Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to
choose wisely. The real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education.1
— Franklin Roosevelt
The Facing History journey is different for each class and each setting. At the same time,
each journey is built around a core of common elements, described as follows.
Introduction • 5
Core Elements of a Facing History and Ourselves Journey
1. Connections between history and students’ lives
Educators are always looking for ways to engage students. Through decades of experience,
we have learned that students are engaged when classroom material is rooted in the con-
cerns and issues of adolescence: the overarching interest in individual and group identity,
in acceptance or rejection, in conformity or non-conformity, in labeling, ostracism, loy-
alty, fairness, and peer group pressure. A Facing History and Ourselves student said, “I
faced history one day and found myself,” articulating one of the main objectives of our
materials. Rather than explore moral dilemmas and concepts of human behavior through
hypothetical situations, Facing History selects particularly powerful moments in history
that can be mined for ethical choices that are relevant to adolescents’ lives and their
emerging responsibilities as members of a local, national, and global community.
Accessing the past through the voices of real people, especially the voices of young peo-
ple, helps students connect with the material in a more personal way. Our materials guide
students through the process of identifying universal themes among events, while recog-
nizing the specific context and particular choices that make every event unique. In Facing
History’s pedagogy, history becomes a tool that helps students understand their own deci-
sions, ideas, and contexts; at the same time, students’ experiences become a tool to help
them better understand history. Our goal is to help students develop the habit of con-
necting the past and the present so that they can make informed decisions in the future.
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Emotional engagement: Students find learning more meaningful when it touches both
their hearts and their heads. To teach history to adolescents, teachers need emotionally
compelling materials that resonate with students’ own experiences. Stories of inclusion
and ostracism, conformity and individuality, peer pressure and independent judgment,
obedience and resistance have particular resonance with young adults.
Intellectual rigor: Informed judgment is possible when students can apply a deep under-
standing of the past to choices being made today. Our resources prioritize depth over
breadth. Additionally, we place a tremendous premium on historical accuracy; the sources
we select are reviewed by prominent scholars and primary sources are privileged over sec-
ondary sources. To help students wrestle with the complexity and uncertainty of history,
rather than reach for simple answers, Facing History’s lesson plans and units include
activities to help students engage in different historical thinking skills, such as:
• identifying the significance of events, decisions, ideas and documents;
• recognizing how multiple causes impact historical outcomes;
• explaining how historical context influences why and how people acted in the past;
• using multiple pieces of evidence representing different perspectives, often from the
viewpoints of victims, bystanders, perpetrators, and upstanders;
• discerning the similarities and differences between the past and today.
Ethical reflection: To help students develop their ability to make moral decisions, students
need to go beyond simple explanations when interpreting choices made in the past and
the present. Therefore, Facing History materials encourage students to think about vari-
ous issues that influence why individuals and groups made particular choices, and the
implications of their actions. The goal of Facing History and Ourselves is not to promote
moral relativism but to help students understand the factors that influence decision-
making. In addition to analyzing the choices made by individuals and groups in the past,
Facing History materials ask students to think about their own decisions and their role as
participants in society.
6. Literacy development
Facing History and Ourselves is committed to helping students develop as readers, writ-
ers, and thinkers because we believe that an informed, active citizenry requires advanced
literacy skills. In our materials, primary sources are privileged over secondary sources.
Students read the actual words of experts in their fields (i.e., historians, psychologists,
political scientists, etc.) as well as first-hand accounts written by people, especially young
adults, who lived through particular historical moments. We know that comprehending
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and analyzing text that has not been explicitly written for a youth audience can be chal-
lenging. Therefore, Facing History’s units and lesson plans include strategies aimed at
helping teachers make difficult texts accessible for students of varying reading levels. Our
materials also help students learn to evaluate the sources of information, in terms of per-
spective, validity, and credibility, so that they can develop the media literacy skills
required of citizens in this information age.
Facing History lessons generally adhere to a specific structure (opener, main activity, and
follow-through) that reflects best practice for developing students’ literacy skills.
“Openers” activate students’ personal experience with decision-making and/or their prior
knowledge with the material they will be studying. In the main activities, students are
often asked to suspend their judgment as they explore a text or texts (of various media)
from multiple perspectives. Activities are structured so that students have support in com-
prehending and making meaning of material. Authentic understanding happens when
students are able to take an idea and make it their own. Therefore, the purpose of the
follow-through section is to provide students with the opportunity to deepen their grasp
of material explored in the lesson by reflecting on how these ideas resonate with their
own lives and issues they see in their world today.
7. Interdisciplinary
The Facing History and Ourselves curricular framework is interdisciplinary. It builds
upon the methods of the humanities and social sciences: inquiry, analysis, interpretation,
empathic connection, and judgment. To help students explore history from multiple per-
spectives, our lessons incorporate texts and ideas from various disciplines including politi-
cal science, history, geography, literature, fine arts, science, and psychology. Additionally,
because we respect and celebrate different learning styles, the teaching strategies we sug-
gest encourage students to learn and express themselves through different modalities,
such as writing, speaking, drawing, and movement.
Sources:
Betty Bardige, “Facing History and Ourselves Core Ideas in Brief: A Series of Conversations Among Theory,
Research and Practice“ (Brookline: Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, forthcoming).
Facing History and Ourselves, “Bill Moyers Interviewed: Lessons to Be Learned from Studying the Holocaust
and the Nuremberg Trials,” Newsletter, Fall 1986.
Margot Stern Strom, “Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior,” Moral Education
Forum (Summer 1981).
Margot Stern Strom, “Facing Today and the Future: Choosing to Participate,” Moral Education Forum 14,
no. 3 (Fall 1989): 1–6.
Introduction • 9