1
h)
36
i)
140

Exercise 7. Calcula el valor de:
a) (+4)
3
b) 3
4
c) (1)
26
d) ( 2)
3
e) (+2)
4
f) (3 )
4

g) (1)
121
h) ( 2)
1

i) ( 7)
0
j) 2
2
k) ( 100)
2
l) 10
4

Exercise 8. Calcula con todas sus cifras el valor de los siguientes nmeros e indica
cmo se leen:
a) 5 10
7
b) 8,7 10
10
c) 3,12 10
14


40
Exercise 9. The spaceship Intrepid VII, piloted by the glorious crew of captain
Bermudez was stationed on planet Alfa in a far away galaxy. While there they receive a
call for help from planet Beta, which is situated 1.810
6
km away.
a) Write out the distance between Alpha and Beta in expanded form.
b) Write out how you would read

the distance.

Ejercicio 10. Expresa en notacin cientfica
a) 5000 b) 6.560.000.000 c) 12.000.000

Exercise 11.In a train station in a certain city it is very busy:
a) A train will leave from track 1 with four cars. Each car has four sections, each
section has four compartments, and each compartment has four seats. Express in
exponential orm and calculate the number of passengers that can go in a car and
the number of people who can travel in the train.
b) A train will leave from track 2 with 6 cars, and it is known that there will be 2
4
3
3
passengers on the train, equally distribute among the 6 cars. Calculate the total
numbers of passengers on the train and the number of passengers in each car.
c) A train departed 2 hours ago from the station. It made 4 stops before arriving at its
destination. The amount of passengers for each part of the trip is described below.

Departure: Departure with 2
6
3 people.
STATION A: 4
2
people got on, 2
3
got off
STATION B: 2
2
4
2
people got off
STATION C: 2
5
people got on, 2
7
got off
STATION D: 3
4
people got on, 5
2
got off
DESTINATION: 2
3
2
2
3 people got off
Complete this table:
Stations Got on Got off Number of people who stayed on the train
Departure (S) 2
6
3 0 192
A 4
2
2
3
192 + 4
2
2
3
= 192 + 16 8 =
B
C
D
Destination(F)

Did any passengers stay on the train?


41
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD III


Fecha de entrega:
negro.

Recordemos que es una potencia: Es el resultado que se obtiene al multiplicar
repetidas veces un mismo nmero
Ejemplo: 2
4
= 2 2 2 2 = 16

En esta potencia ( 2
4
) el 2 es la base, y el 4 es el exponente.

OJO! NO CONFUNDAS 2
4
QUE ES 16 CON 24 QUE SERIA 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8

Ejercicio 1.
a) Escribe en forma de potencia:
3 3 3 3 = 2 2 2 2 2 = 5 5 =
b) Escribe como producto:
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 5 + 5 =

Ejercicio 2. Calcula el resultado de las siguientes potencias:
a) 3
4
= b) 5
3
= c) 6
2
= d) ( 8)
3
= e) 8
3
=
f) 8
3
= g) 10
7
= h) 10
7
= i)(10)
7
= j) 2
4
=
k) ( 2)
4
= l) (2)
4
= m) (+3)
3
= n) ( 3)
3
= o) 3
3
=

Ejercicio 3. Calcula el valor de los siguientes productos:
a) 2
4
3 = 16 3 = 48 b) 3
2
5 = c) 2
3
3 5 = d) 5
2
2
2
3 =
e) 3
3
2 = e) 7 5
2
= f) 10
5
= g) 10
3
5 =


42
Ejercicio 4. Escribe en forma de potencia de base 10:
a) 1000 = b) 100
c) 10.000= d) 1.000.000 =

Ejercicio 5. Haz la descomposicin polinmica de los nmeros siguientes:
a) 26.479
b) 5.807.245

Ejercicio 6. Escribe el nmero que corresponde a estas descomposiciones
polinmicas:
a) 510
4
+ 3 10
2
+ 6 10 +4 =
b) 310
6
+ 810
4
+ 710
3
+ 210
2
+ 9 =

Ejercicio 7. Escribe con notacin cientfica:
a) 430000000000
b) 0000000000025

OPERACIONES CON POTENCIAS: (Repasa en el libro las operaciones con
potencias y realiza estos ejercicios)

Ejercicio 8 . Escribe como una sola potencia:
a) 2
2
2
3
2
4
2 = b) 3
5
33
4
= c) 5
3
5
2
=
d) 10
3
10
4
10
=
e ( 6)
3
( 6)
4
( 6)= f) ( 7)
2
( 7)
3
( 7 )
0
=
g) ( 5)
4
( 5)
5
( 5)
3
= h) (8
2
)
3
= i) (10
4
)
5
=
j) (3
3
)
3
= k) ( 9
2
)
4
= l) 3
2
: 3
2
=
m) (5)
8
: (5)
3
= n)2
7
:2
3
= o) 7
7
:7
8
=

Ejercicio 9. Realiza como potencia de un producto:
a) (352)
2
= b) (432)
3
= c) (abc)
n
=

Ejercicio 10. Reduce a una sola potencia:
a) x
8
: x
3
= b) x
3
x
2
x = c) (x
2
)
3
=


43
Ejercicio 11. Define que es raz cuadrada y pon el nombre a cada una de sus
elementos:

b a
n
=

Ejercicio 12. Calcula las siguientes races cuadradas enteras buscando mentalmente
el nmero cuyo cuadrado nos d el radicando:
4 = 81 = 100 = 49 = 64 =

Ejercicio 13. Un paquete tiene 12 cajas, cada caja tiene 12 estuches. Cada estuche,
12 rotuladores. Cuntos rotuladores hay en un paquete? Y en 12 paquetes?
(expresa primero el resultado en forma de potencia y despus calcula)

Ejercicio 14. Un jardinero tiene que plantar 121 rboles formando un cuadrado.
Cuntos rboles tendr cada lado?

Ejercicio 15.Calcula en cm la longitud del lado de un cuadrado que tiene 529 m
2
de
rea. ( rea del cuadrado: A = L
2
)


44
DIVISIBILITY UNIT IV

MULTIPLES
Debbie works for a food and drink company. She decides how items are packaged
together so that customers can buy in bulk.
Debbie decides that tins of tea should be packaged in pairs.
How many tins are there in 4 packages?...........
The numbers of tins, .......................... are called multiples of two.

The multiples of two are the even numbers.
The others numbers are odd.

Exercise 1. Write the multiples of the following: a) 3 b) 7 c) 10

FACTORS
Debbie thinks that small bottles of Juice will sell well in packages of 12.
She designs a package. It has 3 rows of 4
3 4 = 12.
We say that 3 and 4 are factors of 12

Exercise 2. Draw other ways of arranging 12 bottles in a rectangular package.
The different arrangements tell you all the factors of 12.

Another way of saying this is that 12 is divisible by .......................

PRIMES
Next month there is going to be a special promotion on Juice.
When you buy a pack of 12 you get one bottle free.

Exercise 3. How can Debbie arrange 13 bottles in a rectangular package?

A prime number has just two different factors, 1 and itself

The prime number are,............................................................ (up to ten numbers)


45
PRIMES FACTORIZATION

Exercise 4. Which of these are prime numbers? 19, 20, 43, 84

If a number is not itself prime then can be written as a product.

E.g.: 18 = 2 3 3 ; 75 = 3 5 5

each of these is a prime number. These called prime factorization

Exercise 5. What is the prime factorization of:
a) 20 b) 84 c) 12 d) 45 e) 36
f) 100 g) 56 h) 32 i) 360 j) 128

Exercise 6. Here is a tray of chocolate cakes:
How many chocolate cakes are there in
a) 2 trays b) 3 trays c) 4 trays

Exercise 7. Lucy has 18 cork tiles
She wants to use them to make a rectangular notice board in her room.
She sketches this arrangement.
a) Draw all the other ways of making a rectangular notice board using exactly 18 tiles.
b) Now list all the factors the of 18

Exercise 8. List all the factors of
15 8 20 7 16 35
45 36 60 100 72 144

Exercise 9. List all the primes numbers between 20 and 40.


46
Let's look at some tests for divisibility and examples of each.

Divisibility Tests Example
A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is
0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
168 is divisible by 2 since the last
digit is 8.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the
digits is divisible by 3.
168 is divisible by 3 since the sum
of the digits is 15 (1+6+8=15), and
15 is divisible by 3.
either 0 or 5.
195 is divisible by 5 since the last
digit is 5.
0.
1,470 is divisible by 10 since the
last digit is 0.

Example 1: Determine whether 150 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10.
150 is divisible by 2 since the last digit is 0.
150 is divisible by 3 since the sum of the digits is 6 (1+5+0 = 6), and 6 is divisible by 3.
Solution: 150 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10.

Example 2: Determine whether 2047 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10.
2047 is not divisible by 2 because the last digit is not 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.

2047 is not divisible by 3 because the sum of the digits is 13, and 13 is not divisible by
3.
2047 is not divisible by 5 because the last digit is not 0 nor 5.
2047 is not divisible by 10 because the last digit is not 0.
Solution: 2047 is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, nor 10.

Exercise 10. Determine whether 225 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10 (complete this
exercise in the same manner as example 1 and 2 ).


47
Exercise 11. Determine whether 7,168 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10 (complete this
exercise in the same miner as example 1 and 2 ).

Exercise 12. Determine whether 2433 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10 (complete this
exercise in the same manner as example 1 and 2 ).

LCM (LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE) AND GCF (GREATEST COMMON
FACTOR)
To find either the Least Common Multiple (LCM) or Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of
two numbers, you always start out the same way: you find the prime factorizations of
the two numbers. Then you put the factors into a nice neat grid of rows and columns,
and compare and contrast and take what you need.

Example: Find the GCF and LCM of 2940 and 3150.
First, I need to factor each value:

My prime factorizations are:
2940 = 2 2 3 5 7 7
3150 = 2 3 3 5 5 7

I will write these factors out, all nice and neat, with the factors lined up according to
occurrence.
This orderly listing, with each factor having its own column, will do most of the work for
me.
The Greatest Common Factor, the GCF (MCD), is the biggest number that will divide
into (is a factor of) both 2940 and 3150. In other words, it's the number that contains all
the factors common to both numbers. In this case, the GCF is the product of all the
factors that 2940 and 3150 have in common.


48
Looking at the nice neat listing, I can see that the numbers both have a factor of 2;
2940 has a second copy of the factor 2, but 3150 does not, so I can only count the one
copy toward my GCF. The numbers also share one copy of 3, one copy of 5, and one
copy of 7.

2940 2 2 3 5 7 7
3150 2 3 3 5 5 7
GCF 2 3 5 7

Then the GCF is 2 3 5 7 = 210

On the other hand, the Least Common Multiple (mcm), the LCM, it is the smallest
number that contains both 2940 and 3150 as factors, the smallest number that is a
multiple of both these values. Then it will be the smallest number that contains one of
every factor in these two numbers.

2940 2 2 3 5 7 7
3150 2 3 3 5 5 7
LCM 2 2 3 3 5 5 7 7

Then the LCM is 2 2 3 3 5 5 7 7 = 44,100
By using this "factor" method of listing the prime factors neatly in a table, you can
always easily find the LCM and GCF. Completely factor the numbers you are given, list
the factors neatly with only one factor for each column (you can have 2s columns, 3s
columns, etc, but a 3 would never go in a 2s column), and then carry the needed
factors down to the bottom row.

For the GCF, you carry down only those factors that all the listings share; for the LCM,
you carry down all the factors, regardless of how many or few values contained that
factor in their listings.


49
Exercise 12. Find the LCM and GCF of 27, 90, and 84.
a) I need to find the prime factorizations:
b) Then I will list these factorizations neatly:

Then the GCF (being the product of the shared factors) and the LCM (being the
product of all factors) are given by:

Exercise 13. Find the GCF and LCM of :
a) 10 and 15 b) 8 and 24 c) 225 and 90 d) 60 and 135 e) 135 and 90
f) 225 and 100 g) 150 and 36 h) 54 and 225 i) 60 and 36 j) 24, 27 and 8


50
SELFEVALUATION Mathematic UNIT IV

Exercise 1. a) Complete the table with the first ten multiples of the each number:
Multiple of 2
Multiple of 5
Multiple of 4
Multiple of 6

b) What is the least common multiple of two and five?
c) What is the least common multiple of four and six?

Exercise 2. Put the following number in the table:

39 9 10 8 50 14 16 104 32 18 91 98
65 55 33 115 51 77 88 25 27 49 119
Multiple of 3
Multiple of 4
Multiple of 5
Multiple of 7

Exercise 3. Copy and complete the following definition: The numbers you obtain by
multiplying a number by the natural numbers are called.of that
number.

Exercise 4. A television channel shows a nature documentary every six hours, and
another channel shows the documentary every four hours. Every how many hours do
the documentaries coincide on the two channels?

Exercise 5. Ismael is going to prepare hot dogs and want to buy the same number of
sausages as buns (special kind of bread). The sausages are sold in package of six and
the buns in packages of tour. What is the least number of packages that he has to buy
for each?


51
Exercise 6. Define following terms:
a) Multiples b) Common multiples c) Lowest common multiple

Exercise 7. Which of the following numbers are factors of 114?:
2 3 4 5 6
Write the criteria of divisibility that you have used:

Exercise 8. Complete these tables:
Divisores de 40
Divisores de 24
Divisores comunes a 40 y 24
Mximo comn divisor de 40 y 24
Divisores de 20
Divisores de 16
Divisores comunes a 20 y 16
Mximo comn divisor de 20 y 16

Exercise 9.Classify the numbers between 10 and 20 as prime or composite.

Exercise 10 Write T or F if the statements are true o false. Justify your answers.
a) 24.583 es divisible por 2
b) 16.666 es divisible por 3
c) 130.425 es divisible por 5
d) 194.680 es divisible por 10

Exercise 11. Find the multiple of 24 whose digits sum to 9 and is between 300 and
400.

Exercise 12. Copia y completa las siguientes definiciones:
a) Los nmeros que dividen a otro nmero y dan de resto 0, se llaman ....de
ese nmero.
b) Un nmero primo es un nmero que slo tiene. el 1 y l mismo.
c) Los nmeros que tienen ms de dos divisores se llaman..


52
a) m.c.m. (18, 30) = b) m.c.m. (48, 36) = c) m.c.m. (15, 30) =
d) M.C.D. (18, 30) = e) m.c.m.(240, 600, 960) = f) M.C.D.(48,36) =

Exercise 14. Three cousins, John , Ana and Tom frequently visit their grandparents
John every four days, Ana every six days, and Tom every eight days. If they just visited
them all together, when will they all coincide again? How many times will they coincide
in a year?

Ejercicio 15. Calcula
a) M.C.D.(390, 900) b) M.C.D.(504, 792) c) M.C.D.(180, 276, 444)

Ejercicio 16. Calcula
a) m.c.m.(10, 20, ) b) m.c.m.(4, 18, 16) c) m.c.m.(25, 35, 45)

Exercise 17. To build a fence 35m long and 28 m wide you must place the post the
same distance apart along the whole fence. What is the maximum distance that one
could place the post apart from each others? How many posts will there be?

Exercise 18. In a hostel there are three tour groups with 40, 56 and 72 people. The
waiter wants to organize the tables in the restaurant so that there is an equal number of
people at each table and the most people possible without missing the groups. How
should people sit at each table?

Ejercicio 19. Un cometa es visible desde la tierra cada 16 aos, y otro, cada 24
aos. El ltimo ao que fueron visibles conjuntamente fue en 1968. En qu ao
volvern a coincidir?

Ejercicio 20. Un carpintero dispone de tres listones de madera de 40, 60 y 90 cm de
longitud, respectivamente. Desea dividirlos en trozos iguales y de la mayor medida
posible, sin que sobre madera. Qu longitud deben tener esos trozos?

Ejercicio 21. Un electricista tiene tres rollos de cable de 96, 120 y 144 metros de
longitud. Desea cortarlos en trozos iguales de la mayor longitud posible, sin que quede
ningn trozo sobrante. Qu longitud tendr cada trozo?


53
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD IV


Fecha de entrega:
Atencin: todos los ejercicios deben realizarse en DIN A4 con bolgrafo azul.
seguido.
Se valorar la presentacin y limpieza. Las pginas deben ir numeradas.

Ejercicio 1. Explica el significado de:
a) Mltiplo de un nmero b)Divisor de un nmero

Ejercicio 2. Calcula los siete primeros mltiplos de los siguientes nmeros (utiliza la
notacin adecuada:
a) 7 b) 9 c) 10 d) 25

Ejercicio 3. Halla todos los divisores de los siguientes nmeros (utiliza la notacin
adecuada):
a) 30 b) 60 c) 25 d) 27 e) 26 f) 7

Ejercicio 4. Qu es un nmero primo?Encuentra todos los nmeros primos
menores que 30.

Ejercicio 5. Escribe los criterios de divisibilidad del: a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 10
Para qu sirven los criterios de divisibilidad?

Ejercicio 6. Escribe la palabra divisible, divisor o mltiplo segn corresponda:
a) 4 es..de 28
b) 30 es..entre 6
c) 5 es ....de 10
d)10 es.....de 5

Ejercicio 7. Realiza la descomposicin en factores primos de los siguientes nmeros:
a) 36 b) 62 c) 120 d) 450 e) 242 f) 39


54
Ejercicio 8. Escribe los nmeros a los que corresponden estas descomposiciones
factoriales:
a) 2
3
3 b) 5
2
7 11 c) 3 2
2
7
2
d) 2
3
5
3

Ejercicio 9. Calcula el M.C.D y el m.c.m de los siguientes nmeros por el mtodo
ptimo:
a) 12 y 18 b) 24 y 36 c) 50, 30 y 20 d) 21168 y 462

Ejercicio 10. Por la Avenida de la Diputacin pasa el autobs de la Barrosa cada 30
minutos y el autobs de Sancti Petri cada 45 minutos. Si a las 9 de la maana han
coincidido. A qu hora volvern a coincidir?

Ejercicio 11. Se puede llenar un nmero exacto de garrafas de 15 litros con un bidn
que contiene 170 litros? Y con un bidn de 180 litros?

Ejercicio 12. En un albergue coinciden tres grupos de excursionistas de 40, 56 y 72
personas cada grupo. El camarero quiere organizar el comedor de forma que en cada
mesa haya igual nmero de comensales y se rena el mayor nmero de personas
posible sin mezclar los grupos. Cuntos comensales sentarn en cada mesa?

Ejercicio 13. Un granjero ha recogido de sus gallinas 30 huevos morenos y 80
huevos blancos. Quiere envasarlos en recipientes con la mayor capacidad posible y
con el mismo nmero de huevos (sin mezclar los blancos con los morenos). Cuntos
huevos debe poner en cada recipiente?

Ejercicio 14. Un cometa es visible desde la tierra cada 16 aos, y otro, cada 24
aos. El ltimo ao que fueron visibles conjuntamente fue en 1968. En qu ao
volvern a coincidir?

Ejercicio 15. Halla un nmero mayor que 100 y menor que 200, que sea mltiplo de
dos, de tres y de cinco.

Ejercicio 16. Halla un nmero mltiplo de siete y de once que sea mayor que 100.


55
FRACTIONS UNIT V

WHAT IS A COMMON FRACTION?
Well, there is a special collection of numbers called fractions, which are usually
denoted by
b
a
, where "a" and "b" are integers numbers and "b" is not equal to 0".
Numerator
Denominator

There are two distinct meanings of fractions: partwhole and quotient.

THE PARTWHOLE: The partwhole explanation of a fraction is where a number like
1/5 indicates that a whole has been separated into five equal parts and one of those
parts are being considered.

This table is a great help to get a feel of how a fractional part compares to the
whole

The Whole
1/2 1/2
1/3 1/3 1/3
1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7
1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8

The Division Symbol ("/" or "
__
") used in a fraction tells you that everything above the
division symbol is the numerator and must be treated as if it were one number, and
everything below the division symbol is the denominator and also must be treated as
if it were one number.


56
Basically, the numerator tells you how many parts we are talking about and the
denominator tell you how many parts the whole is divided into. So a fraction like 6/7
tells you that we are looking at six (6) parts of a whole that is divided into seven (7)
equal parts.

A QUOTIENT: The fraction
3
2
may be considered as a quotient, 2 3. This
explanation also arises from a dividing up situation.

Division by Zero: The denominator of a fraction cannot have the value zero. If the
denominator of a fraction is zero, this is not a legal fraction because it's overall value
is undefined.

Zero in the Numerator: The numerator of a fraction can have a value of zero. Any
legal fraction (denominator not equal to zero) with a numerator equal to zero has an
overall value of "zero."

Any Integer Can Be Written as a Fraction: You can express any integer as a fraction
by simply dividing by 1, or you can express any integer as a fraction by simply
choosing a numerator and denominator so that the overall value is equal to the integer.

Exercise 1. Write two examples of any Integer which Can Be Written as a Fraction.

Exercise 2. The number we write as 1 over 2 :
2
1
is ".........................................." .
The number we write as 2 over 3 :
3
2
is called ...................................
The number we write as 3 over 4 :
4
3
is called ..................................."

Exercise 3. Copy and fill in the gaps
a) The number write 5 over 8
8
5
is called .....................................
b) The number write....................................."Sixteenthirds
c) ...................................."Ninehalves


57
This number 1/4 is called "onequarter" or "onefourth," because the numerator
is one quarter of the denominator and 1/4 itself is one quarter of 1.

Particular cases:
When the denominator is a power of 10, however, we always say the decimal name.
56 thousandths
1000
56

WHAT IS A PROPER FRACTION?
A fraction that is less than 1: ,...
5
1
,
3
2

WHAT IS AN IMPROPER FRACTION?
A fraction greater than or equal to 1: .. ..
5
11
,
3
13

How can we recognize a proper fraction? The numerator is greater than the
denominator.

Exercise 4. Answer with a whole number and a remainder, which ever makes sense.
a) How many basketball teams 5 on a team can you make from 23 students?
b) You are going on a trip of 23 miles, and you have gone a fifth of the distance. How
far have you gone?


58
FRACTIONS
1)
2
1

Onehalf
2)
3
2

Twothirds
3)
4
3

Threefourths
4)
5
4

Fourfifths
5)
6
4

Foursixths
6)
7
5

Fivesevenths
7)
8
6

Sixeighths
8)
9
7

Sevenninths
9)
10
7

Seventenths
10)
12
5

Fivetwelfths
11)
23
15

Fifteentwenty thirds
12)
43
21

Twenty one forty thirds
13)
72
22

Twenty two seventy seconds
14)
24
21

Twenty one twenty fourths
15)
35
12

Twelve thirty fifths
16)
22
34

Thirty four twenty seconds

for #s 1116 you can also say the number over the number ex. Fifteen over twenty
three.


59
Exercise 5. There are ten trucks and three minivans parked in front of the store. What
fraction of the vehicles are minivans?

Exercise 6. Maria has five red beach balls and seven orange beach balls. What
fraction of Marias beach balls is orange?

Exercise 7. Michael has ten quarters and seven dimes. What fraction of Michael's
coins are dimes?

Exercise 8. Ruth has three gold rings and ten silver rings. What fraction of Ruths
rings is silver?

Exercise 9. Thomas bought thirty sheets of paper. He has used twothirds of the
paper. How many sheets of paper are left?

Exercise 10. Ashley has fortyfive notebooks. Twofifths of them are for school. How
many of the notebooks are for school?

Exercise 11. Miss Lee has thirty plants. Threefifths of them have flowers. How many
of her plants don't have flowers.

Exercise 12. There are forty cows in the field. Half of the cows are black and white.
How many of the cows are not black and white?

Exercise 13. Betty has seven pink ribbons and ten blue ribbons. What fraction of
Bettys ribbons is pink?

Exercise 14. Danielle ate fivesevenths of her orange before lunch and oneseventh
of her orange after lunch. How much of her orange did she eat in all?

Exercise 15. There are nine pieces of pizza. Cameron ate twoninths of the pizza for
dinner. He ate twothirds of the pizza for a bedtime snack. How much of the pizza has
he eaten in all?


60
WHAT ARE EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS?
Equivalent fractions are simply equal fractions. They have the same value. They are at
the same place on the number line.
The following is called the principle of equivalent fractions:

If we multiply or divide both the numerator and denominator by the same
number, we will obtain an equivalent fraction.

Exercise 16. Name three fractions that are equivalent to
4
3

Exercise 17. Write the missing term.
12 3
2
=
15 5
4
=
20 4
3
=
54 9
2
=

40 8
7
=
42 6
5
=
8
7
2
=
15
16
5
=

24
4
3
=
30 3
2
=
45 5
3
=
12
5
3
=

42
9
7
=
14
3
2
=
56
9
8
=
48
7
6
=

Exercise 18. Reduce each fraction to lowest terms.
a) =
12
8
b) =
6
3
c) =
15
5
d) =
24
16

e) =
63
21
f) =
35
20
g) =
54
12
h) =
48
6

i) =
81
63
j) =
60
15
k) =
36
16
l) =
72
24

m) =
40
30
n) =
900
600
o) =
400
50
p) =
12000
1800


61
HOW DO WE ADD OR SUBTRACT FRACTIONS?
The denominators must be the same. Add or subtract only the numerators, and keep
that same denominator.

Exercise 19. Work out:
a) 5 eighths + 2 eighths =
b) 4 tenths 5 tenths =
c) 3 seventh + 2 seventh =

Exercise 20. Calculate the following.
a) = +
5
2
5
3
b) =
7
2
7
3
c) =
16
5
16
15

d) = + +
5
4
5
1
5
3
e) = + +
4
3
4
1
4
2
f) = +
15
4
15
8
15
10

HOW DO WE ADD OR SUBTRACT FRACTIONS THAT DO NOT HAVE THE
SAME DENOMINATOR?

Make the denominators the same by changing to equivalent fractions.
What number should we choose as the common denominator?
Choose a common multiple of the original denominators. Choose their L.C.M.

Example: = +
8
3
2
1

LC.M. of 2 and 8, is 8 itself. We will change
2
1
to a fraction whose denominator is 8
8
4
2
1
= Therefore,
8
7
8
3
8
4
8
3
2
1
= + = +

In practice, it is necessary to write the common denominator only once:

8
7
8
3 4
8
3
2
1
=
+
= +


62
Exercise 21. Choose the LCM of denominators to calculate the following.
a) = +
6
1
3
2
b) = +
4
1
12
5
c) = +
32
5
2
1

d) =
15
2
5
3
e) =
32
7
8
3
f) =
4
3
16
15

g) =
10
7
15
11
h) =
12
5
8
7
i) =
12
5
9
8

Exercise 22. Calculate the following.
a) = +
3
1
2
1
b) =
5
2
8
3
c) = +
10
7
9
7

d) =
5
1
7
2
e) =
3
2
4
3
f) =
9
5
8
7

Exercise 23. In a recent exam, one eighth of the students got A, two fifths got B, and
the rest got C. What fraction got C?

HOW CAN WE COMPARE FRACTIONS WHEN THE NUMERATORS AND
DENOMINATORS ARE DIFFERENT?
Change them to equivalent fractions with the same denominator. Then, compare the
numerators.

Exercise 24. Compare. Write greater than (>), less than (<) or equals (=).
16
7
2
1
a)

4
1
32
9
b)

12
5
3
1
c)

5
2
15
4
d)

9
7
6
5
e)

12
5
8
3
f)

15
11
10
7
g)

4
3
3
2
h)

11
5
9
4
i)


63
Now we are going to do the exercise 4
Answers:
a) We can make 4 teams from 23 students 3 we will be left out.
b) A fifth of 23 miles is
5
3
4 we consider 1 mile to have any at all part.

Exercise 25. Which of these fractions are less than 1, equal to 1, or greater than 1?

9
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
5
8
2
3
3
2
, , , , , ,

WHAT IS A MIXED NUMBER?
A whole number plus a proper fraction
3
1
2
3
1
2 + =
The and in "2 and onethird" means plus.

1 2
3
1
2 3

HOW DO WE CHANGE AN IMPROPER FRACTION TO A MIXED NUMBER
OR A WHOLE NUMBER?

Divide the numerator by the denominator. Write the quotient (4), and write the
remainder (1) as the numerator of the fraction; do not change the denominator.

2
1
4
2
9
=

Exercise 26. Write each improper fraction as a mixed number in simplest form:

2
17
;
2
7
;
5
13
;
4
28
;
9
32
;
5
43

9
1
2
4


64
HOW DO WE CHANGE A MIXED NUMBER TO AN IMPROPER FRACTION?
Multiply the whole number (4) by the denominator (2), and add the numerator (1). Write
that sum (9) as the numerator of the improper fraction. Keep the same denominator

4
9
2
1 42
2
1
4
2
1
4 =
+
= + =

Exercise 27. Write each mixed number as an improper fraction in simplest form.
5
2
7 ;
2
1
10 ;
3
2
5 ;
4
1
7 ;
2
1
3

Exercise 28. Fill in the missing number.
a)
3
1
3
5
=
b)
2
1
3
7
=
c)
2
4
7
30
=
d)
6
5
6
7 1
=

HOW DO WE MULTIPLY A FRACTION BY A FRACTION?
Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.

d b
c a
d
c

b
a
=

Exercise 29. Cancel before multiplying, if possible.
a) =
8
7
5
3
b) =
9
7
8
5
c) =
9
4
8
3

d) =
4
3
3
2
f) =
8
9
5 1
2
g) =
9
4
4
9

h) =
18
5
12 h) =
9
7
12 i) =
7
3
42
j) =
7
5
3
2
3
1
k) =
4
1
5
3
3
2
l) =
2
5
3
4
20
6


65
HOW DO WE DIVIDE FRACTIONS?

Step 1: Turn the second fraction (the one you want to divide by) upsidedown (this is
now a reciprocal).
Step 2: Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second
Step 3: Simplify the fraction (if needed)

Exercise 30. Cancel before dividing, if possible.
a) =
5
7
4
3
b) =
3
2
5
3
c) =
11
3
9
2

d) =
15
3
5
4
f) =
9
8
6
5
g) =
10
9
15
4

h) =
12
11
8
5
h) =
2
1
4
3
i) = 2
3
1

j) = 3
5
2
k) =
5
2
3 l) = 2
7
2

Exercise 31. A bottle of medicine contains 8 oz. Each dose of the medicine is
3
2
oz.
How many doses are in the bottle?

Exercise 32. A bottle of medicine contains 15 oz. Each dose of the medicine is 2
oz. How many doses are there in the bottle?

c b
d a
c
d
b
a
d
c
b
a
= =


66
AUTOEVALUACIN Matmaticas UNIT V

Exercise 1. Represent the following fractions:
4
7
,
5
2
,
3
1

Exercise 2.The shaded part represents what fraction of the whole in the following
images?
a) b) c) d)

e) f) g) h)

Exercise 3. Change each fraction into a decimal:
8
9
d)
25
17
c)
5
4
b)
1000
85
a)

Exercise 4. Answer each question and justify your responses.
a) The fraction 3/5 is more or less than one?
b) The fraction 3/4 is more or less than 1/2?
c) Which fraction is greater 2/5 or 2/4?
d) Which fraction is greater 2/4 or 4/8?

Exercise 5. Write three equivalent fractions for each of the following.
7
3
d)
25
10
c)
3
1
b)
10
8
a)

Exercise 6. Determine if the following fractions are equivalent.
48
27
y
16
9
b)

27
12
y
9
4
a)


67
Exercise 7.Simplify the following fractions until they are irreducible:

Exercise 8. Solve the following problems:
a) A family earns 2800 a month and spends 1200 on the mortgage for their
apartment. What fraction of the total earnings do they spend on the mortgage?
b) In a warehouse there are 1500 packages to send; today they have sent threefifths
of the total How many packages have they sent today?
c) James bought a new car for 21000, which used twothirds of his savings. How
much was in his savings originally?
d) A family dedicates half of its monthly earnings to pay the mortgage. If they earnings
are 2800, how much do they pay monthly for the mortgage?
e) A farmer decides to sell 240 cows, if he has 680 cows in his herd, what fraction of
the herd will be sold?
f) For Beatrizs present, Sandra has saved 15 , which is twofitths of the total cost.
How much does the present cost?

Exercise 9. Solve:
6
5
2 e)
7
4
3
d)
6
5

3
2
c)
4
8
1

2
5

4
1
b)

6
5

12
2

3
1

4
3
a)
+
+

2
3

6
4
2 j)
6
4
: 2 i)
5
3
6
h)
6
4

2
6
g)
6
4

3
6
f )

Exercise 10. Solve:
(
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
10
9
1 2
5
3
5
2
c)
10
1
1
5
2

2
1
b)
3
2
3
4
3
6 a)
:
:

294
1540

45
15

45
75

2860
2717

945
1575
5082
726


68
Exercise 11. Peter spent threetenths of his money in books, one fifth in C.D.s, one
tenth in magazines, and one fourth in other things. What fraction on his money has he
spent? What fraction remains?

Exercise 12. From a roll of 48 m of cable, 2/3 has been used. How many meters of
cable remain?

Exercise 13. Una camioneta transporta 3/5 de tonelada de arena en cada viaje. Cada
da hace cinco viajes. Cuntas toneladas transporta al cabo de seis das?

Exercise 14. Para hacer un disfraz se han utilizado los 3/5 de una pieza de tela de 25
metros. Si el precio del metro de tela es de 3 euros, cunto ha costado la tela del
disfraz?


69
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD V


Fecha de entrega:
seguido.

Ejercicio 1. .Qu fraccin representa la parte sombreada de cada uno de los
siguientes dibujos?
a) b) c) d)

Ejercicio 2. Transforma cada una de estas fracciones en un nmero decimal y cada
decimal en fraccin:

1000
1234
h)
7
12
g) 1.2 f) 1,03 e) 0,012 d)
2
17
c)
5
4
b)
100
8
a) =

Ejercicio 3. Realiza las siguientes operaciones con fracciones:

= =
= + = +
4
3
- 3 d) 2
3
2
c)

8
1

2
5
b)
9
2

3
5

4
5
a)

4

Ejercicio 4. Resuelve estos problemas:
a) Una joven ingresa 280 mensuales por trabajos eventuales en un super y le da a
su madre 80 euros todos los meses.Qu fraccin de sus ingresos representa esta
suma?


70
b) Lus Alfonso gasta 60 mensuales en la cuota de un gimnasio, lo que supone los
dos tercios de su sueldo.Cunto dinero cobra mensualmente?

c) Una madre de familia tiene 5/9 de una tableta de chocolate y le da a su hija
Elizabeth Pilar 2/9.Cunto le queda?

d) Un campo mide 2000 metros cuadrados. Cuntos metros cuadrados tiene 1/4 del
campo? Y 3/4 del campo?

e) Un labrador ha dividido su campo en 8 parcelas iguales. Cuntas parcelas
contienen los 3/4 del campo?

f) Cunto euros valen 125 litros de leche a 1/5 euros el litro?

g) Una familia dedica la tercera parte de sus ingresos mensuales al pago de la
hipoteca del piso. Si sus ingresos son de 1260 ,cunto pagan mensualmente de
hipoteca?

h) Un granjero decide vender 40 gallinas ponedoras. Si el total de la granja son 360
gallinas, qu fraccin de gallinas vender?Qu fraccin le quedar en la granja?

Ejercicio 5.
a) Representa las siguientes fracciones:
5
6
y
4
5
,
3
1
.
b) Qu son fracciones equivalentes? Escribe tres fracciones equivalentes a las dadas
en el apartado.

Ejercicio 6. Simplifica las siguientes fracciones:

75
25
e)
128
64
d)
7
21
c)
36
12
b)
9
3
a)

32
16
j)
18
6
i)
21
7
h)
18
2
g)
6
2
f)


71
Ejercicio 7. Realiza las siguientes operaciones con fracciones:

Ejercicio 8. Ordena de mayor a menor las siguientes fracciones.(No utilizar nmeros
decimales)
5
7
,
3
2
,
15
2
,
3
5
,
5
4
,
3
1
,
5
2

= = =
= = =
= + + = =
= + = = +
= = = + +
= = = +
= = + =
= + + = =
= + = = +
3
2
5
1
z)
6
5
4
7
y)
5
2
25
3
x)
4
5
8
3
w)
3
1
9
2
v)
3
1
5
2
u)

3
2
2
15
2
t) 4
4
7
s) 3
25
3
r)
4
5
q)3
3
1
p)3 2
5
2
o)
3
1
)1
3
1
n)1
3
2
2
5 1
2
m)
4
4
7
l) 3
25
3
k)
4
5
j)3
3
1
i)3 2
5
2
h)
3
1
8
7
g)
3
2
5
1
15
2
f )
6
5
4
7
e)
5
2
25
3
d)
4
5
8
3
c)
3
1
9
2
b)
3
1
5
2
a)


72
WHAT IS MAGNITUDE? UNIT VI

A property that can be described by a real number, such as the volume of a sphere or
the length of a vector.

WHAT IS RATIO?
Ratio is a way of comparing amounts of something. It shows how much bigger one
thing is than another.

For example:
- Use 1 measure screen wash to 10 measures water.
- Use 1 shovel of cement to 3 shovels of sand.
- Use 3 parts blue paint to 1 part white.

Ratio is the number of parts to a mix. The paint mix is 4 parts, with 3 parts blue and 1
part white.

The order in which a ratio is stated is important. For example, the ratio of screenwash
to water is 1:10. This means for every 1 measure of screenwash there are 10
measures of water.

Mixing paint in the ratio 3:1 (3 parts blue paint to 1 part white paint) means 3 + 1 = 4
parts in all.

3 parts blue paint to 1 part white paint = is blue paint to white paint.

If the mix is in the right proportions, we can say that it is in the correct ratio.


73
Exercise 1. Have a go at writing these ratios as fractions:
1. Use 1 shovel of cement to 3 shovels of sand.
2. Use 1 part screenwash to 9 parts water.
3. Make 2 cups tea to 1 cup coffee.

UNDERSTANDING DIRECT PROPORTION
Two quantities are in direct proportion when they increase or decrease in the same
ratio.

For example you could increase something by doubling it or decrease it by halving.

If we look at the example of mixing paint the ratio is 3 pots blue to 1 pot white, or 3:1.

But this amount of paint will only decorate two walls of a room. What if you wanted to
decorate the whole room, four walls? You have to double the amount of paint and
increase it in the same ratio.

If we double the amount of blue paint we need 6 pots.
If we double the amount of white paint we need 2 pots.

The amount of blue and white paint we need increase in direct proportion to each
other. Look at the table to see how as you use more blue paint you need more white
paint:

Pots of blue paint 3 9 12
Pots of white paint 1 2


74
Exercise 2. Prices arent always directly proportional to the number of items.
Which of these are in direct proportion?

1. Emulsion paint al 7.99 for 2,5 litres and 14,99 for 5 litres
2. Storage boxes at 2.99 each and 2 for 5
3. 5 packs of ceramic wall tiles for 50 and 3 packs for 30
4. 1 loaf of bread for 0,75 and 4 loaves for 3
5. 50 gr of chocolate for 0,40 and 200 gr of chocolate for 1,20
6. A 20 pack of nappies for 2 an a 28 pack of nappies for 2,8

Exercise 3. If the cost of 5 rolls of camera film is $12.50, can you work out the cost of
rolls?

Exercise 4. If the total cost of 15 tickets is $75, can you work out the cost of 8 tickets.

Exercise 5. A recipe for pancakes needs 60 g of oats, and it makes 10 pancakes.
What quantity of oats is needed to make 4 pancakes?

Exercise 6. This list of ingredients is enough to make oat cookies for 10 people. How
much of each ingredient would you need for 3 people?

200g butter
10 drops Almond essence
10 teaspoons Golden syrup
250 g oats
100 g Brown sugar
200 g Wholewheat flour
1 teapoons Baking powder


75
Exercise 7. Janet's car uses 9 gallons to go 200 miles.
a) How many gallons will she use to go 400 miles?
b) How many gallons will she use to go 600 miles?
c) How far can she drive with 36 gallons?

Exercise 8. Bertha went on a diet and lost 5 pounds in 2 weeks. How long will it take
her to lose 15 pounds?

Exercise 9. Carlos makes $25 in 4 hours.
a) How much will he make in 2 hours?
b) How much will he make in 20 hours?
c) How much will he make in 22 hours?

Exercise 10. Carla makes $50 in 8 hours.
a) How much will she make in 4 hours?
b) How much will she make in 20 hours?
c) How much will she make in 36 hours?

Exercise 11. 6 bottles cost $7.00.
a) How much will 18 bottles cost?
b) How much will 15 bottles cost?
c) How much will 27 bottles cost?
d) How many bottles can you buy with $10.50?

Exercise 12. Which is a better value?
a) 15 ounces for $9.25, or 30 ounces for $18.00?
b) 15 ounces for $9.25, or 5 ounces for $3.29?

Exercise 13. Which is a better value, 3 pounds for $7.00, or 10 pounds for $21.00?


76
WHAT DOES % MEAN?
You probably already know a bit about percentages. Shops use percentages in sales.
Banks use them for loan rates. Weather forecasts use them to tell us the chances of
rain.

But what does percentage mean?
per cent means out of 100

Look at this square:
It has been divided into 100 equal parts. 50 parts are shaded blue.

We say that fifty per cent of the square is shaded blue.

You can write this using a percentage symbol as 50%

Now 20 parts have been coloured green. 20
out of the 100 is 20%, so 20% of the square is
green

There are 30 parts not shaded. 30 out of 100 is
30%, so 30% of the square is white.

What happens if you add up the percentages for the blue, green and white parts?
50% + 20% + 30% = 100%
So the whole square is equal 100%


77
100% is '100 out of 100'. It means full marks in a test, or 100% fitness means full
fitness. If you give 100% you give everything.

Exercise 14. 51% of babies born are boys. What percentage are girls?
To find the answer take ............. from ..........
100 ....... = ......
So ........% of babies are girls.

Exercise 15. In 2008, 60% of the population voted in the general election. What
percentage did not vote?
To find the answer take...............from.......
100 ..... = ........
So .......% did not vote.

Exercise 16. A breakfast cereal provides 55% of the daily requirement of iron. What
percentage of iron must be found in other foods?
To find the answer take............. from ...........
100 ......... = .........
So ........% must be found in other foods.

Exercise 17. Fill in the table:

percentage fraction
10%
20%
25%
50%
75%


78
Exercise 18. Answer these question:


79


80


81
SELFEVALUATION Mathematic UNIT VI

Exercise 1. Define magnitude. Give examples.

Exercise 2. When are two magnitudes directly proportional?

Exercise 3. Indicates the pairs of magnitudes that are directly proportional and not
proportional.
a) The weight of apples and how much you pay for them.
b) The age of a person and his/her height.
c) The number of workers that build a fence and the time it takes to build it.
d) The number of books bought and the price paid for them (assume that they are all
the same price).
e) The age of a person and his/her shoesize.
f) The number of people in an excursion and the price each person pays for the bus.
g) The number of wheels on a truck and how fast the truck can go.
h) The amount of time the tap is turned on and the amount of water that comes out.
i) The velocity of a car and the time it takes to go a distance.
j) The number of days a worker works on a job and the amount of money earned.
k) The speed of a motorbike and the distance it travels in a fixed amount of time.
l) Quantity of water from the rain and the centimetres that a plant grows.
m) The humidity and the temperature.

Exercise 4. Complete the table with the values that are directly proportional and write
3 pairs of equivalent fractions:

a) b)

Exercise 5. Resuelve los siguientes problemas de proporcionalidad por el
procedimiento que se indica:
Por reduccin a la unidad:
a) En 15 das un obrero gana 750 euros. Cunto ganar en 8 das?
Por una proporcin:
b) Si 250 gramos de jamn cuestan 10 euros, cunto costarn 150 gramos?


82
Exercise 6. Express each percentage in fraction form and in decimal form.
a) 25% b) 33% c) 75% d) 12 %
e) 40% f) 30% g) 70% h) 80 %

Exercise 7. Calculate the following percentages.
a) 70% of 280 b) 40% of 160 c) 0% of 990
d) 15% of 350 e) 60% of 480 f) 75% of 600
g) 30% of 1 200 h) 15% of 420 i) 75% of 1500
j) 30% of 600 k) 12% of 200 l) 75 % of 100

Exercise 8. Explain how to mentally calculate 10%, 20%, 25% and 50% of a quantity
using a quick method. Apply this method to calculate the following percentages.
a) 20% of 500 b) 50% of 420 c) 25% of 360
d) 10% of 1480 e) 50% of 230 f) 10% of 450
g) 25% of 444 h) 20% of 120 i) 50% of 448
j) 20% of 450 k) 50% of 700 l) 25% of 840

Exercise 9. 17 kg of feed is used to feed 204 chickens. How many kilograms of feed
is needed to feed 600 chickens?

Exercise 10.A vendor has sold 450 kg of oranges from a stock of 600 oranges hat
percentage is left unsold?

Exercise 11. A truck driver has completed 135 km of a 452 km route. What
percentage of his route has he driven? How many kilometres does he have left to
drive?

Exercise 12. We have paid 18 for 6 dozen eggs : How much would we pay for 4
dozen eggs?

Exercise 13. Out of 40 penalty kicks, David has scored 18 goals. What is Davids
accuracy percentage?

Exercise 14. We receive a 20% discount on a CD that was originally priced at 17,25
. How much will the CD cost?


83
Exercise 15. A fishing boat has caught 4000 Tons of fish, 752 of which are cod. How
many kilograms of cod have been caught?

Exercise 16. The price of a television set has increased 25 % from the previous year.
What is the current price if last year it cost 510,80 ?

Exercise 17. I have been discounted 10 on a shirt that originally cost 50 . What
percentage discount has been applied?

Exercise 18. John paid 55,25 for a shirt that used to cost 65 . What percentage
discount did he receive?

Exercise 19. In a class of 20 students, 30 % have a reinforcement in mathematics
and 4 have a reinforcement in language. What percentage of students have French?
How many students have French?

Exercise 20. In December, before the sales, the owner of a clothing store raises all
the prices 20% and in January he lowers them 20 % for the sales. How much will a
jacket cost on sale that costs 120 in November?


84
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD VI


Fecha de entrega:
seguido.

Ejercicio 1. Define qu es una magnitud. Poner ejemplos.

Ejercicio 2. Cundo dos magnitudes son directamente proporcionales?

Ejercicio 3. Indica los pares de magnitudes que son directamente proporcionales, y
los que no guardan relacin de proporcionalidad:
a. El peso de las patatas y el precio pagadas por ellas.
b. El nmero de bocadillos de tortilla y el precio pagado por ellos.
c. El nmero de escalones de un edificio y la altura de las ventanas.
d. El nmero de bocadillos que comes y el peso que alcanzas.
e. La altura de un corredor y la velocidad que alcanza en 100 metros..
f. El nmero de horas trabajado por un temporero y el dinero que gana.
g. La velocidad de un ciclista y el espacio que recorre en un tiempo determinado.
h. El peso de una persona y la edad.
i. El nmero de obreros que realizan un trabajo y el tiempo que tardan en realizarlo.

Ejercicio 4. Completa las seis tablas siguientes de valores directamente
proporcionales y escribe con ellos tres pares de fracciones equivalentes:

1 5 10 24

3 4 15 18

2 3 5 7
24

3

6 14 12 10

5 12 13 14

0,5 0,8 1,1 1,4
7

39

1,6


85
Ejercicio 5. Completa la tabla que le hace corresponder a cada porcentaje con un
nmero decimal:

Ejercicio 6. Completa la tabla siguiente:

Ejercicio 7. Completa la tabla siguiente:

Ejercicio 8. Resuelve los siguientes problemas de proporcionalidad por el
procedimiento que se indica:
Por reduccin a la unidad: a) En 12 das un obrero gana 768 euros. Cunto ganar
en 8 das?
Proporcin: b) Si 750 gramos de mortadela cuestan 6,75 euros,
cunto costarn 1500 gramos?

Ejercicio 9. En primero de ESO grupo D van a la excursin del prximo mircoles 24
de los 29 alumnos/as del curso, qu porcentaje van la excursin?

Ejercicio 10. De los 29 alumnos/as del grupo 1D, 12 alumnos/as pertenecen al
AMPA Qu porcentaje de alumnos pertenecen al AMPA?

30% 61% 120% 240% 180%
2,70
Total 320 200 3000 560 1200 20 1000 333 555 10000
% 70 15 18 40 60 12 75 30 50 75
Parte
Total 400 640 850 1280
% 15 35 12
Parte 60 136 87 64


86
Ejercicio 11. Don Cipriano ha pagado ya el 35% de la hipoteca de su casa, lo que ha
supuesto una cantidad de 43750 Cunto le queda por pagar?

Ejercicio 12. Por 6 Kg. de patatas hemos pagado 18 euros. Cunto pagaremos por
25 kg?

Ejercicio 13. Sobre el precio inicial de unas gafas, que es de 23,25 euros,
conseguimos un descuento del 20%. Cunto nos costarn las gafas?

Ejercicio 14. El precio de un televisor ha subido un 12% con relacin al del ao
pasado. Cul es su precio actual si el ao pasado era de 660 euros?

Ejercicio 15. Me han descontado 12 en una pantalones que costaban 60 . Qu
porcentaje de descuento me han aplicado?


87
LGEBRA UNIT VII

POLYNOMIALS

A polynomial looks like this:

example of a polynomial this one has 3 terms

constants (like 3, 20, or )
It can be made of: variables (like x and y)
exponents (like the 2 in y
2
) but they can only be 0, 1, 2, 3, ... etc

That can be combined using:
+ addition, subtraction and multiplication, ...
... but not division!

Those rules keep polynomials simple, so they are easy to work with!

POLYNOMIALS OR NOT?


88
These are polynomials:
- 3x
- x 2
- 3xyz + 3xy
2
z 0.1xz 200y + 0.5

And these are not polynomials
-
2 x
2
+
is not, because dividing is not allowed
-
2 y
3x
is not, because dividing is not allowed

But this is allowed:
2
x
is allowed, because it is also ()x (the constant is , or 0.5)
also
8
3x
for the same reason (the constant is 3/8, or 0.375)

MONOMIAL, BINOMIAL, TRINOMIAL
There are special names for polynomials with 1, 2 or 3 terms:

DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL (ONE VARIABLE)
The Degree of a Polynomial with one variable (like x) is the largest exponent of the
variable.

Examples:

The Degree is 1 (a variable without an exponent actually has
an exponent of 1)

The Degree is 3 (largest exponent of x)

The Degree is 5 (largest exponent of x)

The Degree is 2 (largest exponent of z)


89
THE DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL (MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE)
If there is more than one variable in the polynomial, you need to look at each term
(terms are separated by + or signs):

- Find the degree of each term by adding the exponents of each variable in it.
- The largest such degree is the degree of the polynomial.

Example: what is the degree of this polynomial?

- 5xy
2
has a degree of 3 (x has an exponent of 1, y has 2, and 1+2=3)
- 3x has a degree of 1 (x has an exponent of 1)
- 5y
3
has a degree of 3 (y has an exponent of 3)
- 3 has a degree of 0 (no variable)
- The largest is 3, so the polynomial has a degree of 3

NAMES OF DEGREES
When you know the degree you can also give it a name!
0 constant, 1 linear, 2 quadratic, 3 cubic

LIKE TERMS
"Like terms" are terms whose variables (and their exponents such as the 2 in x
2
) are
the same.

Examples:
Terms Why are they "Like Terms"
7x x 2x because the variables are all x
(1/3)xy
2
2xy
2
6xy
2
because the variables are all xy
2


90
ADDING THE POLYNOMIALS
Two Steps:
- Place like terms together
- Add the like terms

Example: Add 2x
2
+ 6x + 5 and 3x
2
2x 1
Place like terms together: 2x
2
+ 3x
2
+ 6x 2x + 5 1

Add the like terms: (2+3)x
2
+ (6 2)x + (5 1)

(2x
2
+ 6x + 5) + ( 3x
2
2x 1) = 5x
2
+ 4x + 4

Adding in Columns
You could also add them in columns like this:
2 x
2
+ 6 x +5
3 x
2
6 x 1
5 x
2
+ 4 x +4

Adding Several Polynomials
You can add several polynomials together like that.

Example: Add (2x
2
+ 6y + 3xy) , (3x
2
5xy x) and (6xy + 5)
Line them up in columns and add:
2x
2
+ 6y + 3xy
3x
2
5xy x
6xy + 5
5x
2
+ 6y + 4xy x+ 5

Using columns helps you to match the correct terms together in a complicated sum.


91
SUBTRACTING POLYNOMIALS
To subtract Polynomials, first reverse the sign of each term you are subtracting (in
other words turn "+" into "", and "" into "+"), then add as usual.

Like this:
(2x
2
+ 6x + 5) ( 3x
2
2x 1) = 2x
2
+ 6x + 5 3x
2
+ 2x +1 = ......................

MULTIPLYING VARIABLES WITH EXPONENTS
So, how do you multiply this: (y
2
)(y
3
)
We know that y
2
= y y, and y
3
= y y y so let us write out all the multiplies:
y
2
y
3
= yyyyy

That is 5 "y"s multiplied together, so the new exponent must be 5:
y
2
y
3
= y
5

But why count the "y"s when the exponents already tell us how many?
The exponents tell us that there are two "y"s multiplied by 3 "y"s for a total of 5 "y"s:

y
2
y
3
= y
2+3
= y
5

So, the simplest method is to just add the exponents!

Mixed Variables
If you have a mix of variables, just add up the exponents for each, like this:
(x
2
y
3
z) ( x
2
y z
4
) = x
2+2
y
3 + 1
z
1 +4
= x
4
y
4
z
5

Reverse the sign
of each term


92
With Constants
There will often be contants (numbers like 3, 2.9,
2
1
etc) mixed in as well.
Never fear! Just multiply the constants separately and put the result in the answer:
( 2 x y ) ( 4 x ) = 2 4 x x y = 8 x
2
y

Here is a more complicated example with constants and exponents:

( 3 x
2
y
2
) ( 4 y
2
) = 12 x
2
y
4

Exercise 1. x means: a) x x b) x +x c) 2

Exercise 2. 2x means: a) 2x 2x b) 2 x x c) 4 x

Exercise 3. y
7
y
2
is the same as: a) y
5
b) y
9
c) y
14

Exercise 4. Simplify: 4 w 2 w + 3 w =

Exercise 5. Simplify: 14h
8
2h
2
=

Exercise 6. Simplify : x 2 x
2
5 x
3
=

Exercise 7. Combine like terms.
a) 3x
2
+ x
3
x
2
+10 x
3
+ x
2
= b) y + 10 y
2
y y
2
=
c) 5 y + 2 y
2
5 y 2 y
2
= d) x
2
3 x x
2
2 x
2
=

Exercise 8. Remove the parentheses and combine like terms:
a) x
2
+ y
2
(2 x y
2
) + 12 x
2
= b) 4 y
2
5 x ( 2 y
2
5 x x ) =
c) 4 x + x
2
( 7 x 3 x
2
) + 2 x = d) 10 x
2
( 2 x
2
+ 5 x ) + 5 x =


93
Exercise 9. Calculate the following products:
a) x ( 5x) = b) 5x
3
6 x = c) 7 x
3
3 x =
d) 3x 3 x 2x
3
= e) 2x ( 4 x
2
) 2x = f) 4 y
2
( 3y
6
) =
g) y
2
4 y
2
= h) 2y 7y
3
2 y = i) 5 x

3x =
j) 2y 2y
2
( 6 y) = k) 2 y
2
2y
2
= l) 5 x 2 y =

a) x
2
4 x
3

( 2 x
2
) = b) 8 x
3
+ 8 x
3
c) 2 y y 4 y
2
= d) 2 y ( y) ( 4y
2
) =
e) y 2 y
2
( 2 y
2
) = f) 2 x
2
3 x 7 x
2
24 x
2
=

SUBSTITUTION
In Algebra "Substitution" means putting numbers where the letters are:

If you have: x 2
And you know that x = 6 then you can substitute 6 for x 6 2 = 4

Exercise 11. Whats the value of 4 x
2
when x = 2

Exercise 12. Whats the value of 4 x
2
+ x when x = 2

Exercise 13. What's the value of 2p
2
+ p
3
p when p = 1?

Exercise 14. If F = ma, what's the value of F when m = 5 and a = 3?

Exercise 15. If A = 3b c
2
, find the value of A when b = 4 and c = 2

Exercise 16. If x=5 and y=3, then what is
x
10
+ 2y ?


94
Exercise 17. If x=3 and y=4, then what is x
2
+ xy ?

Exercise 18. If x=3 and y = 5, then what is x
2
xy

Exercise 19.
I E S
IF I = 7, E = 2 AND S = 9
THEN:
I + E = 9
2S I =11
IES=126
S + S + S = 10 E + I
What other equations can you write
down involving I, C AND S?


95
THE VOCABULARY TO SOLVE AN EQUATION

1) x +8 = 1 x plus 8 equals negative 1
x+ 8 8 = 1 8
Move 8 to the other side to isolate the unknown by
subtracting 8 from both sides
x= 9 x equals negative 9

2) 2 = x + 7 2 equals negative x plus 7
2 7= x + 7 7
Move 7 to the other side to isolate the unknown by
subtracting 7 from both sides
5 = x Multiply by 1
x =n5 x equals 5

3) 2 x =10 2 x equals 10
2
0 1
2
2x
= Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by 2
x= 5 x equals 5

4) 3 x = 27 Negative 3 x equals 27
3
3x
3
27
=
Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by
negative 3
x = 9 x equals negative 9

5) 2x 4 = 8 2 x minus 4 equals 8
2x 4 + 4= 8 + 4
Move negative 4 to the other side by adding 4 to
both sides
2x = 12 Combine like terms
2
12
2
2x
= Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by 2
x =6 x equals 6


96
6) 3x 12 = 18 Negative 3 x minus 12 equals 18
3x12 + 12 = 18 + 12
Move negative 12 to the other side by adding 12 to
both sides
3
30
3
3x

Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by
negative 3
x = 10 x equals 10

7) 2x 5 = x 10 2 x minus 5 equals x minus 10
2x 5 + 5 x = x 10 + 5 x
Put the unknowns on one side and the constants on
the other by a dding 5 to both sides and subtracting
x.
from both sides
x = 5 x equals negative 5

8) 3x + 2x 3 = x + 2x 18 3 x plus 2 x minus 3 equals x plus 2 x minus 18
5x 3 = 3x 18 Combine like terms
5x 3 +3 3 x = 3x 18 +3 3x
Put the unknowns on one side and the constants on
the other by adding 3, and subtracting 3 x to both
sides
2
15
x ;
2
15
2
2x
=
=
Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by 2; x
equals negative fifteenhalves

9) 5 x+ x+12 = x + 12 3 x + 4
5 x plus x plus 12 equals negative x plus 12 minus
3 x plus 4
6x+12 = 4x + 4 Combine like terms
6x +12+ 4x12 =4x+ 4+ 4x12
Put all the unknowns on one side and the constants
on the other by subtracting 12, adding 4 x from
both sides
10 x = 8 Combine like terms
5
4
10
8
x ;
10
8
10
10x
= =
=

Isolate the unknown by dividing both sides by 10
and simplify; x equals twofifths


97
AUTOEVALUATION Matemticas UNIDAD VII

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer:

1) s means: a) s s b) s + s c) 2 s
2) 2 w means: a) 2 w 2 w b) 2 w w c) 4 w
3) y
7
y
2
means: a) y
5
b) y
9
c) y
14

4) 4w
6
2w
2
means: a) 6w
8
b) 8w
12
c) 8w
8

Exercise 2. Complete the table

Monomial 3x
2
xy 3 x y
2
2 x y z
coefficient
variable
degree

Exercise 3. Complete the table knowing that Alfredo is twice as old as Mara, Arturo
is six years older than Mara, and Lucia was born three years before Alfredo.

Alfredo Arturo Luca Mara
Actual age x years
Age in five years

Exercise 4. Write an expression that represents:
a) Double of a number.
b) Triple of a number.
c) Half of a number.
d) Onethird of a number.
e) The square of a number.
f) The square of a number plus three.
g) Three times the square of a number.
h) Double of half of the square.
i) Triple of the square of a number minus two.


98
j) Half of a number plus six.
k) Add three to the double of a number.
l) The cube of a number plus six.
m) Onethird of a number plus seven.
n) The product of two consecutive numbers.

Exercise 5. Combine like terms.

a) x
2
+ 4 x
3
2 x
2
+ 8 x
3
+ 8 x
2
= b) 2 y 8 y
2
y 4 y
2
=
c) 2 y + 2 y
2
2 y + 12 y
2
= d)2 x
2
3 x 7 x
2
24 x
2
=

Exercise 6. Remove the parentheses and combine like terms:

a) 2 x
2
+ 2 y
2
(2 x y
2
) + 2 x
2
= b) 2 y
2
x ( y
2
15 x 2 x ) =
c) 4 x + 3 x
2
( 6 x 4 x
2
) + 2 x = d) 9 x
2
( 3 x
2
+ 7 x ) + 7 x =

Exercise 7. Calculate the following products:

a) 4x 5x = b) 2x
3
2x = c) 5x
3
3x = d) 2x x x
3
=
e) x 2 x
2
3x = f) 2y
2
y
6
= g) 2 y
2
5y
2
= h) y 7y
3
y=
i) x 5 x

3x = j) y y
2
3 y = k) y
2
2y
2
= l) 2x (x)=


a) x
2
4 x
3
2 x
2
= b) 8 x
3
+ 8 x
3
=

c) 2 y y 4 y
2
=
d) 2 y y 4y
2
= e) y 2y
2
2 y
2
= f) 2 x
2
3 x 7 x
2
24 x
2
=

Exercise 9
1) What is the value of 4k
2
when k = 5?
a) 20 b) 100 c) 400

2) What is the value of 2j
2
+ j when j = 3?
a) 21 b) 39 c) 400

3) If F = m a, What is the value of F if m= 5 and a = 3
a) 8 b) 15 c) 53


99
4) If A = b a, What is the value of A if b = 5,3 and a = 100
a) 530 b)105,3 c) 5,300
5) If
2
a b
A = What is the value of A if b = 2.42 and a = 10
a) 1,210 b) 12.1 c) 121

Exercise 10. Calculate the numerical value of P(x) = 2x + 2, for x = 2 ; x = 1; and
x = 5

Exercise 11. Calculate the numerical value of P(x) = x
2
2 x+ 2,
for x = 2; x = 1 ; and x = 0

Exercise 12. Answer the following.
a) Is 5 the solution to the equation 2x 1 = 9? Why? Yes, because when you plug in 5
for x, the answer is 9.
b) Is 2 the solution to the equation 3x + 4 = 2? Why? No, because when you substitute
x for 2, the answer is 10.
c) Is 1 the solution to the equation x
2
1 = 0? Why?
d) Is 3 the solution to the equation 3 x + 27 = 18 Why?
e) Is 1 the solution to the equation 2 x +12 = 10? Why?
f) Is 16 the solution to the equation 2 x + 16 = x? Why?
g) Is 5 the solution to the equation 2x + 5 = 3? Why?
h) Is 4 the solution to the equation 3x 10 + x = 0? Why?
i) Is 1 the solution to the equation x
3
+ x
2
x + 1 = 2? Why?

Exercise 13. Solve
1) 3 2x 2 3x = + 2) 10 3x 5 2x 2x = +
3) 22 4y 2y 23 3y = + 4) 31 4z 3z 32 2z = +
5) 12 2t = 6) 3 8t 4t 39 2t + = +


100
7) 63 2x x 3 18 5x + = + 8) 2 2x 23 5x 3x = +
9) 5t 24 2t 12 3t 2t + = +
10) 3x 10 3 6x 2x 12 = +
11) 8x 1 x 12 2x x = + 12) 0 4 2x = +
13) 1 17 2x = 14) 12 12 4x = +
15) 10 7x 5 7 5x 2x + = + 16) 24 x 21 5x 2x = +
17) 24 4t 2t 45 3t + = + 18) 16 16 x 2x x =
19) 18x 23 3x 12 2x + = + 20) 0 12 6x 2 3x = +

Exercise 14. Solve
1) 2
2
1
x = + 2) 3
3
2
x = 3)
5
2
2 x =

4) 4 y
7
5
= + 5)
9
7
2 z = 6)
5
1
4 t =

Exercise 15. Write the equation and solve:
a) My age doubled is 32. Calculate my age.
b) Onethird of my paycheck is 500 . Calculate my paycheck.
c) A number plus the double of this number is 12. Calculate the number.
d) Adding ten to the double of my age is 42. Calculate my age.
e) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 24. Calculate the numbers.
f) A number plus its triple is 8. Calculate the number.
g) In ten years I will be 37. Calculate my age.
h) The difference between my age and two is 23. Calculate my age.
i) The triple of my age plus five is 29. Calculate my age.
j) In twenty years I will be 40. Calculate my age.
k) The difference between the double of my age and four is 36. Calculate my age.


101
l) Onefifth of my savings is 300 . Calculate my savings.
m) The sum of two consecutive numbers is 29. Calculate these numbers.
n) Onefifth of a number is 18. Calculate the number.
o) The sum of two consecutive numbers is 43. Calculate these numbers.
p) Half of the triple of a number is 12. Calculate the number.
q) Onefourth of the triple of a number is 7. Calculate the number.
r) My father is four times my age and our ages added together is 60. Calculate my
age.
s) My brother is three years younger than me and between us our ages add up to 24.
Calculate my age.

Exercise 16. Alberto tiene tres aos ms que su hermano Pablo.Si las edades de los
dos suman 15 aos, qu edad tendr Alberto dentro de diez aos?

Exercise 17. La suma de cuatro nmeros consecutivos es 24, calcula dichos
nmeros.

Exercise 18. Write the equation and solve:
a) In five years I will be 17 years old. Calculate my age.
b) The difference between my age and 3 is 20. Calculate my age..
c) The difference between my age and four is 16. Calculate my age.
d) Onefifth of my savings is 120 . Calculate my savings.
e) The sum of two consecutive numbers is 17. Calculate these numbers.
f) Onesixth of a number is 8. Calculate the number.
g) The sum of two consecutive numbers plus five is 22. Calculate the numbers.
h) My father is three times my age and between us our ages add up to 80. Calculate
my age.
i) My brother is two years younger than me and between us our ages add up to 18
years. Calculate my age.


102
Exercise 19. Match each equation with the correct phrase. Each phrase can
correspond to more than one equation or none at all.

1) x + 16 = 2 x
2 ) 3 x 5
2
x
= +
a) If I add 10 to my age, I obtain double of
my age minus six.
3) 2 x 6 = x + 10
b) If I subtract three years off my age, I
obtain half of my age plus five.
4) x 10 = 2x 6 c) The double of my age is 32.
5) 8 x
2
x
=
d) If I increase my age 16 years, I obtain
double of my current age.
6) 2 x = 32
e) If I sum half of my age and 8, I obtain
my current age.
7 ) x 8
2
x
= +


103
REFUERZO Matemticas UNIDAD VII


Fecha de entrega:
seguido.

Ejercicio 1.Sabiendo que en la frmula L
2
y 2x
= , y que x = 60 e y = 10. Calcula
el valor de L

Ejercicio 2. Dada P(x) = 2 x + 2. Calcula el valor numrico de la expresin algebraica
para x = 3

Ejercicio 3. Dada Q(x) = x 5. Calcula el valor numrico de la expresin algebraica
para x = 6

Ejercicio 4. Dada R(x) = x
2
+5. Calcula el valor numrico de la expresin
algebraica para x = 2

Ejercicio 5. Dada S(x) = 10 x
2
5x + 3. Calcula el valor numrico de la expresin

Ejercicio 6. Dada T(x)= x
2
2. Calcula el valor numrico de la expresin

Ejercicio 8. Traducir del lenguaje habitual al algebraico las siguientes sentencias:
Recuerda que para escribir cualquier nmero en lgebra utilizamos la letra " x"
a) El siguiente de cualquier nmero entero.
b) El anterior de cualquier nmero entero.
c) El doble de cualquier nmero.
d) El triple de cualquier nmero.


104
e) El cuadrado de cualquier nmero.
f) El doble de cualquier nmero mas uno.
g) La mitad de cualquier nmero.
h) La tercera parte de cualquier nmero.
i) El cuadrado de cualquier nmero ms su doble.

Ejercicio 9. Suma los trminos semejantes en las siguientes expresiones:

a) x 4x 4x
3
+ 7x
3
=
b) 2x
2
+ x
2
=
c) 1 24x
2
+ 3x
2
+ 12 =
d) x + 2x 3 x + 3x
2
=
e) 2x 32x
2
+ 12x
2
3x
2
=
f) x
2
+3x
2
2x
2
5x =
g) 12x 13x +12x 18 =

Ejercicio 10. Multiplica:

a) 2x 4 x ( 2 x
3
) 7 x
3
=
b) 2 x (2 x
2
) x
2
=
c) 4x
2
13 x
2
(+2x
2
) =
d) 2 2x ( 3 x) (+ 3 x
2
)=
e) 2x
2
(+12 x
2
) ( 3) =
f) 4x
2
( x
2
) ( 5 x) =
g) 12 x ( 13 x) ( +12 x) ( 18 x) =
h) 2x ( 2 x ) (+ 3 x) =
i) 2x (+ 6 x
2
) (+ 3 x
2
)=
j) x ( 2x ) ( 12x) =

Ejercicio 11. Sin resolver las ecuaciones:

a) Es 2 solucin de la ecuacin 2 x + 1 = 5? Por qu?
b) Es 1 solucin de la ecuacin x 2 = 3? Por qu?
c) Es 3 solucin de la ecuacin 2 x + 6 = 0? Por qu?

Ejercicio 12. Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones:
1) 2 + x = 3 2) x 8 = 7 3) 1 x = 7
4) 12 x = +8 4) x + 8 = 7 5) x 2 = 10
6) x + 2 = 12 7) 8 + x = 2 8) 12 = 113 + x
9) 2x = 11 10) 4x = 20 11) 9x = 27

105
12) 5x = 50 13) 4x = 100 14) 2x = 144
15) 2x = 4 16) 3x = 18 17) 3x = 125
18) 5x = 125 19) 5x = 625 20) 4x = 16

Ejercicio 13. Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones:
1) 2 + x = 3 +3x 2) x + 8 = 7 22x 3) 1 x + 5x = 7 2x
4) x + 12 2x = +8 2x 4) x + 8 = 7+ 9x 5) 5x 2 = 12 + 3x
6) x 6 = 12 +2x 7) 2x + x = 21 8) 12x = 11 + x
9) 2x+1 = 11 10) 4x 4 = 20 11) 9x x = 81
12) x 5x = 2x 50 13) x + 2x + 10= 100 14) 2x 14 = 144 +x
15) 2 2x = 4 + 3x 16) x + 5x = 18 2 17) 3x +2 x = 125

Ejercicio 14. Escribe una ecuacin y resuelve:
a) La diferencia entre mi edad y cuatro es diecisis. Calcula mi edad.
b) El doble mi edad es veintiocho. Calcula mi edad.
c) La mitad de mi edad es 14. Calcula mi edad.
d) El doble de un nmero mas dicho nmero es 15. Calcula dicho nmero.
e) La suma de dos nmeros consecutivos es 18. Calcula dichos nmeros.


106
GEOMETRY UNIT VIII

LINES
A twodimensional object that has no endpoints and continues on forever in a plane;
formed of infinite points.
A line is a collection of points along a straight path that goes on and on in opposite
directions. A line has no endpoints.
Example: The following is a diagram of two lines: line AB and line HG.

The arrows signify that the lines drawn extend indefinitely in each direction.

POINTS
Points are dimensionless. That is, a point has no width, length, or height.
We identify this point with a number or letter.
Example: The following is a diagram of points A, B, C, and Q:

A
B
G
H
C
A
B
Q

107
INTERSECTION
The term intersect is used when lines, rays, line segments or figures meet, that is, they
share a common point. The point they share is called the point of intersection. We say
that these figures intersect.
Example: In the diagram below, line AB and line GH intersect at point D:

LINE SEGMENTS
A line segment is a part of a line having two endpoints.
We write the name of a line segment with endpoints A and B as "line segment AB" or
as AB. Note how there are no arrow heads on the line over AB such as when we
denote a line or a ray.
Example: The following is a diagram of two line segments: line segment CD and line
segment PN, or simply segment CD and segment PN.

RAYS
A ray is a part of a line with one endpoint and goes on and on in one direction. We
write the name of a ray with endpoint A and passing through a point B as "ray AB" or
as .
Example: The following is a diagram of two rays: ray HG and ray AB.
A
B
G
H
D
D
N
C
P

108

ENDPOINTS
An endpoint is a point used to define a line segment or ray. A line segment has two
endpoints; a ray has one.
Example: The endpoints of line segment DC below are points D and C, and the
endpoint of ray MN is point M below:

PARALLEL LINES
Two lines in the same plane which never intersect are called parallel lines. We say that
two line segments are parallel if the lines that they lie on are parallel. If line r is parallel
to line s, we write this as line r || line s.
When two line segments DC and AB lie on parallel lines, we write this as segment DC
|| segment AB.

H
A
G
B
D
N
C
P
r
s

109
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
The line perpendicular to a segment passing through the segment's midpoint.

WHAT IS AN ANGLE?
Two rays that share the same endpoint form an angle. The point where the rays
intersect is called the vertex of the angle. The two rays are called the sides of the
angle. An angle is also the space between the sides.
There are 360 in a complete turn. So in half a turn there are 180, and in a quarter of a
turn 90.

We sometimes call a quarter of a turn a right angle, and mark it with a square.

PERPENDICULAR LINES
Perpendicular are lines that intersect at right angles.
In the figure shown below, the lines AB and EF are perpendicular to each other.

A
B
F E


110
ANGLE BISECTOR
Angle Bisector is a ray that divides an angle into two equal parts.
In the example shown, OA is the angle bisector. It divides 60 into two equal parts (i.e.
two 30's).

Exercise 1. Find angle a in this diagram:

Exercise 2. Find angle b in this diagram

Exercise 3. Find angle c in this diagram


111
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANGLE

Any angle that is less than 90 is called an acute
angle.

Any angle which is between 90 and 180 is called an
obtuse angle.

Any angle that is between 180 and 360 is called
a reflex angle.

You also need to remember that the angles in a triangle add up to 180, and that the
angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360.

p + q + r = 180 w + x + y + z = 360

PROTRACTOR
A protractor is a device for measuring the angle between two intersecting lines


112

POLYGON
A polygon is a closed figure made by joining line segments, where each line segment
intersects exactly two others.
The following are examples of polygons:

The figure below is not a polygon, since it is not a closed figure:

The figure below is not a polygon, since it is not made of line segments:

The figure below is not a polygon, since its sides do not intersect in exactly two
places each:

REGULAR POLYGON
A regular polygon is a polygon whose sides are all the same length, and whose angles
are all the same. The sum of the angles of a polygon with n sides, where n is 3 or
more, is 180 (n 2) degrees.
The following are examples of regular polygons:


113
Examples: The following are not examples of regular polygons:

VERTEX
The vertexes of a polygon are the points where its sides intersect.

TRIANGLE
A threesided polygon. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.

Equilateral Triangle: A triangle having all three
sides of equal length. The angles of an
equilateral triangle all measure 60 degrees.

Isosceles Triangle: A triangle having two sides of
equal length.

vertex
vertex
vertex

114
Scalene Triangle: A triangle having three sides of
different lengths.

Acute Triangle: A triangle having three acute angles.

Obtuse Triangle: A triangle having an obtuse angle. One of the angles of the triangle
measures more than 90 degrees.

Right Triangle: A triangle having a right angle. One of the angles of the triangle
measures 90 degrees. The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The
two sides that form the right angle are called the legs. A right triangle has the special
property that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs equals the square of the
length of the hypotenuse. This is known as the Pythagorean Theorem.


115
QUADRILATERAL
A foursided polygon. The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees.

Diagonal: A line segment connecting nonadjacent vertices of a polygon.
Note: An ngon has
2
3) n(n
diagonals.

Rectangle: A foursided polygon having all right angles. The sum of the angles of a
rectangle is 360 degrees.

d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l


116
Square: A foursided polygon having equallength sides meeting at right angles. The
sum of the angles of a square is 360 degrees.

Parallelogram: A foursided polygon with two pairs of parallel sides. The sum of the
angles of a parallelogram is 360 degrees.

Rhombus: A foursided polygon having all four sides of equal length. The sum of the
angles of a rhombus is 360 degrees.


117
Trapezoid: A foursided polygon having exactly one pair of parallel sides. The two
sides that are parallel are called the bases of the trapezoid. The sum of the angles of a
trapezoid is 360 degrees.

PENTAGON
A fivesided polygon. The sum of the angles of a pentagon is 540 degrees.
A regular pentagon: An irregular pentagon:

HEXAGON
A sixsided polygon. The sum of the angles of a hexagon is 720 degrees.
A regular hexagon: An irregular hexagon:


118
HEPTAGON
A sevensided polygon. The sum of the angles of a heptagon is 900 degrees.
A regular heptagon: An irregular heptagon:

CONVEX
A figure is convex if every line segment drawn between any two points inside the figure
lies entirely inside the figure. A figure that is not convex is called a concave figure.
The following figures are concave. Note line segment drawn between two points inside
the figure that also passes outside of the figure.
The following figures are convex. The following figures are concave.

PERIMETER
The sum of the lengths of the segments that form the sides of a polygon

Exercise 4. Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides measuring 5 centimeters, 9
centimeters and 11 centimeters.


119
Exercise 5. A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters.
Find the perimeter.

In Exercise 5, in mathematics, we commonly use the following formula for perimeter of
a rectangle P= 2 L +2 W , where P is the perimeter, L is the length and W is the
width.

Exercise 6. Find the perimeter of a square with each side measuring 2 inches.

Exercise 7. Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with each side measuring 4
centimeters.

A square and an equilateral triangle are both examples of regular polygons. Another
method for finding the perimeter of a regular polygon is to multiply the number of sides
by the length of one side.

Exercise 8. Find the perimeter of a regular pentagon with each side measuring 3
inches.

Exercise 9. The perimeter of a regular hexagon is 18 centimeters. How
long is one side?

Summary: To find the perimeter of a polygon, take the sum of the length of each side.

The formula for perimeter of a rectangle is: P= 2 L +2 W. To find the perimeter of a
regular polygon, multiply the number of sides by the length of one side


120
AREA
Area is always a positive number. It represents the number of square units needed to
cover a shape, such as a polygon or a circle. We generally use formulas to calculate
areas.

Exercise 10. Find the area of a parallelogram with a base of 12
centimeters and a height of 5 centimeters.

Exercise 11. Find the area of a parallelogram with a base of 7 inches and a height of
10 inches.

Exercise 12. The area of a parallelogram is 24 square centimeters and the base is 4
centimeters. Find the height.

Summary: Given the base and height of a parallelogram, we can find the area. Given
the area of a parallelogram and either the base or the height, we can find the missing
dimension. The formula for area of a parallelogram is:

A= b h where b is the base, h is the height, and means
multiply.


121

Area of a Trapezoid: To find the area of a
trapezoid, we can draw a diagonal so the
trapezoid is divided into two triangles.

You can see that the area of the trapezoid DEFG is equal to the sum of the area of the
two triangles EFG and DEG.
Area of triangle EFG = bh = (base1) h
Area of triangle DEG = bh = (base2) h

Area of the trapezoid DEFG = (base1) h + (base2) h. Since the height of triangle

Exercise 13. If trapezoid DEFG has a height of 8 inches, base DG measures 12
inches and base EF measures 7 inches, what is the area of the trapezoid? If we
substitute the values into the formula, we find the area to be 76 square inches.

Area of a Regular Polygon: The area of a regular polygon is given by the formula
below.

Area =
2
1
(apothem) (perimeter)

Apothem: The perpendicular distance from the center of a regular polygon to any of its
sides.

Regular Polygon:
s = length of a side
r = apothem (radius of inscribed circle)
R = radius of circumcircle

apothem
s
r
R

122
BASIC GEOMETRY

1. Which of these have a magnitude?
Forma Superficie Textura Grosor
Color Peso Longitud Temperatura
Olor Velocidad Sabor Volumen

2. Which of these units measures the area?
cm cm
2
l g

3. What magnitude do we use to measure centigrade?
a) velocity. b) temperature. c) degrees of an angle.

4. What magnitude measures each of the following units?
a) Centimeter b) Liter c) Grado sexagesimal

5. With what unit would you measure
The time it takes to boil an
egg?
Seconds Minutes Hours Days
The distance between
Cadiz and Madrid?
Meter Decimeter Hectameter Kilometer
The distance between
Earth and Venus?
Meter Kilometer (UA) light year
The width of a pen? Meter Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter

6.Answer:
a) How many decameters are there in a kilometer?
b) How many centimeters are there in a meter?
c) How many centimeters are there in a decameter?
d) How many square millimeters are there in a square decimeter?
e) How many square centimeters are there in a square decimeter?
f) How many square decameters are there in a square kilometer?
g) How many meters are there in a hectometer?

123
7. Express in millimeters:
a) 22,5 m b) 2,3 dm c) 0,5 dam

8. Express amount in meters:
a) 8 km 7 hm 2 m b) 35 hm 6 dam 3 m

9.Complete:
a) 1 m
2
=dm
2
b) 1 m
2
=.m
2
c) 1
dm
2
=..mm
2

d) 1 hm
2
=..dam
2
e) 1 dam
2
=.dm
2
f) 1
dm
2
=...mm
2

10. Calculate the area of the figures. Each square is equal to 1 unit.

4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
10 11

124
11. Estimate the area of the following figures:

12. Express in hectares:
a) 250 500 m
2
b) 7,6 km
2
c) 6 950 a

13.Express in sqare meters:
a) 36 dam
2
13 m
2
23 dm
2
b) 5 km
2
36 dam
2
14 m
2

14.Expresa en forma compleja:
a) 97,34 dam b) 6 900,367 ha c) 861 300,25 m
2

15.Express in square hectometers:
a) 5,93 km
2
b) 26 500 dam
2
c) 83 500 m
2

16. Draw, with a ruler and set square, a line that passes through point P and is
perpendicular to line r.

17. Traza la mediatriz de estos segmentos y responde: Qu tienen en comn todos
los puntos de esa recta?

P

125
18. Traza la bisectriz de los ngulos AOB y o y responde: Qu tienen en comn
todos los puntos de la bisectriz?

19. Construye, utilizando el transportador, un ngulo de 45, un ngulo de 135 y un
ngulo de 60.

20. Pasa los siguientes ngulos a grados:
a) 30 45' b) 46 15'

21. Traza dos rectas perpendiculares a la recta r, una por el punto A y otra por el
punto B. Cmo son entre s las dos rectas trazadas?

22. Expresa en grados, minutos y segundos:
a) 72, 8 b) 123,54

23.Traza una recta perpendicular a este segmento por su punto medio. Qu nombre
recibe esa recta? Qu propiedad cumplen todos sus puntos?

o

126
24. Traza una semirrecta que tenga su origen en el vrtice del ngulo y lo divida en
dos ngulos iguales. Cmo se llama esa semirrecta? Qu tienen en comn todos
sus puntos?

25. Clasifica cada uno de estos ngulos segn su abertura:

26. Completa las siguientes equivalencias:
a) 30 =..................' b) 3 600' =...................

c) 60' =..................'' d) 15 =...................''

27. Traza, con regla y escuadra, dos rectas r y s que cumplan que r ll s

28. Measure each of the angles with a protractor.

29. Traza tres rectas r, s y t de forma que r s y que s t. Cmo son entre s
las rectas r y t ?

o


127
30. Complete:

What is it?
How do you
measure it?
How do you label
it?


128
31. Contesta las siguientes preguntas:
a) Qu es una recta?. Dibuja una
b) Qu es una semirrecta? Dibuja una
c) Qu es un segmento? Dibuja uno

32. Dibuja con la regla 4 segmentos que tengan las siguientes medidas:
1) Segmento AB = 3,5 cm 2) Segmento BC= 27 mm
3) Segmento CD = 0,35 dm 4) Segmento EF = 0,25 dm

33. Pasa las medidas de los segmentos anteriores a metros y luego a decmetros.

34. Contesta las siguientes preguntas:
a) Cundo dos o ms rectas son paralelas?
b) Cundo dos rectas son secantes?
c) Cundo dos rectas son perpendiculares?

35. Dibuja:
a) con regla y escuadra o cartabn 3 rectas paralelas.
b) con regla dos rectas secantes.
c) con el instrumental de dibujo que necesites dos rectas perpendiculares.

36. Qu es un ngulo? Como se denota? Cules son los elementos que lo
forman? En qu se miden? Cmo se clasifican?

37. Dibuja con el transportador los siguientes ngulos y di como se llaman:
a) Un ngulo de 45 b) Un ngulo de 60 c) Un ngulo de 120
d) Un ngulo de 180 e) Un ngulo de 360 f) Un ngulo de 200

38. Mide estos ngulos con el transportador y anota los resultados en tu cuaderno:

O
A
B
o

129
AUTOEVALUACIN Matemticas UNIT VIII

Ejercicio 1. Contesta las siguientes cuestiones:
Figura 1: Nombra y explica sus caractersticas y elementos. Calcula su rea y su
permetro teniendo en cuenta los datos siguientes:
CD = 23 mm EC = 3,2cm CB= 19 mm.

permetro en cm. y mm teniendo en cuenta los datos siguientes:
Diagonal mayor 34 mm diagonal menor 1,9cm lado = 16,9 cm

permetro en cm. y mm teniendo en cuenta los datos siguientes:
Lado = 2 cm AB = 1,72 cm AC = 2 cm.

permetro en cm. y mm teniendo en cuenta los datos siguientes
AD= 19 mm DC= 18 mm CB= 2,3 cm AB=47 mm DE= 20 mm.

permetro en cm. y mm teniendo en cuenta los datos siguientes
CD= 20 mm AC = 24 mm CB= 32 mm BA = 47 mm.


130
Ejercicio 2. Completar:

Ejercicio 3. Calcula el rea y permetro.

Ejercicio 4. Calcula el rea cm
2

Ejercicio 5. Calcula el rea en dm
2
de un hexgono regular de de 10 cm. de lado y
8,66 cm. de apotema


131
Ejercicio 6. Calcula los ngulos desconocidos en cada casos

Ejercicio 7. Un campo de ftbol mide de largo 105 m. y de ancho 65 m. Queremos
reponer el csped y cobran a 25 el m
2
Cunto tendremos que pagar?

Ejercicio 8. Calcula el rea de un trapecio cuyas bases miden 5,5 m 4,5 m y la altura
2 m.

Ejercicio 9. Calcula el rea y el permetro de la siguiente parcela.

AB = 42 m. BF = 37 m. EF =20 m.
ED= 18 m. CD= 22m.

a) Queremos dedicar el 20 % del rea del terreno a la construccin de una casa,
Cuntos metros cuadrados tendr la casa? Cunto costar su construccin
sabiendo que cuesta aproximadamente 2030 el metro cuadrado?
b) Cunto costar construir una valla de alrededor de la parcela, sabiendo que el
metro lineal de valla en el mercado esta a aproximadamente a 23 .

Ejercicio 10. La valla de una parcela cuadrada es de 56 m, sabiendo que el metro
cuadrado de parcela en esa zona est a 26 , Cunto costar la parcela?

Ejercicio 11. Cul ser el lado de un octgono regular cuyo permetro es de 100m?
Y cul ser su rea si su apotema es de 15 m?
A B
C
E
F
D

132
Ejercicio 12. Dibuja un romboide, explica algunas de sus caractersticas y calcula su
permetro sabiendo que sus lados son 5 y 7 cm.

Ejercicio 13. Calcula el rea de un tringulo rectngulo sabiendo que sus catetos
miden 3 y 4.

Ejercicio 14. Cunto mide la altura de un rectngulo sabiendo que su rea es de
431,25 m
2
y su base es 34,5 m.

Ejercicio 15. La vela de un barco tiene forma de tringulo rectngulo, cuyos catetos
miden 15 y 20 m. Cuanto costar la vela si el metro cuadrado sale a 45 .

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C. Qu temperatura marc el termmetro a las 12h

is not, because dividing is not allowed

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