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PLANT
LEAF performs photosynthesis CUTICLE reduces water loss; STOMATA allow gas exchange STEM supports plant (and may perform photosynthesis) Surrounding water supports the alga WHOLE ALGA performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water HOLDFAST anchors the alga ALGA
ROOTS anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by mycorrhizal fungi)
Angiosperms: Flowering plants Vascular seed plants Angeion = vessel ; Sperma = seed Seed within a vessel or enclosed seed. Produced the reproductive structures: flowers fruits Seed develops from an ovule within a carpel. Part of an ovary will becomes a fruit
ovule
ovule
EPIDERMIS
withered cotyledon
primary root lateral root root hairs root tip root cap
The flower Flower an angiosperm structures specialized for reproduction. Specialized shoot with four basic parts: 1. Sepals/calyx 2. Petals/corolla usually green; protect the flower bud. brightly colored; to attract pollinators
3. Stamen
produce megaspores
receives pollen
receptacle pedicel
An ovule containing a mature female gametophyte. The gametophyte is a sevenseven-celled structure. One cell (the "endosperm mother cell") has two nuclei and will help form the endosperm, a nutritive tissue for the forthcoming embryo. Another cell is the egg.
The leaves
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Terminal bud
Node Internode
Guard cell
Stoma
Petiole
Stipules
Some plant species: Have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions.
(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which this pea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has lassoed a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines.
tendrils
(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such as this prickly pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems.
(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents, such as this ice plant, have leaves modified for storing water (d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia are often mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves called bracts that surround a group of flowers. Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators.
(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe daigremontiana, produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil.
adventitious plantlets
Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the fleshy stem from consumption by animals. The leaf of the pitcher plant is modified to collect water. When an insect falls into the water it becomes trapped. The insect is then digested providing the plant with organic nitrogen.
The roots
TYPES OF ROOTS
A taproot system
(e) Pneumatophores
Classification of angiosperms
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
Liliopsida (Monocots)
In seeds, two cotyledons (part of the embryo) Usually four or five floral parts (or multiples of these)
In seeds only one cotyledon Usually three floral parts (or multiples of three)
Usually a netlike array of leaf veins Basically, three pores of furrows in pollen grain
vascular bundle
Usually a parallel array of leaf veins Basically, one pore or furrow in pollen grain Vascular bundles distributed ground tissue of stem
DICOTS
MONOCOTS
The pollen Develop from microspores. Outer layer exine. Exine contains chemical that may later react with other chemical in the stigma of a flower. As a result of these reactions, the pollen grain may germinate or further developmental may be blocked depending on whether or not it originated from the same plant or other plant of same species or different species. Many pollen grains have pore-like thin areas in the wall. The fruits A mature ovary. Found only in angiosperms. Protects the seeds by enlarging the ovary wall. Aids in dispersal of seeds.
Pollination triggers hormonal changes: cause the ovary to grow Wall of the ovary becomes pericarp As the ovary grows, the other parts of the flower wither away. If the flowers not pollinated: fruits are not develop entire flowers withers and fall away.
Various modifications in fruit help disperse seeds: 1. Seeds within fruits that function like a kites enhance dispersal by wind. eg: Dandelion and Maple 2. Some plants have fruits modified as burrs that cling to animal fur or human clothes. 3. Some produce edible fruits that is nutritious, sweet-tasting and commonly vividly colored. fruits are dispersed by animals/human in a mutualistic system. 4. Some seeds can move modest distances by explosive means eg: when the pods of garbanzo beans rapidly split. 5. Some fruits, such as coconut, are dispersed by water.
Fruits are classified into several types depending on their developmental origin
Simple fruit
A fruit derived from single ovary. Fleshy cherry Dry soybean pod
Aggregate fruit
A fruit derived from single flower that has several carpels. Eg: blackberry
Multiple fruit
A fruit develops from an inflorescence (a group of flowers tightly clustered together). Eg: pineapple
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Sexual reproduction
Stamen male reproductive parts: Anther contains pollen. Filament stem-like portion of the stamen that holds the anther erect. Carpel female reproductive parts of the flower: Stigma sticky end part of the carpel for pollen attachment. Style the stalk that raises the stigma out of the flower. Ovary area in which the ovules are kept. Ovary wall will develop into fruit.
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Pollination Pollination: transfer of pollen to the stigma of the flower. Pollination may occur through the actions of: pollinators or by the wind. Types of pollinators differ in the: morphology of their feeding structures their nutritional requirements. The morphology, color, odor, and reward (nectar and/orpollen) of flowers have evolved to attract a particular type of pollinator. Bee-pollinated flowers are sweet and fragrant.
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Flowers pollinated by beetles tend to have stronger, spicy and fruity odor. Beetles dont have keen visual sense and flower pollinated by them are usually white and dull in color. Some flowers smell like rotten meat and flowers tend to be dull or brown and pollinated by short-tongue flies. Night-flying moths pollinated white or yellow flowers colors that stand out against dark background in moonlight. Birds dont have sense of smell, but they have excellent vision. So they visit flower that is bright red or yellow and have little odor. Fertilization Fertilization: o referred to as double fertilization because o each of the two sperm cells in a pollen grain o fuses with a haploid cell in the ovule. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma: it germinates forming a pollen tube that grows down the style. Upon entering the ovule, one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg to form a zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell that divides to produce endosperm: the tissue that surrounds and nourishes the developing embryo.
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Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg.
Egg (n)
Stigma
Ovule
Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. Pollen (n) Sperm
Meiosis
HAPLOID DIPLOID
Fertilization
Zygote (2n)
Ovary Ovule
Seeds
Food supply
Seed coat
Seed
Embryo (2n)
Sporophyte
Fruit
Within the ovule, the developmental process begins with the : enlargement of the endosperm, which is the source of nutrition for the embryo. The cells of the embryo then divide forming a shoot end and a root end.
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The shoot end forms cotyledons, or seed leaves, which channel nutrients to the embryo. There are two main groups of plants, the dicots (two cotyledons) and the monocots (one cotyledon).
In monocots : some of the endosperm remains and is channeled through the cotyledon after germination. The outer wall of the ovule becomes the seed coat. In dicots : the cotyledons absorb most of the endosperm and provide nutrients to the embryo after germination.
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Plant tissue systems Each organ of the plant has ALL three tissues: 1. dermal tissue 2. vascular tissue 3. ground tissue
Leaf
Dermal tissue is colored in white
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3. sclerenchyma
The typical cell, the cell walls are relatively thin and flexible
These cells have thicker cell walls than parenchyma and are grouped in strands or cylinders
Support of young plant shoot and petioles, provides support without restraining growth
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