Important formulae & basic concepts Chapter: Ray Optics & Optical instruments & Wave Optics XII

Physics
All distances are measured in meter (m) Snells law states n = sin i/ sin r Sign convention n is refractive index i is the angle of incidence r is the angle of refraction distances measured in the same direction as incident light is positive Distances measured in the opposite direction is negative All distances are measured from the pole u is object distance; v is image distance and f is focal length f is negative for concave mirror; f is positive for convex mirror m is positive then image is erect; m is negative then image is inverted n2 is refractive index of prism material n1 is refractive index of surrounding medium A is the angle of prism Dm is the angle of minimum deviation n1 is refractive index to the left of the refracting surface n2 is refractive index to the right of the refracting surface u is object distance(m); v is image distance and f is focal length Distances measured in the same direction as incident light is positive Distances measured in the opposite direction is negative All distances are measured from the optical centre
R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of the lens surfaces n2 is the r.i. of the lens and n1 is the r.i. of surrounding medium

Mirror equation 1 1 1 + = v u f Sign of focal length of mirror Magnification of a spherical mirror m = -v/u n sin[(A + Dm ) / 2] For prism n21 = 2 = n1 sin(A / 2)
For spherical interface n2 n1 n2 n1 = v u R Thin lens formula 1 1 1 = v u f

Lens makers formula 1 (n2 n1 ) 1 1 = f n1 R1 R 2

Power of lens P = 1/f

Power is positive for a converging lens; negative for diverging lens. Unit: dioptre(D)

Power of combination of lenses P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

Magnifying power of a simple microscope

Magnifying power of a compound microscope

D for object at least distance of f distinct vision D m= if image is at infinity f L D m = fO fe fO is focal length of objective m =1+
feis focal length of eye lens

Magnifying power of a telescope

m=

fO fe

fO is focal length of objective feis focal length of eye lens Wavelength of light in a medium of refractive index n is n= n
n is the refractive index of the medium is the wavelength of incident light n is the wavelength of refracted light

d is the distance between the slits Youngs double slit experiment , conditions for maximum and minimum is the angle the light path makes with the intensity are central axis dsin = m for m = 0, 1, 2,... for bright fringes dsin = (m + 1 / 2) for m = 0, 1, 2,... for dark Youngs double slit experiment D Fringe width is = d Angular width of fringes is d Diffraction at a single slit of width a gives zero intensity at angles of 2 3 , , etc. a a a D is the distance of the slits from the screen d is the distance between the slits is the wavelength of incident light

is the wavelength of incident light a is the width of the slit

Secondary maximas are at 3 5 0, , etc. 2a 2a Resolving power of a microscope is the reciprocal of minimum separation of two points (dmin) to be seen as distinct. 1 2n sin Re solving power = = dmin 1.22

n is r.i. of medium between the object and objective lens is the wavelength of incident light 2 is the angle subtended by the diameter of objective lens at the focus of the microscope.

Fresnel distance is the distance beyond which spread of the beam due to diffraction is more than the size a of the slit is significant. a2 z= Brewsters law states that n = taniB Malus law states that the intensity of transmitted light is I = I0 cos2

is the wavelength of incident light a is the width of the slit

The angle of incidence iB is called Brewsters angle. I0 is the intensity of initially unpolarized light and is the angle between the polarization direction of the original light and the polarizing direction of the sheet.