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CHAPTER 9 :MANUFACTUREDSUBSTANCES ININDUSTRY NAME: NUR INSYIRAH BTE. AB HAMEDCLASS: 4 SAINS GUNAAN (SG)SCHOOL: SMK SERI INDAH

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CONTENT Content PageIntroduction 39.1 Sulphuric acid9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric

acid49.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid59.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid79.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid109.2 Ammonia and its salt9.2.1 Properties of ammonia119.2.2 The uses of ammonia129.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia139.3 Alloys9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals149.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys159.4 Synthetic polymers9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers169.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers179.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers179.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers189.5 Glass and ceramics189.6 Composite material22Conclusion 24References25 INTRODUCTION All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. Theseobjects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit tohumankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all thesechemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves. 2

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Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufacturedsubstances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is aninteresting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. Italso gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found inthe laboratories.I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in learning chemistry asit will help me in the future. All the equations from this chapter make me moreunderstand of the previous chapters. 9.1 SULPHURIC ACID 9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid

1.Sulphuric acid is a strongmineral acid.2.Its molecular formula isH 2 SO 4 .3.It is soluble inwater . 3 Figure 9.1 A molecule of sulphuric acid.

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4.Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.5.It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.6.Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid. Figure 9.2 Properties of sulphuric acid 9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid

1)To manufacture fertilizersThere are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:a)Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)

4 Properties of sulphuric acid Non-volatileacidDiproticacidSoluble inwater HighlycorrosiveOilyliquidViscouscolourlessliquidDense2H 2SO4 + Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 + 2CaSO 4 sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate

calcium dihydrogen phosphate

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b)Ammonium sulphate c)Potassium sulphate2)To manufacture detergentsSulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is thenneutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon3)To manufacture synthetic fibresSynthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a syntheticfibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.4)To manufacture paint pigmentsThe white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO 4. The neutralization of sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.5)As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators6)To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating7)To manufacture pesticides8)The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:a.As a strong acid 5 H2SO4 +2NH 3 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia

ammonium sulphate H2SO4 +2NH 3 (NH

4 ) 2 SO 4 sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia

ammonium sulphate

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As an acid2%Fertilisers32%Other chemicals16%Paint pigment15%Detergents12%As anelectrolyte10%Syntheticfibres9%Metal cleaning2%Dyes2% b.As a drying or dehydrating agentc.As an oxidizing agentd.As a sulphonating agente.As a catalyst Figure 9.3 Uses of sulphuric acid 6 Uses of sulphuric acidManufacture pesticidesRemovemetal oxidesfrom metalsurfaces beforeelectroplatingAs anelectrolyte inlead-acidaccumulatorsManufacture paint pigmentsManufacturesyntheticfibresManufacturedetergentsManufacturefertilizers

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Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry 9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture sulphuric acid 1.Sulphuric acid is manufactured by theContact process.2.Sulphuric acid is produced fromsulfur ,oxygenandwater via thecontact process.3.TheContact processinvolves three stages.4. Stage I : Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO 2. This can be done by two methods,a)Bur ning of sulphur in dry air. b)Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.5. Stage II : Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO 3. 7 Sulphur Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide

Sulphuricacid I II IIIS +O2SO2 2ZnS + 3O2 2SO2+ 2ZnO

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This is then oxidised tosulfur trioxideunder the following conditions:a)The presence of avanadium(V) oxideas a catalyst. b)A temperature of between 450C to 550C.c)A pressure of one atmosphere 6. Stage III : Production of sulphuric acida)Sulphur trioxideis dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 to produceoleum, H 2 S 2 O 7

b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H 2 SO 4 .7.In stage II,

sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to producesulphur trioxide. This is:a)To remove water vapour b)To remove contaminants8.In stage III,sulphur trioxideis not dissolved directly in water to producesulphuric acid. This is because:a)sulphur trioxidehas low solubility in water b)sulphur trioxidereacts violently and mists are formed instead of a liquid

burned in air 8 2 SO 2 + O 2 2 SO3 H 2 SO 4 + SO 3 H 2 S 2 O 7 + H 2

O 2H 2 SO 4 Sulphur or metal sulphideSulphur dioxide,SO2

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a) the presence of avanadium(V) oxideas a catalyst.b) a temperature of between 450C to 550C.c)a pressure of one atmospheredissolved in sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 diluted with equal volume of water H 2 O Figure 9.5 Flowchart of Contact process 9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 1.Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing

fuelssuch as coal or oil are burned.2.Sulphuric acid is formed by atmosphericoxidationof sulphur dioxidein the presence of water . It also producessulphurous acid. 3.Sulphuric acid andsulphurous acidare constituents of acid rain. 4.Acid rain can cause many effects such as:i.Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure 9 Sulphur trioxide, SO 3 Oleum, H 2 S 2 O 7 Concentrated sulphuric acid H 2 SO 4

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ii.Destroys trees and plantsiii.Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidiciv.Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and

killaquatic living things.5.Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:i.Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaustgasesii.Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calciumcarbonated before it is released. 9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT 9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 1.A colorless, pungent gas.2.Its molecular formula is NH 3 3.It is extremely soluble in water.4. It is a weak alkali.5.It is about one half as dense as air 10 Figure 9.6 A molecule of ammonia.

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Properties of ammoniaColorlessPungentsmellExtremelysoluble inwater Weak alkali6.It reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to producewhite fumes of ammonium chloride.7.Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids inneutralization to producesalts.For examples:8.Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH ions (except Na + ion, K +

ion,and Ca 2+ ion) f or ming metal hydroxides precipitate. 9.Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxidedissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes. 11 NH 3 +HClNH4Cl 2NH 3 +H 2SO4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NH 3 +H NO 3 NH 4 NO 3 Fe 3+ + 3OH Fe(OH)

3Brownprecipitate Mg 2+ + 2OH Mg(OH) 2Whiteprecipitate Zn(OH) 2 + 4NH 3 [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ +

2OH Cu(OH) 2 + 4NH 3 [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ]

2+ +

2OH

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Figure 9.7 Properties of ammonia 9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 1.The major use of ammonia and its compounds is asfertilizers. 2.Ammonia is also used for the synthesis of nitric acid.3.Ammoniumfertilizerscontain ammonium ions, NH 4+ , that can beconverted into nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil.4.Nitrogen is absorbed by plants to produce protein in the form of nitrates, NO 3 , which are soluble in water.5.The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers is determined by the percentageof nitrogen by mass in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen ismore effective.6.The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using this formula:

9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 1.Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.2.It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst, often iron.3.Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of liquid air. 12 Mass

of nitrogen

X 100% Molar mass of fertilizers

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4.Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:a)The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon) b)The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of methane)5.In the Haber process:a)A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 500 atmospheres. b)The gas mixture is

passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at atemperature of 450 - 550C.c)At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced. 9.3 ALLOYS 9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 1.Pure metals have the following physical propertiesa)Good conductor of electricity b)Malleablec)Ductiled)High melting and boiling pointe)High density2.Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyremetals make them ductile and malleable.a)A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in aregular and organized closed-packed structure. 13

C + H 2 O CO +H 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 O CO 2 +4H 2 N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3

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Properties of metalsGood conductor of electricityDuctileHigh melting and boiling pointMalleableHigh density b)Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atomsenables the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when anexternal force is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile andmetals can be drawn to form long wires.c)There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metalatoms. Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. Whenhammered or pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new positions in the empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to bemade into different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.3.The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energyto overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.4.The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in thehigh density of metals. Figure 9.8 Properties of metals 14

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9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys

1.An alloy is a mixture of two or moreelementswith a certain compositionin which the major component is a metal.2.in the process of alloying, one or more foreign elements are added to amolten metal. When the alloy hardens, the positions of some of the metalatoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign elements, which size may be bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms.3.In an alloy, these atoms of foreign elements disrupt the orderlyarrangement of the metal atoms and also fill up any empty space in themetal crystal structure.4.Hence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over eachother easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and lessmalleable than its pure metals.5.The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them intoalloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:a)To increase the hardness and strength of a metal b)To prevent corrosion or rustingc)To improve the appearance of the metal surface 9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 9.4.1 The meaning of polymers 1.Polymers can be defined as large molecules composed of numeroussmaller, repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent bonds. 15

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2.Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joinedtogether to form the big molecule known as the polymers.3.There are two types of polymerization process:a)Addition polymerization b)Condensation polymerization4.A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the relativemolecular mass of a polymer is large.5.The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.6.Polymers can be divided into two types:a) Naturally occurring polymers1.This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the plantsand animals.2.Examples of naturally occuring polymers are:a)Protein b)Carbohydratec)Natural rubber 3.Naturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by polymerization.4.Protein is formed by the joining of monomers known as amino acid.5.Carbohydrate is formed by the joining

of monomers known as glucose.6.Natural rubber is formed by the joining of monomers known as isoprene. b)Synthetic polymers1.This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process inthe laboratories.2.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.3.The types of synthetic polymers include:a)Plastics b)Fibresc)Elastomers 16

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4.Examples of plastics are polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC), polypropene(polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.5.Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization6.Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. Theyare produced by condensation polymerization. 9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers Strong and lightCheapAble to resist corrosionInert to chemical reactionsEasily moulded or shaped and be colouredCan be made to have special properties 9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers a)As most of polymers are non-biodegradable, they will notdecay like other organic garbage. b)Burning of polymers release harmful and poisonous gases. 9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused by syntheticpolymers a)Reduce, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers b)Develop biodegradable polymers 9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS 1.The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO 2 .2.Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as followa)Hard and brittle b)Inert to chemical reactionsc)Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity

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Scribd.facebook_settings = { serverEnableInstantConnect: Scribd.ServerOptions.facebook_autologin_enabled, sessionEnableInstantConnect: true, requestEnableInstantConnect: true } Scribd.Facebook.setup() new Scribd.LanguageSelector("#autogen_id_986721726"); Scribd.UI.sticky_bar = new Scribd.UI.StickyBar($("#autogen_id_986720988"), $("#document_column"), $("#sidebar")); $(document).on('Scribd:Readcast:FacebookAutoShare:started', function() { autoshare = Scribd.Readcast.active_events['facebook']; Scribd.UI.sharer = new Scribd.UI.Sharer("#autogen_id_986722322", "#viewer", autoshare); }); $(document).ready(function() { Scribd.Pingback.run(["/", "d", "o", "c", "u", "m", "e", "n", "t", "s", "/", "2", "2", "0", "4", "7", "8", "0", "6", "/", "p", "i", "n", "g", "b", "a", "c", "k"].join('')); }); Scribd.Backbone.document = new Scribd.Backbone.Document({'_id': 22047806}); Scribd.Backbone.current_user = new Scribd.Backbone.WordUser({}); Scribd.Backbone.document_comments_view = new Scribd.Backbone.DocumentCommentsView({el: $('#comments_container'), model: Scribd.Backbone.document}); // Move the widget into the document viewer $('.outer_page_container').before($("#autogen_id_986738182")); Scribd.UI.Annotations.selector = selector = new Scribd.UI.Annotations.Selector("#autogen_id_986738182"); Scribd.Backbone.annotations_collection_view = new Scribd.Backbone.AnnotationCollectionView({el: "#autogen_id_986738182", collection: Scribd.Backbone.document.get('annotations')}); _.defer( function () { Scribd.Backbone.document.get('annotations').fetch({ success: function() { _.defer( function () { Scribd.Backbone.document.get('comments').fetch(); }); } }); }); already_clicked = false $('div.ds_more_info').click(function(){ $('.document_summary_info').toggle() if(!already_clicked){ already_clicked = true; Scribd.track_event("experiment_content_discovery_v6", "Click","More Info", 1); } }); trackEvent('control_content_discovery', 'Hit', 'Hit', 1, false); $('.document_summary_info').find('.flag_button').click(function(){ Scribd.with_login("Flag Document", Scribd.current_doc.url, function(){ Scribd.Lightbox.remote_open("lightbox_flag_document", "/read/flag_dialog", Scribd.toolbar_params()); }); }); (new Scribd.UI.BuyDocManager("")).setup_buy_buttons(null); new Scribd.SignIn("#autogen_id_986750309"); Scribd.logged_in = false; Scribd.have_anonymous_current_user(null); Scribd.UI.library_menu = new Scribd.Library($("#autogen_id_986747473"), null); new Scribd.Header("#global_header"); new Scribd.LanguageSelector("#autogen_id_986746678"); $(document).on("facebook:initialized", function () { FB.XFBML.parse($(".social")[0]); }); new Scribd.FacebookLoginButton("#autogen_id_986692842"); if(Scribd.Ads.enabled && Scribd.Ads.attributes.AdLayout[0] >= 3 && Scribd.Ads.attributes['Naughty']===undefined && Scribd.current_doc) { if

(Scribd.Ads.attributes.AdLayout[0] >= 4) { var el = document.getElementById("document_column"); if (el) { el.insertAdjacentHTML("beforebegin", "<!--INFOLINKS_ON-->"); el.insertAdjacentHTML("afterend", "<!--INFOLINKS_OFF-->"); } } var infolink_pid = 469269; var infolink_wsid = 0; writeScript("http://resources.infolinks.com/js/infolinks_main.js"); } if(!Scribd.Ads.enabled) Scribd.Ads.forceAddUnit('Ads_Free_Doc_1x1'); $perf.registerOnload();<div class="collection_popup object_popup" data-object_id="{{ id }}"><div class="document_tools"><span class="sprite download_arrow download_btn" data-tooltip="Download" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_download_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{d context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;download_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_readcast readcast_btn" data-tooltip="{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;Readcast&quot;,&quot;readcasted&quot;:& quot;Readcasted!&quot;}"s data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_readcast_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{p context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;readcast_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_bookmark save_bookmark_btn" data-tooltip="{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;Save for later&quot;,&quot;saved&quot;:&quot;Remove&quot;}" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_save_bookmark_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{s context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;save_bookmark_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot ;{{r list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_add_collection add_to_collection_btn" data-tooltip="Add to collection" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_add_to_collection_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{" context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;add_to_collection_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:& quot;{{m list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span></div><div class="title_row"><a data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_title_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{t context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;title_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}">{{ title }}</a></div><div class="creator_row"><img src="{{ publisher.thumb }}" />

<a data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_author_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{& context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;author_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ publisher.url }}">{{ publisher.name }}</a> published this</div><div class="document_count stat_row"><span class="value">{{ _.numberFormat(document_count) }}</span> <span class="singular_text">document</span><span class="plural_text">documents</span></div><div class="document_list"></div><div class="remaining_docs"><a href="{{ url }}">+{{ remaining_docs }} more</a></div><a class="sprite big_open_book" href="{{ url }}"></a><div class="sprite popup_left"></div><div class="sprite popup_right"></div></div><div class="document_row">{{ index }}. <a href="{{ url }}">{{ title }}</a></div><div class="document_popup object_popup" data-object_id="{{ id }}"><div class="editor_tools"><a class="feature_object_btn" href="#"><span class="sprite tiny_star"></span>Feature</a><a class="unfeature_object_btn" href="#"><span class="sprite tiny_star"></span>Unfeature</a><span class="hide_tools"><a class="hide_document_btn" data-tooltip="Don't show this document on your profile." href="#"><span class="sprite tiny_x"></span>Hide</a><a class="unhide_document_btn" data-tooltip="You hid this document from your profile, click to bring it back." href="#"><span class="sprite tiny_x"></span>Unhide</a></span></div><div class="document_tools"><span class="sprite download_arrow download_btn" data-tooltip="Download" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_download_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{ context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;download_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_readcast readcast_btn" data-tooltip="{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;Readcast&quot;,&quot;readcasted&quot;:& quot;Readcasted!&quot;}"s data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_readcast_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{= context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;readcast_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_bookmark save_bookmark_btn" data-tooltip="{&quot;default&quot;:&quot;Save for later&quot;,&quot;saved&quot;:&quot;Remove&quot;}" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_save_bookmark_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{ context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;save_bookmark_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot ;{{l list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span><span class="sprite home_add_collection add_to_collection_btn" data-tooltip="Add to collection" data-track="{{ list_title }}"

data-track_event="click_popup_add_to_collection_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{l context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;add_to_collection_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:& quot;{{o list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}"></span></div><div class="title_row"><a data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_title_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{{ context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;title_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}">{{ title }}</a></div><div class="author_row">{{ publisher.name }}</div><div class="page_count stat_row"><span class="value">{{ _.numberFormat(page_count) }}</span> <span class="singular_text">page</span><span class="plural_text">pages</span></div><div class="creator_row"><img src="{{ publisher.thumb }}" /> <a data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_author_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{v context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;author_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ publisher.url }}">{{ publisher.name }}</a> published this</div><div class="document_description">{{ description }} <a class="more" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_more_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{w context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;more_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}">More</a></div><div class="document_action"><a class="read_btn" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_read_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{; context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;read_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}"><div class="home_btn readnow"><div class="btn_inner ">Read Now</div></div></a><a class="buy_btn" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_buy_btn" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{& context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;buy_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ buy_url }}"><div class="home_btn homebuy"><div class="btn_inner ">Buy Now <strong>{{ price || 'XXX' }}</strong></div></div></a><a class="subscribe_btn" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_subscribe_btn"

data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{o context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;subscribe_btn&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="http://www.scribd.com/archive/plans"><div class="home_btn lightgreen"><div class="btn_inner ">Subscribe</div></div></a><span class="free_msg">Full version available for free</span><span class="premium_upsell_msg">Full version available to premium readers</span><span class="premium_msg">As a premium reader enjoy full version for free</span><span class="purchased_msg">You have purchased this; read full version</span><a class="excerpt_msg" data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_excerpt_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{a context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;excerpt_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}">Read an excerpt for free!</a><div class="excerpt_msg_row"><a data-track="{{ list_title }}" data-track_event="click_popup_excerpt_link" data-track_rats="click_popup" data-track_rats_value="{&quot;event_name&quot;:&quot;click_popup&quot;,&quot;con text&quot;:&quot;{{p context }}&quot;,&quot;doc_id&quot;:&quot;{{ id }}&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;{{ position }}&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;excerpt_link&quot;,&quot;list&quot;:&quot;{{ list_title }}&quot;}" data-track_value="{{ position }}" href="{{ url }}">Read an excerpt for free!</a></div></div><div class="document_stats"><span class="stat"><span class="sprite home_open_book_static"></span><div class="label_value"><span class="label">Reads</span> <span class="value">{{ _.numberFormat(stats.views) }}</span></div></span><span class="stat"><span class="sprite home_readcast_static"></span><div class="label_value"><span class="label">Readcasts</span> <span class="value">{{ _.numberFormat(stats.readcasts) }}</span></div></span></div><a class="sprite big_open_book" href="{{ url }}"></a><div class="sprite popup_left"></div><div class="sprite popup_right"></div></div>