Chapter 5

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
d0 d 1a. Stress/Strain P L0 L P
MEM
d d0 d0
P A0
L L0 L0
( )
1b. Constitutive relations (Linearly elastic)
E (G )
E=
2. Axially loaded members
Chapter 5
P
( )
= G=
=
G=
E 2(1 + )
P = = E A L
=
TL GI P
PL AE
3. Torsion
Bending and Shear Stresses in Beams

T = T IP
= = G =
4. Shear force and bending moment diagrams 5. Bending and shear stresses in beams 7. Analysis of stresses; Mohrs circles
dV = q dx
dM =V dx
M V
My I
VQ Ib
1 =
8. Applications of plane stress 9. Deflections of beams 10. Statically indeterminate beams 11. Columns Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams
pr pr 2 = t 2t
1 / 62
MEM
Pure Bending
Pure bending = No shear, only bending
dM dx V = 0M = constant SinceV =
Simple Beam in pure bending (M = M1).
Cantilever beam in pure bending (M = M2).
Simple beam with central region in pure bending (Four-Point Bend)

2 / 62
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams
MEM
Curvature
Radius ofCurvature : Curvature :
: Radius of
Curvature
d = = ds 1
For Infinitesimal Deformation
ds = d
d ds dx = dx 1
3 / 62
MEM
Sign Convention for Curvature
Recall Sign Convention for Bending Moment
A positive moment results in a positive curvature

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 4 / 62
MEM
Basic Assumptions
For Beams under Pure Bending
y
z
L
L : Length h : Thickness b : Width o : Centroid q : Loading
h
o
x M
Beam is slender: L>>h, L>>b (Typically L/h > 10, L/b > 10) xy plane is a plane of symmetry Loading is applied in xy plane Beam deflects in xy plane Thickness of the beam, h, remains unchanged Axis of the beam coincides with the centroidal line of the cross section (to be proved later).
5 / 62
MEM
Major Assumptions (For Pure Bending)

1. Cross sections (mn and pq) remain plane 2. Cross sections remain perpendicular to the axial of the beam
BEFOREDEFORMATION
AFTERDEFORMATION
3. For positive moments (hence positive curvature), lines on the lower part of the beam (nq) are elongated; those on the upper part (mp) are shortened 4. Somewhere between top and bottom there is a line whose length does not change, and is called Neutral Axis
6 / 62
MEM
Normal Strain Due to Bending

ef = dx
x =
ef ef ( y )d dx = dx ef
BEFORE
:Radiusof
Curvature
e
dx ef = ( y )d y = dx dx
y dx dx dx y = = dx
x =
= y
AFTER
dx = d
Strains vary linearly with y Along x-axis (y = 0) strain is zero For a positive curvature, strains on upper part of the beam (y > 0) are negative (in compression) and those on lower part (y < 0) are positive (in tension)
7 / 62
MEM
Ey = Ey
Normal Stress Due to Bending

Recall x = y
= y Linear Elastic x = E x =
For pure bending, the resultant of the normal stresses over the cross section must vanish y
y
dA
Fx = A x dA = 0 ydA = 0 A
Recall for centroid:
x
z L h o b M x
z o x
y = ydA A = 0
A
This implies that the x-axis must pass through the centroid of the cross section
8 / 62
MEM
Flexural Formula
Recall x =
Ey
= Ey
dA y z
Moment due to xdA:
dM = ( x dA )y = Ey 2 dA
x
O
The resultant moment of the normal stress over the cross section must equal to the applied moment M
M M = x ydA = E y dA = EI z = = A A EI z
2
MEM
Flexural Formula
y
M Recall = = EI z
M
dA y z
x
O
Recall x = E x = Ey
M My (Ey ) = x = Ey = Iz EI z
My x = Iz
I z = y 2 dA = MomentofInertia(Chapter12)
A
MEM
Normal Stresses Due to Bending

My x = Iz
Stresses vary linearly with y
Neutral Axis (y = 0) = 0, = 0
11 / 62
MEM
y
Flexural Formula
z y
M
O
M x
My x = Iz
M x
y M x
TwoIssues:(1)Centroid,(2)MomentofInertiaIz
MEM
Moment of Inertia (Chapter 12)

I x = y 2 dA
A
I y = x 2 dA
A
Example: A Rectangular Shape

y bh 3 I x = y dA = y (bdy ) = = h 2 A 3 h 2 12
2 h2 3 2 h2
hb 3 I y = x dA == A 12 h 2 hb 3 I BB = y (hdy ) = 0 3
2
MEM
Moment of Inertia (Appendix D, pp.891-896)

I x = y 2 dA ,I y = x 2 dA
A A
bh 3 hb 3 Ix = ,I y = 12 12
Ix = Iy =
r 4
4
d 4
64
14 / 62
Memorize the moments of inertia of these two cross sections!
MEM
Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

I x = y 2 dA ,I y = x 2 dA
A A
GivenIxc ,Iyc (orIx,,Iy),determineIx,Iy (orIxc ,Iyc)

I x = (y + d1 )2 dA
2 = y 2 dA + 2d1 ydA + d1 dA 2 = I xc + Ad1
I y = (x + d2 )2 dA
Centroid
2 = x 2 dA + 2d2 xdA + d2 dA 2 = I yc + Ad2

15 / 62
MEM

2 2 I x = I xc + Ad1 ,I y = I yc + Ad2
Example:
bh 3 Ix = 12
Determine IBB
By definition
I BB = y 2 dA =
A
3 hb y 2 (hdy ) = 3
By Parallel-Axis Theorem
I BB = I x + Ad 2
3 bh h bh = + (bh ) = 12 3 2 3
MEM

2 2 I x = I xc + Ad1 ,I y = I yc + Ad2
2 I x1 = I xc + Ad1 2 I x 2 = I xc + Ad2
2 ) + Ad22 I x 2 = (I x1 Ad1 2 2 ) = I x1 + A(d2 d1
NOTE :I x 2 I x1 + Ad 2 ! ! !
17 / 62
MEM
y
Moment of Inertia Composite Area

y
20mm 20 mm
y
80 mm
c
C x
x1
60mm
d1 = 40 mm
d2 = 40 mm
+
x2
e
60 mm
C
40 mm
20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm
20 mm
d
80 mm
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 Ix = Ix 1 + A d1
(1 ) (2 ) (3 ) Ix = Ix + Ix + Ix
(3) (3 ) (3 ) 2 Ix = Ix 3 + A d3
2
(80)(20)3
= 5.946 10 6 mm 4
12 = 2.613 10 6 mm 4
+ (20 80 )(40 )
(40)(60)3
12 = 0.720 10 6 mm 4
+0
(2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 2 Ix = Ix + A d2 2
= 2.613 106 mm 4
MEM
y

y
20mm
60mm
c
100 mm
d
C x
e
C x
60 mm
20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm 80 mm

(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 Ix = Ix + A d1 1
20 mm
20 mm
(2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 2 Ix = Ix 2 + A d2
Ix = Ix Ix Ix
(1 )
(2 )
(3)
= 5.946 10 6 mm 4
(80)(100)3
12 = 6.666 10 6 mm 4
+0
(20)(60)3
12 = 0.360 10 6 mm 4
(3 ) (2 ) = Ix Ix
+0
= 0.360 10 6 mm 4
MEM
yc

yc
20mm 20 mm
yc
d1
C1
c
y1
x1 xc
y
60 mm
60mm
C
y
xc x
C C
d2
2
xc x2 x
x
80 mm
y2
20mm 40mm 20mm
40 mm
(i ) I xi
Ai
yi Qi = Ai yi
112,000 72,000 184000
= 184 ,000 = 46mm 4 ,000
I x1 =
(2 ) Ix 2 (1 )
di = y i y
24 -16
Ai di2
921,600 614,400
(i ) (i ) Ix = I xi + Ai di2
c d
1,600 70 2,400 30 4,000

y=
= 53,333 12 (40)(60)3 = = 720 ,000 12
(80 )(20)3
974,933 1,334,400 2,309,333
Qi Ai
20 / 62
MEM
Relationships Between Bending Moments and Curvatures.
M EI
Relationships Between Bending Moments and Normal Stresses
My x = I
MEM
Maximum Stresses at a Cross Section
y max = c1 y min = c 2
My x = I
1 =
Mc1 M I = , S1 = S1 c1 I
2 =
I M ( c 2 ) M = , S2 = S2 c2 I
S1 and S2 are known as the Section Muduli of the crosssectional area. (See Appendix E)
22 / 62
MEM Section Moduli for Doubly Symmetric Shapes

Rectangular:
Circular:
bh 3 I= 12 h c1 = c 2 = 2 bh 2 Ah = S= 6 6
Mc M c1 = c 2 1 = 2 = = I S M I max = , S= S c
I=
d 4
64
d c1 = c 2 = 2 d 3 Ad = S= 32 8
23 / 62
MEM Example 5-3 Maximum Stresses in a Beam

RA =
(1.5 )(22 )(11) + (12 )(22 9 )
22 RB = 12 + (1.5 )(22 ) 23.59 = 21.41k
= 23.59k
M max = (23.59 )(9 )
(1.5 )(9 )2
2
= 151.6k ft
Cross Section:
I=
(8.75 )(27 )3
12 I 14 ,352 S= = = 1,063in 3 27 2 c
= 14 ,352in 4
max
M max 151.6 1,000 12 = = = 1,710psi S 1,063

24 / 62
MEM
Example 5-4 Singly Symmetric Shapes

Cross Section
Reactions:
RA RB RA =
(3.2 )(4.5 )(3.0 2.25 )

3. 0
= 3.6k,RB = 10.8k
Shear Force and Bending Moment:

0 x < 3 .0
V = 3.6 3.2 x ;M = 3.6 x 1.6 x 2
3.0 x 4.5 V = 3.6 3.2 x + 10.8 = 14.4 3.2 x

M = 3.6 x 1.6 x 2 + 10.8(x 3.0 ) = 32.4 + 14.4 x 1.6 x 2
Maximum Bending Moments:
(+ ) Mmax = M (x = 1.125m ) = 2.025N m
( ) M max = M (x = 3.0m ) = 3.6N m

MEM
Simplified
Ai
yi
6
Qi
19,872 38,400 2 97,672
(i ) I zi = bh 3 12
di
12.48
Ai di2
515,845
(i ) (i ) Iz = I zi + Ai di2
c d, e
3,312
39,744 512,000 2
555,589 956,586 2 2,468,761
960 2 40 5,232
- 21.52 444,586 2
y = c1 =
Qi Ai
= 18.48mm,c 2 = h c1 = 61.52mm
26 / 62
MEM

I z = 2.469 10 6 mm 4
Iz = 133,600mm 3 c1 I c 2 = 61.52mmS2 = z = 40 ,100mm 3 c2 c1 = 18.48mmS1 =

at x = 1.125 m,M = 2.025 kN m M 2.025 kN m = = 15.2MPa S1 133,600mm 3
1 = 2 =
M 2.025 kN m = = 50.5MPa S2 40,100mm 3 M 3.6 kN m = = 26.9MPa 3 S1 133,600mm
at x = 3.0 m,M = 3.6 kN m
( tensile )max = 50.5MPa
1 = 2 =
compressive max
= 89.8MPa
M 3.6 kN m = 89.8MPa = 3 S2 40,100mm

27 / 62
MEM
Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

S=
allow
M max
Which cross section is the most efficient one?

MEM
I M max S= = c allow

I. Circular Cross Sections
d
Area = I=
d 3
64
,c =
d 2
d
4
Scircle =
d 3
32
= 0.0982d 3
II. Square Cross Sections

h h
Area = h 2 h4 h ,c = I= 12 2
Compare to a circular cross section of identical area
Area = h =
2
d 2
4
3
h =
3
d
2
= 0.886d
Ssquare
I h 1 d = 0.116d 3 = 1.181Scircle = = = c 6 6 2
29 / 62
MEM
I M max S= = c allow

III. Rectangular Cross Sections
Compare to a circular cross section of identical area
h b
b=h n
h2 Area = bh = n bh 3 h4 I= = 12 12n h c= 2
h 2 d 2 Area = bh = = h = n 4
3 3
n d 2
Srect
I h 1 n = 0.116 nd 3 = = = d c 6n 6n 2
n=1
n = 1 :S = 0.116d 3 = SSquare = 1.181Scircle

n = 2 :S = 0.164d 3 = 1.41Ssquare = 1.67Scircle n = 10 :S = 0.367 d 3 = 3.16Ssquare = 3.74Scircle
n=2 n = 10
30 / 62
MEM

Relative Efficiency of Various Beam Shapes
S=
allow
Mmax
,or max
M max = S
Sc
1.18Sc Good
1.67Sc 3.74Sc Better More efficient, but unstable
9.48Sc Extremely efficient and stable

31 / 62
MEM
Properties of Structural-Steel Shapes

Appendix E, pp. 897 - 902
Wide-Flange Sections (W Shapes)
I-Beam Sections (S Shapes)
Channel Sections (C Shapes)
Angle Sections with Equal Legs (L Shapes)

Angle Sections with Unequal Legs (L Shapes)

32 / 62
MEM
Properties of Structural-Steel Shapes

Appendix E, pp. 897 - 902
Example: W 30 X 211
W Shape
tf
Depth
Weight / foot Weight perfoot

Area d :Depth t w :Webthickness b f :Flangewidth t f :Flangethickness I 1 :Momentofinertiaw.r.t.axis1 1 S1 :Sectionmodulusw.r.t.axis1 1 r1 :Radiusofgyrationw.r.t.axis1 1 I 2 :Momentofinertiaw.r.t.axis2 2 S2 :Sectionmodulusw.r.t.axis2 2
211 lb 62.0in 2 30.94in 0.775in 15.105in 1.315in 10300in 4 663in 3 12.9in 757in 4 100in 3
tw
bf
r2 :Radiusofgyrationw.r.t.axis2 2 3.49in
33 / 62
MEM

EXAMPLE: Conventional Lumbers vs Engineered Lumbers
Conventional 2 x 10 11 2in Lumbers
GPI 20 Wood I-Beams
1 3 4 in 1 3 8 in
9 1 8 in
x x
91 4in
117 8 in 1 4 in 1 3 8 in
GeorgiaPacificCo.April2005
A = 2(1.75 )(1.375 ) + (0.25 )(9.125 ) = 7.094 in 2
A = (1.5 )(9.25 ) = 13.875in I=
(1.5 )(9.25 )
12 I 98.93 S= = = 21.39in 3 c 4.625
= 98.93in 4
(1.75 )(1.375 )3 (0.25 )(4.5625 )3 2 I = 2 + (1.75 )(1.375 )(5.25 ) + 12 12 = 133.40 + 1.98 = 135.38in 4 I 133.40 3 4 S = = = 22 . 47 in I I flange = 133.40in c 5.9375
34 / 62
MEM

Design the wood beam using Appendix F
allow = 1,800 psi
Weightdensity :w = 35lb ft 2
Mmax
S=
qL2 (420 )(12 )(12 )2 = = = 90 ,702lb in 8 8

= 90 ,702 = 50.40in 3 1,800
allow
M max
Mmax =
qL 8
FromAppendixA,choosea3 12beam
S = 52.73in 3 ,w = 6.8lb ft M max S=
( q + w )L2 =
8 =
= 92 ,189lb in
allow
M max
92 ,189 = 51.22in 3 < 52.73in 3 1,800

35 / 62
MEM

Design a post using solid wood and aluminum tube
M max = Ph = (12 kN)(2.5 m ) = 30 kN m
SolidWoodPost
Swood =
3 d1
32
allow
M max
= 2 10 6 mm 3
d1 = 273 mm
AluminumTubePost
t
d2
t = d2 8
I2 =
[ d 64
4 2
4 (d2 2t )4 = 0.03356d2
SolidWood : allow = 15 MPa AluminumTube : allow = 50MPa

4 I 2 0.03356d2 M = max = 600 10 3 mm 3 S2 = = allow c d2 2 d2 = 208 mm
36 / 62
MEM

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped DetermineMmax duetoloadonly DeterminerequiredSreq SelectatrialbeamfromTableE1,getS RecalculateMmax andSreq
No
IsS>Sreq?
Yes
allow = 18 ,000psi
Stop
37 / 62
MEM

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped Loadqonly:
R A = 18 ,860 lb, RB = 17 ,140 lb
Mmax occursatx1
V = RA qx1 = 0 x1 = 9.43 ft
M max
S=
2 qx1 = R A x1 = 88 ,920lb ft 2
allow
M max
= 59.3in 3
From Table E-1 we choose W 12 50
allow = 18 ,000psi
S = 64.7in 3 ,w = 50lb ft
38 / 62
MEM

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped
w = 50lb ft
3 Selected W 12 50: S = 64.7in ,w = 50lb ft
Loadqandweightw:
R A = 19 ,380 lb, RB = 17 ,670 lb
Mmax occursatx1
19,380
V = RA (q + w )x1 = 0 x1 = 9.454 ft
2 qx1 M max = R A x1 = 91,610lb ft 2 M S = max = 61.1in 3 < 64.7in 3
5,220 5,370 17,670
allow
The W 12 50 beam is still satisfactory

W 10 54 S = 60.0in 3 W14 43 S = 62.7in 3 W 16 40 S = 64.7in 3 w = 55lb ft w = 43lb ft w = 40lb ft
39 / 62
allow = 18 ,000psi
MEM

Design the posts for a wood dam
q0 = hs M max S= q 0 h h h 3 s = = 2 3 6
allow
M max
h 3 s I b3 = = = 6 allow c 6

13
h 3 s b= allow
PostSpacing :s = 0.8 m DamHeight :h = 2.0m Wood : allow = 8.0MPa
= 9.81kN m 3 b = 199mm
40 / 62
MEM
Bending Moments and Shear Forces in Beams

r F2 r F3 r F2
r (L) fi
Resultant Force r (L) r Fi = fi
r F1
r F4
r F1
r r r r F = F1 + F2 + Fi = 0
Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses

Resultant Shear Force and Bending Moment

41 / 62
MEM
Shear Stresses in Beams
dM V= dx
42 / 62
MEM
Effects of Shear Strain
Pure Bending Assumption: Cross sections remain plane
Warping of the cross sections of a beam due to shear strains.
The effect of shear strain becomes negligible when the aspect ratio, L/h, of the beam is greater than 10.
MEM
Recall =
F1 :ResultantforceonA1
F1 = 1 dA =
h2
y1
My dA I
M1
V1
1 =
My I
y
A1
x dx V2
My I
FBD from y = y1 to y = h/2
Mh
2 y1 y1
2 =
M2
(M + dM )y
I
z
V=
V 0 implies bending moment varies along the length of the beam
M + dM
F2 : Resultant force on A1
dM dx
F2 = 2 dA
dx
=
b
h2
(M + dM )y
I
y1
dA
Neutral Axis
44 / 62
MEM
F1 = 1dA
y1
h2
F2 = 2 dA
y1
h2
h2
y1
1 =
(M + dM )y My 2 = I I
My dA I
=
h2
h2
(M + dM )y
I
y1
dA
F3 = F2 F1 =
(dM )y
I
y1
dA
45 / 62
MEM
dx b

dx
L
F2 F1 F1 F3
dM h 2 F2 F3 = F2 F1 = ydA I y F3 ShearStress : = ave = Bottom Area ofthe sub element F3 V h2 dM 1 h 2 = ave = y ydA = y ydA bdx dx bI bI
1
LetQ =
h2
y1
ydA
VQ = bI
46 / 62
MEM
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Q=
A1
y
h2 y1
ydA = FirstmomentofA1w.r.tthez axis
h2 1h h b 2 = A1 y1 = b y1 y1 + y1 = y1 22 2 4 2
2 VQ V b h 2 V h 2 2 = = y1 = y1 bI bI 2 4 2I 4
h y1 = 2
= 0 = min
Parabolic Distribution
(y
1 =0
= max
Vh 2 Vh 2 12 3 V = = = 1.5 ave 3= 8I 8 bh 2 bh
47 / 62
MEM
Example 5-11
Normal and Shear Stresses at Point C
bh 3 I= = 5.333in 4 12
QC = AC yC
MC = 17 ,920lb in VC = 1,600lb
My = I VQ = Ib
= (1.0 )(1.5 ) = 1.5in 3
C =
MC yC I (17 ,920)(1.0 ) = = 3,360psi 5.333 VCQC (1,600 )(1.5 ) = = 450psi (5.333)(1.0 ) Ib

48 / 62
C =
MEM
Example 5-12
Maximum Permissible Load
Mmax = Pa , Vmax = P
I bh 3 12 bh 2 S= = = ,A = bh 6 c h2
max
allow bh 2 Mmax 6 Pa Bending = = 2 Pmax = S bh 6a

2 bh 3Vmax 3P Shear = = allow Pmax 2A 2bh 3
h = 150 mm
max =
b = 100 mm
allow = 11MPa allow = 1.2MPa

Bending Shear Pmax = 8.25kN,Pmax = 12.0kN,
49 / 62
MEM
Shear Stresses in Circular Beams
The exact distribution of shear stress in a beam of circular cross section is very complicated and only that along the neutral axis can be determined relatively easily.
r 2 4 r I= , Q = Ay = 4 2 3
r 4
3 2r = 3
max =
4V 4V VQ = = = 1.33 ave 2 3r 3A bI
50 / 62
MEM
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
web
VQ V 2 2 2 ) ) = = b(h 2 h1 + t (h1 4 y1 It 8 It
3 bh 3 (b t )h1 1 3 3 ( ) I= = bh 3 bh1 + th1 12 12 12
51 / 62
MEM

b
v =
VQ V h h = b y1 + y1 bI bI 2 2 h2 2 y 1 4
V = I
h h 1 2 2
y1
F3
h h1 1 h h1 s + VQ V 2 2 2 2 2 = h = t flange I I h h1 2 2 V s(h + h1 ) = I 4
b
h h 1 2 2
h
s y
F3
h >> v
52 / 62
MEM

Example 5-14. Shear stresses in the web of a wide-flange beam.
Example 5-15. Shear stresses in the web of a T-Beam.
53 / 62
MEM
Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow

Shear Flow
dx b
Built-Up Beams
s
dx
F2 F1 F1 F3 F2
Two 2 x 4 nailed together
dM n =Number ofrows ofnails ShearForce :F3 = ydA I F =Strength ofeach nail F3 dM VQ = ydA = ShearStress : = nF Shearforceprovidedbynails f = = bdx dxbI bI s NailSpacing F dM 1 VQ nF = ShearFlow : f = 3 = ydA Nail Spacing : s = dx dx I I f
MEM
VQ f= I
55 / 62
MEM

Box Beams
V = 10.5 kN F = 800 N
I=
(210 )(280 )3 (180 )(200 )3
12 12 = 264.2 10 6 mm 4
Q = (180 )(40 )(140 20 ) = 864 10 3 mm 3

VQ (10.5 10 3 )(864 10 3 ) N f = 34 . 3 = = I 264.16 10 6 mm s= 2 F 2(800 ) = = 46.6mm f 34.3
56 / 62
MEM

Box Beams
Q = (200 )(20 )(180 10 ) = 680 10 3 mm 3
V = 3.2 kN I=
F = 250N
Q = (160 )(20 )(180 10 ) = 544 10 3 mm 3 2 FI s= = 97.9mm VQ

57 / 62
(200 )(360 )3 (160 )(320 )3
s=
2 FI = 78.3mm VQ
12 12 = 340.69 10 6 mm 4
MEM
Example An Overhand Built-up Beam

An overhang beam as shown is made of two 2 x 6 (50 mm x 150 mm) southern pine nailed together with two rows of nails. (a) Will the beam be able to support the load if the allowable normal stress of southern pine is 15 MPa? (b) What is the maximum nail spacing if the allowable shear load of each nail is 2,000 N?
q = 5 kN m
A 3.0m RA
Reactions:
B
150 mm
50 mm
C 1.5 m RB
Nails
50 mm
150 mm
q(4.5 ) + RB (3.0 ) = 0 RB = 16.875kN 2 Fv = q(4.5) + RA + RB = 0 RA = 5.625kN
M@ A =
Cross Section
58 / 62
MEM
Example - Built-up Beams (Continued)

Shear Force and Bending Moment
q = 5 kN m
0.0m x 3.0 m V = 5.625 5 x

B
A
R A = 5.625kN
5.625kN 1.125m
(+ ) Mmax
3.0 m
1.5 m
RB = 16.875 kN
7.5 kN
M = 5.625 x 2.5 x 2 3.0m x 4.5 m V = 5.625 5 x + 16.875 = 22.5 5 x

M = 5.625 x 2.5 x 2 + 16.875( x 3) = 50.625 + 22.5 x 2.5 x 2
9.375 kN 3.164kN m
Extreme Values of M: V = 0 x = 1.125 m

(+ ) M max = M( x =1.125 ) = 3.164kN m
( ) M max
5.625 kN m
( ) M max = M( x = 3.0 ) = 5.625kN m

59 / 62
MEM

Cross Sectional Properties
150mm
75mm
50 mm
150 mm
125mm
50mm
A1 y1 + A2 y 2 A1 + A2 (150 50 )(25 ) + (50 150 )(50 + 75 ) = = 75mm (150 50 ) + (50 150 ) (150 )(50 )3 I= + (150 )(50 )(75 25 )2 12 (50 )(150 )3 + + (150 )(50 )(125 75 )2 12 = 53.125 10 6 mm 4 y= I 53.125 10 6 mm 4 S1 = = = 708.3 10 3 mm 3 c1 75mm I 53.125 10 6 mm 4 S2 = = = 425.0 10 3 mm 3 c2 125mm
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MEM

Normal Stress due to Bending
q = 5 kN m
A
R A = 5.625kN
(+ ) Atx = 1.125m,M max = 3.164kN m
+ 3,164 Mmax t = = = 7.44MPa 425.0 10 6 S2 + 3,164 Mmax c = = = 4.47MPa 708.3 10 6 S1
3.0 m
3.164kN m
1.5 m
RB = 16.875 kN
5.625 kN m
( ) Atx = 3.0m,M max = 5.625kN m

M max 5.625 t = = = 7.94MPa S1 708.3 10 6 M max 5.625 c = = = 13.24MPa S2 425.0 10 6
allow = 15.0 MPa
61 / 62
MEM

Maximum Nail Spacing
150mm
75mm
q = 5 kN m
50 mm
150 mm
A
RA = 5.625 kN
5.625 kN
3.0 m
1.5 m
125mm
RB = 16.875 kN
7.5 kN
50mm
9.375 kN
Nails are to resist the shear flow between the two 2 x 6

Q = (150)(50)(75 25) = 375.0 103 mm 3
VQ (9 ,375 )(375.0 10 6 ) 3 N = = f = 66 . 18 10 6 I 53.125 10 m 2F 2 2 ,000 s= = = 0.0604m = 60.4mm 3 f 66.18 10

62 / 62

Chapter 5

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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

2. Axially loaded members

Bending and Shear Stresses in Beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Simple Beam in pure bending (M = M1).

Cantilever beam in pure bending (M = M2).

Simple beam with central region in pure bending (Four-Point Bend)

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Sign Convention for Curvature

Recall Sign Convention for Bending Moment

A positive moment results in a positive curvature

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Major Assumptions (For Pure Bending)

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Normal Strain Due to Bending

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Normal Stress Due to Bending

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment due to xdA:

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Normal Stresses Due to Bending

Stresses vary linearly with y

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia (Chapter 12)

Example: A Rectangular Shape

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia (Appendix D, pp.891-896)

Memorize the moments of inertia of these two cross sections!

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

GivenIxc ,Iyc (orIx,,Iy),determineIx,Iy (orIxc ,Iyc)

2 = x 2 dA + 2d2 xdA + d2 dA 2 = I yc + Ad2

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm 80 mm

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

20mm 40mm 20mm

1,600 70 2,400 30 4,000

= 53,333 12 (40)(60)3 = = 720 ,000 12

974,933 1,334,400 2,309,333

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Relationships Between Bending Moments and Curvatures.

Relationships Between Bending Moments and Normal Stresses

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Maximum Stresses at a Cross Section