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Afghanistan
Week 31 30 July 2013

Review

Comprehensive Information on Complex Crises

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

Economic Development Governance & Rule of Law Security & Force Protection Social & Strategic Infrastructure

This document provides an overview of developments in Afghanistan from 16 29 July 2013, with hyperlinks to source material highlighted in blue and underlined in the text. For more information on the topics below, or other issues pertaining to events in Afghanistan, contact the members of the Afghanistan Team by visiting www.cimicweb.org/cmo/afg.

Highlighted Topics

Clicking the links in this list will take you to the appropriate section.

The Ministry of Finance approves a new policy to attract investment in Afghanistan. Afghan firms demand the payment of debts to troops and diplomatic missions . President Karzai will visit Pakistan to discuss the Afghan peace process. The Afghan Parliament passed two new elections laws. Disputes between Afghanistan and the US halt withdrawal operations. CIA begins shutting down at least six secret bases across Afghanistan. Several construction companies fail to accomplish TORs in Kabul city. TAPI countries and ADB locked in negotiations for the transaction advisor fee.

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Economic Development

Matthew Bennettmatthew.bennett@cimicweb.org

CFC publications are independently produced by Desk Officers and do not reflect NATO or ISAF policies or positions of any other organisation.
The CFC is part of NATO Allied Command Operations.

he Asian Development Bank (ADB) Afghanistan Country Director Joji Tokeshi announced the ADBs continued support to the economic development of Afghanistan following the withdrawal of foreign troops in late 2014, states Wadsam. Tokeshi stated that the transformation would be challenging, yet rewarding, for the country as Afghans seek to further develop infrastructure. Tokeshi also stated that the ADB supports the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-PakistanIndia (TAPI) gas pipeline project as a means to promote and enhance regional economic cooperation. In further foreign aid news, the Afghan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development Wais Ahmad Barmak said at a press conference that the international community was willing to fund infrastructure development projects in rural areas after 2014. Moreover, in an effort to sustain progress on womens rights issues achieved over the last decade, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) has launched a USD 200 million programme to bolster womens status in Afghan society, reports Reuters. The programme aims to assist women between the ages of 18 and 30. In line with its goal to create more than 3,500 small businesses, the programme will provide credit and microfinance to women entrepreneurs and offer training to women interested in policymaking. According to USAID chief Rajiv Shah, the countries of Australia, Britain, Japan and the European Union may contribute funds to the programme thereby doubling the gender-focused investment. On 19 July, the investment policy drafted by the Afghan Ministries of Finance and Commerce and Industries was approved by the Afghanistan High Economic Council in a meeting chaired by President Hamid Karzai, reports Wadsam. The policy, which is intended to lure investors in the agriculture, construction, and mining sectors, was previously set to expire at the end of 2014 but is now renewed until the end of 2015. On 22 July, Afghan Finance Minister, Hazrat Omar Zakhilwal, announced another package of incentives designed to increase investment in the country from both domestic and foreign sources. The incentive package includes the provision of land for industrial investors at a very low cost, the exemption of factory owners from various taxes

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For further information, contact: Afghanistan Team Leader rainer.gonzalez@cimicweb.org The Afghanistan Team afghanistan@cimicweb.org

for a period of seven years and low rates of interest for farmers for a ten-year period. In addition, foreign investors will be eligible to receive one-year, multiple entry visas designed to attract investment and commitment to economic growth in Afghanistan. On the subject of regional trade exchange, US officials acknowledged the important role India has within Afghanistan, writes Dawn. In other foreign investment news, US officials praised Indias economic, institutional, peace and security stabilisation role within Afghanistan. The officials stressed that India was already helping to create conditions for peace and stability by facilitating trade and development in Afghanistan. For instance, the Afghan authorities chose the Indian public-private, SAIL-led consortium AFISCO (Afghan Iron & Steel Consortium) as the preferred bidder to lead three of the four iron ore blocks in Hajigak mines in Bamian province, reports DNA. This is the first instance of Indian public and private sector companies joining to bid for an iron ore asset abroad, highlights DNA. The bid, submitted by AFISCO to the Afghan government, proposes development of the Hajigak iron ore deposits to carry out commercial production. The plan envisages installation of a power plant to cater to the operations of the mine and steel plant. As part of requisite internal infrastructural support, the consortium plans to build 200 km of rail, road and transmission line network for the mine and steel project. The total AFISCO investment is estimated at USD 12 billion. At the same time, Afghanistan is negotiating an agreement with Iran to use one of its ports, reports Reuters. The agreement between Kabul and Teheran will help boost exports to Europe and India thereby reducing Afghanistans dependence on neighbouring Pakistans ports for trade, adds Reuters. Afghanistan currently relies on the port of Karachi in Pakistan for the bulk of its sea exports. The current situation leaves traders vulnerable to political disputes between the United States and Pakistan as experienced on regular occasions in the last several years. Similarly, trade barriers in northern Afghanistan are the result of transborder political disagreements, according to a report issued by Pajhwok Afghan News. During a press conference, Mohammad Hashim Barna, Head of Balkh Commerce and Industry Department, denounced U zbekistans improper attitude to its landlocked [Afghan] neighbour in Uzbekistan , warning of weak cooperation among regional neighbours. Barna, added that Uzbekistans double standards had negatively impinged on the overall business climate at the Hairatan Dry Port. The Federation of Afghanistan Civil Society (FACS) asked the government to pressure the Afghan Supreme Group, a supplier of NATO-led troops and various diplomatic missions in Afghanistan, to pay back debts to various Afghan logistics firms, according to Pajhwok Afghan News. The debts are amounting to USD 22 million. Sadiq Mansoor Ansari, chief of the FACS, spoke at a joint press conference with representatives of various Afghan firms. Ansari requested the support of the Afghan government and warned of potential rallies in Kabul and other cities if the Supreme Group failed to repay the contractors. The various Afghan contractors had transported fuel into the country from Uzbekistan and had not been paid by the Supreme Group over the last eighteen months. The Afghan national currency, the Afghani, has noticeably depreciated against the US dollar during the lasts weeks, reports Pajhwok Afghan News. The exchange rate for the week of July 18 was AFG 57.5 per US dollar whereas the previous week it had been AFG 56.9 per US dollar. At the beginning of 2013, the exchange rate was AFG 52.14 per US dollar. The Afghan Finance Minister, Hazrat Omar Zakhilwal, stated that the foreign media has painted a negative picture of the economic situation in Afghanistan following the departure of international forces in 2014. At a press conference, Zakhilwal insinuated that media reports are responsible for the decline in value of the Afghani against the US dollar. The Minister stated Western medias propaganda has spread baseless concerns a mong the public over economic uncertainty that has taken a heavy toll on the Afghan currency.

Governance & Rule of Law

Katerina Oskarssonkaterina.oskarsson@cimicweb.org

he Pakistani Foreign Office authorities stated Pakistan is optimistic that key stakeholders will address differences over the currently closed Afghan Talibans office in Qatars capital Doha and resume the stalled peace process, writes The Express Tribune. The remark comes after Karim Khorram, a top aide to Afghan President Hamid Karzai, recently accused Pakistan and the US of using the Doha office as a plot to divide Afghanistan by ceding a part of the country to the Taliban, writes Agence France Presse (AFP). In an interview with local 1TV, Khorram stated I cant say 100 per cent for sure, but you, yourself, can un derstand that one of these two countries is behind this [Doha office] plot. Commenting on the Afghan governments boycott of the peace talks following the opening of the Doha office, Khorram stated If the Afghan government had not reacted as it did, Afgh anistan could have gradually become like a place where you would have had the Islamic Republic in Kabul and the [Talibans] Islamic Emirate in another place. In reaction to Khorrams remarks, US Ambassador James B. Cunningham stated that the allegations a re nonsense and completely without foundation, further adding that the US supports a united Afghanistan, writes Wakht News Agency. Meanwhile, Pakistani Foreign Office spokesman Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry reiterated that Pakistan seeks positive engagement with Afghanistan, noting allegations and counter allegations will not help us achieve our shared goal of securing peace and stability in Afghanistan and our region, quotes The Express Tribune. Chaudhry further stated that in effort to help achieve a peaceful settlement, Pakistan has on multiple occasions exercised restraint regarding Afghan accusations and will continue to do so in the future, according to Dawn. In related news, the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that President Hamid Karzai intends to visit Pakistan in the near future to discuss the Afghan peace process, reports Khaama Press. Although initially turning down the invitation to visit Pakistan, Afghan Foreign Ministry spokesman Janan Mosazai noted that President Karzai is willing to open a new chapter on bilateral relations and cooperation with the new Pakistani government. This comes after Sartaj Aziz, national and foreign affairs advisor to Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif recently visited Afghanistan to convey a formal invitation from Sharif to President Karzai for his visit to Pakistan. A diplomatic source familiar with the peace negotiations told Pajhwok Afghan News that during his visit, Aziz also discussed with Afghan Foreign Minister Zalmai Rassoul ways to restart negotiations with the Taliban and to better coordinate bilateral 30 July 2013 Page 2

efforts to break the peace process deadlock. Aziz stated that while Pakistan is prepared to help the Afghan peace process, it cannot guarantee the success of the negotiations. Aziz explained that while Pakistan exercises some influence over the Taliban, [it] cant impose its decisions on Taliban to facilitate the [peace] process. Afghan President Hamid Karzai signed a pair of elections laws, positioning the electoral framework for next years presidential vote , and temporarily assuaging concerns that the Afghan vote could be delayed, reports The New York Times. The first law, referred to as structural, governs the structure and responsibilities of Afghanistans election and complaints commissions ; the second law defines how the vote would be held. Head of the Free and Fair Election Foundation of Afghanistan, Ahmad Nader Nadery, said the signing of the structural law comes late, but finally, despite all the opposition to this law from the [Afghan] government. He further added, Now the challenge is to make sure this law gets properly implemented. According to Nicholas Haysom, a senior United Nations (UN) official in Afghanistan, the international community has urged the Afghan government to pass the two laws as part of Afghan commitments in exchange for aid over the coming years, adds another New York Times article. The next important step will be the nomination of presidential candidates who are scheduled to begin registering in September 2013. On 27 July, the Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan (ICA) launched the second phase of the voter registration process, opening 385 voter registration centres across the country, highlights Khaama Press. According to a chief of the ICA, Fazal Ahmad Manawi, voter registration centres are active across the entire country except for four districts. Up to 120,000 Afghans, including 30,000 women, have been issued voter registration cards, adds Pajhwok. A number of other articles related to governance and rule of law appeared over the past two weeks, including those below: Afghan President Hamid Karzai appointed nine new members of the Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan (ICA), writes Khaama Press. The members are appointed for a period of six years. British Prime Minister David Cameron praised India and Pakistan for taking steps to revive bilateral talks to improve their relations, emphasising that better ties between the two countries are crucial for Afghan stability and regional prosperity, writes IndoAsian News Service. In an interview with the Asian Lite Newspaper, Cameron urged both countries to recognise that a stable, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan is in their interests too . Afghan President Hamid Karzai and the Afghan High Peace Council reportedly released more than 520 insurgents between 2011 and 2012 to accelerate the peace process, reports Tolo News. According to the news outlet, the leaked documents reveal that released insurgents included at least 135 suicide bombers, 116 insurgents convicted of killing Afghan security personnel, and 86 insurgents responsible for organising several terror attacks. In most cases, the released detainees reportedly re-joined the Taliban and resumed their terror activities against Afghan and foreign forces. The Afghan Ministry of Interior denied the reports.

Security & Force Protection

Francois Van Lovenfrancois.vanloven@cimicweb.org

dispute between the Afghan and the US authorities over customs procedures has halted the withdrawal and the flow of US military equipment being shipped out of the country, US military officials told The Washington Post. Consequently, the US military must rely heavily on air transport which has dramatically increased the cost of the drawdown. The Afghan government is demanding that the US military pay USD 1,000 for each shipping container leaving the country that does not have a corresponding and validated customs form. The Afghan customs agency says the American military must pay USD 70 million in fines. If left unresolved, the disagreement could inflate the price tag of the US military drawdown by hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars because of the higher cost of shipping by air, adds The Washington Post. The Afghan demand for payment is part of a broader dispute over Kabuls authority to tax US entities working in Afghanistan. As the war economy starts to deflate, the government is increasingly insisting that US defence contractors pay business taxes and fines for a range of alleged violations, highlights The Washington Post. In addition, the latest disagreement has added a new irritant to negotiations over a bilateral security agreement aimed to address a possible residual US military force in Afghanistan after 2014. Washington and Kabul remain at odds over details of the security plan including the types of taxes and customs fees to be imposed on the military and contractors. Regarding the drawdown pace, although the relations between the US and Pakistan have improved, the tide has shifted yet again in recent weeks. A Pentagon spokesman said that during the most recent 30-day period, only 36 per cent of equipment was leaving by land via the Pakistani land corridors. The former commander of the US and coalition forces in Afghanistan, retired General John Allen, cautioned Friday against withdrawing all troops from Afghanistan after 2014, otherwise known as the zero option, reports CNN. Allen said that although the Afghan army has made great gains, Afghan leaders realise its forces are not fully trained and need a US presence beyond next year. Allen said that he was not asked to evaluate a zero option but added that if that option is now considered it is as a result of the strained US relationship with Afghan President Hamid Karzai. In this regard, the US chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey stated that he remains optimistic for a long-term security agreement between Kabul and Washington, stating he would like to see it signed no later than October 2013, adds The New York Times. General Dempsey added that he was not preparing for a zero option scenario. However, Dempsey did say that if the two sides cannot reach a deal, there could be a zero outcome, meaning zero American troops would remain in the country. Other Obama administration officials said planning is under way for that possibility, reports The Christian Science Monitor.

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The CIA has begun closing clandestine bases in Afghanistan, marking the start of a drawdown from Afghanistan, says The Washington Post. US officials described the closures as preliminary steps in a plan to reduce the number of CIA installations in Afghanistan from a dozen to as few as six over the next two years. Senior US officials said that the reductions are justified as the threat posed by al-Qaeda had diminished in the region. However, US officials stressed that the CIA is expected to maintain a significant footprint even after the pullback, maintaining a station in Kabul that will remain among the agencys largest in the world. Furthermore, the timing and scope of the CIAs pullback will be partially dependent on the remaining level of US troops in Afghanistan after 2014. At the same time, the Danish armed forces eventually removed their contingents from their area of operation in Helmand on 22 July, marking the end of the Danish combat mission in Afghanistan, reports HIS Janes. Likewise, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd visited the Australian contingents based in Oruzgan Province on 28 July in order to officially announce the withdrawal of the 1,600 Australian soldiers deployed in Afghanistan, writes Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). At this occasion, Rudd said Australia was committed to continuing to help the Afghan government after the planned withdrawal of its troops by the end of 2014. Australia is preparing to withdraw its combat forces from Afghanistan by the end of 2013, adds RFE/RL. Afghan Defense Ministry (MoD) spokesman General Zahir Azimi stated in a joint press conference with ISAF and NATO spokesmen that insurgents were unable to retake any Afghan area following the ISAF security handover to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), writes Bakhtar News. He further added that the ANSF has the ability to foil and counter insurgent attacks despite the difficulties the ANSF has faced this year. According to General Azimi, this demonstrates the insurgents inability to face the ANSF notwithstanding the pending withdrawal of the international coalition. The General also said that the military equipment delivery process to the ANSF was under way even though it requires more time than initially planned. During an official visit to Kabul, Indias Defense Minister stated that India would expand the training programme of the Afghan National Army (ANA), reports Bakhtar News in a separate article. The minister further added that India would take effective measures in order to further strengthen Afghan Security forces after 2014. The Mminister clearly stated that the programme covers training for anti-terrorist operations, internal military training, preservation of intelligence information, combating the explosive devices, military aid on the battle front, creation of intelligence courses, English language classes, dispatching of military physicians, training of Afghan military pilots and training of technicians for helicopters. However, the minister ruled out arms delivery to the Afghan forces. Also regarding ANSF fighting abilities, although the US authorities praised the ANSF recent success and fighting abilities, the Afghan Parliament decided to impeach Interior Minister Mujtaba Patang. According to reports, Patang is to blame for inadequate security and mounting casualties among the police, including 300 officers killed and another 618 wounded in June alone, reports Reuters. On 23 July, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced a scale back of activities in the country, considering that the proliferation and radicalisation of armed groups in Afghanistan is aggravating an already unstable security environment. However, the ICRC added that it remains committed to helping people affected by the conflict and any other form of armed violence. Therefore, the ICRC has decided to retain the capability to respond to the most pressing needs of the victims of armed conflict in the region. Afghan traders complained to the Afghan authorities about the poor security situation and the recurrent attacks on the Kabul-Kandahar highway which had left six drivers dead and 250 transport trucks destroyed over the past six months, reports Wadsam. According to traders representatives, the road security situation had eroded since the Afghan Public Protection Force (APPF) had taken ov er the responsibility to provide security for logistics vehicles. Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries Chief Mohammad Qurban Haqjo relayed the same grief, adding that the APPF has failed to provide the needed security for logistics vehicles and prevent insurgent attacks. APPF deputy chief Jamil Junbish said the Afghan Defense Ministry (MoD) and the National Directorate of Security (NDS) were equally responsible for the situation, stressing that the APPFs forces are not responsible for carrying explosive disposal or counter insurgency operations. According to the APPFs chief, APPF personnel had responded to atta cks on vehicles, insisting their services were inexpensive compared with the support offered by private security firms.

Social & Strategic Infrastructure

Rainer Gonzalezrainer.gonzalez@cimicweb.org

ccording to a recent report by the Independent Media Consortium Productions (IMCP), several of the construction companies awarded to build roads within the Kabul municipality have failed to accomplish the terms of reference (TOR) of the contract, says a Wadsam article. The report accused one Turkish and three Afghan-owned companies of inflating project costs and demanding more funding than the actual cost of the project to the municipality. For instance, one company spent USD 4.4 million paving one of the roads in west Kabul and charged the municipality USD 7.2 million. Another company invested USD 16 million on the road from the Kabul International Airport to the Intercontinental Hotel and collected USD 18 million. The same companies were recently awarded new contracts. The report accuses Kabul City Mayor Mohammad Yunus Nawandish of acting against the government decision to boycott those companies who fail to deliver infrastructure according to the specifications, rules and regulations of the project. For example, Afghan company, Quyash Niazi unilaterally halted the construction works of a public utility company without consultation. Despite the action, the Kabul Municipality awarded the company new projects and continued payments on old contracts. There is not just one instance of wrongdoing by mayor Nawandish. There are many. Quyash Niazi owes money to Kabul municipal ity. A committee assigned by the palace to probe the company has found evidence that it has taken a large amount of money from Kabul Municipality, said Farhad Sidqi during the parliamentary commission of transport, communications and municipalities affairs. The four countries participating in the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) are locked in negotiations over the transaction advisor fee assessed for ADB to act as a project fundraiser, reports The Express 30 July 2013 Page 4

Tribune. The ADB demands USD 100 million as a transaction advisor fee and USD 50,000 per month as a retaining cost of the project. Nonetheless, the four countries integrating the TAPI project asked the ADB to lower the fee to USD 30 million but so far the bank has agreed to reduce it to USD 50 million. The total cost of the project, initially estimated at USD 7.5 billion, could eventually reach USD 10 billion as a result of the delays in launching the construction works, adds the ADB. Furthermore, Afghanistan signed an agreement with Turkmenistan to import gas using the TAPI pipeline. Initially, Afghanistan only showed interest in the transit fees and refused to contribute funds, arguing it did not want to consume gas. The agreement signed between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan includes the contribution of USD 5 million to the project, as the other three participant countries, and the importing of 500 million of cubic feet of gas per day. In other regional energy news, energy experts highlight conflicting interests between China and India over natural resources in the Central Asian region, according to The Economic Times. China has gradually replaced Russia as its largest importer of natural gas for Turkmenistan; as a matter of fact, during the recent years China has built two pipelines to import gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Nevertheless, China is concerned over Indias economic and demographic growth. Indias energy demands could exceed Chinas within the next decade, say experts. While India has a better geostrategic position than China to receive oil and gas from the Persian Gulf, the country seeks to diversify sources and is considering not only Turkmenistan as a main importer but also Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. The US House members voted several amendments to the Pentagon spending bill to divert funding from several projects in Afghanistan, reviews Defensenews. The cuts will shrink the Afghanistan Infrastructure Fund (AIF) by hundreds of millions of dollars. The AIF provides infrastructure projects in Afghanistan that are a key to the counter-insurgency strategy and the Civil-Military Strategic framework endorsed to lock in security gains and maintain stability by providing basic, essential infrastructure to the people of Afghanistan. One of the amendments would prohibit funds in the Afghanistan Infrastructure Fund from being used to commence new projects. Some of the house members propose to spend some of the funds stripped from the AIF to pay down the US federal deficit. Another bipartisan group supports the idea of reducing the funds to help build Afghanistans security forces by USD 554 million. In any case, the message from US Republicans and Democrats is that a domestic deficit reduction is higher priority than reconstruction projects in Afghanistan. During the last years, the US House of Representatives has gradually turned away from overseas spending in global conflicts, instead looking towards domestic policies. Since 2006, the United States has funded USD 1.6 billion in infrastructure projects in Afghanistan. The Afghan Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation Daoud Ali Najafi and the South Korean counterpart Suh Seounghwan, Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation, inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Seoul to help address transport problems in Kabul, reports The Korea Herald. Transport and traffic are social problems. Solving these kinds of social problems will definitely help the security situation, said Najafi. Kabul has very congested traffic and that traffic is increasing day by day, [] almost 5 million people are living in Kabul. That is why we need a better organized and modern urban transportation system. Under the MoU, South Korean and Afghan transport experts will discuss how South Korea can assist in developing modern transport systems in Kabul and designing a master plan for national transportation. According to experts, the project would begin after 2014 and would be implemented by 2024. Humanitarian Update Starting this month, all refugees who arrive to Australia by boat to seek political asylum will be resettled in Manus Island in Papua New Guinea, writes CBC News. The move has been condemned by human rights organisations. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd recognised this as a very hard line move. Asylum seekers that arrive by boat to Australia will have claims assessed by the Australian government either on the mainland or in Papua New Guinea and Nauru. Those who are assessed to be genuine refugees will be resettled in Papua New Guinea. The refugees who are not guaranteed with the asylum status will be returned to their home country or to a third country. Australia receives more than 15,000 refugees by boat annually. The asylum seekers come from a variety of countries such as Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, amongst many others. It is not going to be easy, but, of course, Papua New Guinea is blessed with a large land mass and a very small population so there is enough assistance that we can give to the Australian government, said Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Peter ONeil. Allegedly, Australia will provide economic assistance to other countries in return for accepting refugees. The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) pointed out that this shift in policy means that Australia is deflecting its responsibilities under the refugee convention. Also, UNHCR highlighted the significant shortcomings in Papua New Guineas ability to legally and humanely process asylum seekers. According to Bloomberg, the new refugee policy has nothing to do with Rudd s allegation to balance the countrys security with its obligations under the 1951 refugee convention, but with an attempt to ward off the campaign against his conservative challenger during the past elections in January 2013. The same article claims that during 2011, Australia received three per cent of global asylum seekers and the 4,766 asylum applications approved in 2011 represent 0.02 per cent of the countrys population. In comparison, there is one Syrian refugee for every six Jordanians as a result of the Syrian war.

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Recent Readings & Resources Afghanistan Price Bulletin, FEWS NET, July 2013. National AIDS Control Program HACCA Newsletter, Government of Afghanistan, June 2013. Afghanistan Monthly Progress Report, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, June 2013. Mine Action Programme of Afghanistan (MAPA) Newsletter: June 2013 , MACCA, June 2013.

Maps Food Security and agriculture cluster (FSAC) coverage: January and June 2013, World Food Programme, July 2013. Emergency and early recovery support for livestock: January and June 2013, World Food Programme, July 2013. Emergency and early recovery support for agriculture: January and June 2013, World Food Programme, July 2013. Cash and voucher-based interventions: January and June 2013, World Food Programme, July 2013. Afghanistan Wash Cluster 3W (May 2013) , UNOCHA, May 2013. Afghanistan Local Civilian population targeted (dead and injured) in security incidents , USAID, May 2013. Overview of observed security incidents for all the categories monitored 1, USAID and IMMAPS, May 2013. Emergency Response Mechanism, USAID and IMMAPS, July 2013. Food Assistance: January and June 2013, World Food Programme, July 2013. Emergency Atlas of Selected Settlements Affected by Natural Hazards Recorded by the IOM, IOM, IMMAPS and USAID, July 2013.

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