PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important who or what is performing the action. (In the passive voice the subject of the sentence receives the action, while in the active voice the subject of the sentence performs the action). Active voice Passive voice.

YES/NO questions She asked Peter: "Do you want to come with me?" She asked Peter if he wanted to come with her Other changes Direct speech This These Now Today Last (night, month, year..) Tomorrow Here Yesterday Reported speech That Those Then That day The previous night, month, year..) The next/following day There The previous day/the day before

Act: Someone painted the wall.

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence 2. The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) 3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence.

3.

COMMANDS Affirmative. She ordered me: Wash your hands She ordered me to wash my hands. Negative. The teacher ordered us: Dont talk aloud! The teacher ordered us not to talk aloud.

Pass: The wall was painted (by someone). Changes in verbs. In passive voice verb To Be always appears in the tense in which the verb of the active voice is, and the main verb is put in participle. TENSE Present simple Present continuous Past simple Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Future Modal verbs ACTIVE play/plays am/are/is playing played was/were playing have/has played had played will play can play must play should play PASIVE am/are/is played am/are is being played was/were played was/were being played has/have been played had been played will be played can be played must be played should be played 4.

SUGGESTIONS Ann suggested: lets go to the park!

CONDITIONALS
Type If-clause Main-clause Example (condition) (result) Present simple Present simple If it rains, I get Non-defining wet. Relative Defining Relative Clauses Clauses Present simple Will + infinitive If I drink coffee, I -We do not use commas (,). -We use commas (,). wont sleep. -A defining relative clause -A non-defining relative tells is necessary to know clause gives us extra Past simple would + infinitive If I were you, I the person or thing information about the would go to mentioned. person or thing. Brazil. Past perfect WouldExamples have + If I hadnt eaten participle so much, I wouldnt have We know a lot of people My brother Jim, who lives in been ill. (THAT) who/that live in London London, is a doctor. A knife is a utensil that/which is used for cutting things We met a young couple whose car had broken down. The time when we met was at 5 oclock The place where we spent our holidays was really beautiful. My pocket knife, which is made of steel, cost over 50. (THAT) Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood. 1992 was the year, when the Expo was celebrated in Spain. Glasgow, where my sister lives, is the largest city in Scotland

Ann suggested going to the park.

Basic Tense Chart

Present simple I'm a teacher. Present continuous I'm having lunch with my parents. Present perfect simple I've been to France three times. Present perfect continuous I've been working very hard. Past simple I bought a new car. Past continuous It was raining earlier. Past perfect The play had started when I arrived. Past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five years. Will I will come and see you soon Can I can swim under water Must All tickets must be bought in advance Shall What shall we do about it? May May I smoke?

REPORTED SPEECH
1. STATEMENTS: Jack said: "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." Jack said that his wife had gone with him to the show the day before. 2. QUESTIONS WH- questions He asked me: "Why are you studying English?" He asked me why I was studying English.

Past simple He said that he was a teacher Past continuous He said that he was having lunch with his parents. Past perfect simple He said that he had been to France three times. Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working very hard. Past perfect He said that he had bought a new car. Past perfect continuous He said that it had been raining earlier. Past perfect NO CHANGE Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE Would He said that he would come and see me soon Could He said that he could swim under water Had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance Should He asked what we should do about it Might He asked if he might smoke

Zero conditional: used for present and real situations First conditional: used for future and real situations Second conditional: used for present/future unreal, imaginary situations Relative Used for Third conditional: pronouns used for past unreal, impossible situations Who/that people

Which/that

things or animals possessive

Whose

When Where

time place

RELATIVE CLAUSES

**We can leave out who / that / which/when/where when it is the object in a defining relative clause, i.e. when the relative clause

TO INFINITIVE OR GERUND
has a subject +verb (e.g. We stayed at a hotel (that/which) Ann recommended to us).

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Adjective Comparative Adjective -er + than e.g. My father is older than yours. Noisy Adjective ier + than e.g. This car is noisier than the bike Superlative The + adjective est e.g. My father is the oldest. The + adjective iest e.g. This car is the noisiest. The most + adjective e.g. This is the most boring film that Ive watched The best The worst The furthest
Verb + to inf. Afford, agree, appear, arrange Ask, beg, cant afford, care, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer ,wait, want, wish Verb + somebod y + to inf. Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge convince, dare, enable, encourage , expect, forbid, force, help, hire, invite, need, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, want, warn Verb + inf. (to) Feel, hear, see, watch, let, make, help Verb + gerund Admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, be no use, cant help, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, recommend resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand

MODAL VERBS
Function 1. Ability Modal verb Can/cant (present) Could/ couldnt (past) Will be able to/wont be able to (future) Im sure/ certain 2. Probability and certainty
100% possibility Must

One-syllable adjectives Keys Meaning Puede Poda Podr Adjectives ending in -y

Old

Verb + gerund/ infinitiv e (without change) Begin, continue hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start

Verb + gerund/ to infinitive (with a change in meaning) Infinitive Forget Regret Remember Stop Refer to future Stop an action to do sth. else Gerund Refer to a past action Finish an action

May Might Could 0% possibility Cant

Probably, perhaps, maybe, possibly, there is a choice Im sure/certain (not) Its obligatory/ compulsory

Debe Podra No puede

Adjectives with two or more syllables

Boring

More + adjective + than e.g. Classic music is more boring than pop

Good Irregular adjectives Bad Far

Better than Worse than Further than

Modal + infinitive

3. Obligation, prohibition and necessity

Must Have to Mustnt Need to Dont/ doesnt have to Neednt Should Ought to Had better Shouldnt May? Could? Can ? Must May Might Could Cant Should Ought to

Its forbidden/ prohibited Its necessary Its not obligatory / necessary Its advisable, Its a good idea Its not advisable / a good idea

Debe Tiene que No debe Necesita No tiene que No necesita

PRONOUNS
Pronouns Subject
(before the verb)

Object
(after the verb)

4. Advice

Debera Debera Sera mejor No debera Podra? Podra? Puedo ? Debe haber Podra haber

Possessiv e adjective
(with a noun)

Possessiv e pronoun
(substitute a noun)

Reflexive

5. Permission 1. Probability and certainty 2. Advice

1st person singular 2nd person singular

I You He

Me Your Him Her Its Us Your Them

My Your His Her Its Our Your Their

Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves

TO BE AND HAVE GOT

Modal + have+ participle

The same keys but the verb or action is in past

No puede haber Debera haber

3 person singular

rd

She It

Present simple I am You are To be He/she/it is We/you/ they are

Past simple I was You were He/ she/ it was We/ you/ they were I had You had He/ she/ it had We /you/ they had

1st person plural 2 person plural

nd

We You they

TOO AND ENOUGH

Adjectives Too + adjective Too =demasiado e.g. he is too young to drive enough =suficiente Adjective + enough e.g. he isnt old enough to drive e.g. there are too chairs Enough + noun e.g. there arent enough chairs Nouns Too + noun

Yourselves Themselves She cuts the hair herself

3rd person plural Examples

I have You have To have got He/ she/it has We/ you/ they have

We bought him a present

My car is bigger than yours