Albebson L.

Lim PPATH 104 B-3L

BS BIOLOGY 07/31/2013

EXERCISE 3: KINGDOM PROTOZOA: PHYLUM PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA Class Plasmodiophoromycetes: Order: Plasmodiophorales Family: Plasmodiophoraceae Genus: Plasmodiophora

1)

Resting spores germinate, producing zoospores that swim very short distances in soil water to root hairs. These resting spores are extremely long lived, with a half-life of about 4 years, but they can survive in soil for up to 20 years. The longevity of the resting spores is a key factor contributing to the seriousness of the disease. Resting spore germination is stimulated by exudates from the roots of host

plants. After the initial infection through root hairs or wounds, the pathogen forms an amoeba-like cell. This unusual cell multiplies and then joins with others to form a plasmodium, which is a naked mass of protoplasm with many nuclei. The plasmodium eventually divides to form many secondary zoospores that are released into the soil. These second-generation zoospores re-infect roots of the initial host or nearby plants and are able to invade the cortex (interior) of the root. Once in the cortex, the amoebalike cells multiply or join with others to form a secondary plasmodium. As this plasmodium develops, plant hormones are altered, which causes the infected cortical cells to swell. Clusters of these enlarged cells form clubs or galls. Some amoeba-like cells are able to move up and down roots in vascular tissue. After the secondary plasmodia mature, they divide into many resting spores within the gall tissue. The galls are quickly decayed by soil microbes, leaving millions of resting spores in the soil.

2)

a) If possible, abandon badly infested soil for growing crucifers. Locate the seedbed where no diseased crucifers have ever been grown and into which infested soil cannot wash.

b)Prevent contamination of clean fields. Remember that the causal fungus is generally brought in on infected transplants; by surface floodwater draining from an infested field; by infested soil carried on farm equipment, man, and animals; and by propagative plant parts, such as seed tubers and bulbs. Manure from stock fed on diseased root crops may also be a source of infection as is compost containing clubroot-infected plants. The importance of never planting contaminated lots of plants cannot be overstated. Once the disease is present in a field or garden, control measures are difficult, expensive, and not totally effective.

c) Plant only disease-free, preferably certified, seedlingsor grow your ownin a seedbed soil disinfested of the causal fungus by heat or chemicals. Eradicate all crucifer weeds in or near seedbeds and fields.

d) Where feasible, apply sufficient hydrated quick lime or calcium hydroxide to the soil (a minimum of 1,500 pounds per acre per crop) about 6 weeks before planting to bring it to a pH of 7.2 or higher. Ground limestone is ineffective. From the results of a soil test report, your nearest Extension adviser can determine the approximate amount of lime (1,500 to 5,000 pounds) necessary for producing the desired alkalinity. Liming is ineffective in dry seasons or in

light sandy or loose muck soils. This practice should not be followed where crucifers are grown in rotation with potatoes since common scab of potatoes is serious in slightly alkaline soils.

e) For transplanting cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprout, and cauliflower add 6 pounds of PCNB to 100 gallons of water (or 1 ounce per gallon); use 3/4 pint of the suspension per plant or about 400 to 600 gallons per acre for cabbage. This treatment should be used in addition to No. 4 (above). The PCNB can be used in conjunction with fertilizer and insecticide materials and applied simultaneously in solution. Agitate the solution constantly to prevent the PCNB powder from settling out.

f) Where possible, either drain or do not plant in wet soils. This is improtant because the infective zoospores of the clubroot fungus require free water in which to germinate and move to the roots.

g) Always decontaminate equipment and tools after working in a field suspected of being infested with the clubroot fungus. Thorough washing to remove the soil followed by steaming or by spraying or washing all surfaces with a disinfectant such as Lysol or 4 percent formaldehyde is required. h) Resistant varieties are available for some crucifers. Some varieties or strains of kohlrabi, rutabagas, turnips, peppergrass, horseradish, radish, marrow-stem kale, garden cress, stock, candytuft, and wallflower are normally quite resistant in most areas. Numerous strains or races of the clubroot fungus are known, however; therefore a variety that is resistant in one county or locality may be susceptible in another.

3) Polymyxa graminis, Polymyxa betae,

4)

Zoosporangia containing 4-8 secondary zoospores are formed. These spores are released through a pore in the host tissue at the point where the zoosporangium is attached. Secondary zoospores reinfect the host and form plasmodia. These plasmodia are capable of infecting young root tissue directly. They may also infect thickened secondary roots and underground stems via wounds. Plasmodia may penetrate several types of host cells, including those of the vascular system and stimulate enlargement (hypertrophy) and increased cell division (hyperplasia) of these cells. Plasmodia ultimately develop into resting spores within host tissue. These spores are released when infections from secondary organisms produce cracks in host tissue. 5) Sherf, A.F. and A.A. MacNab. 1986. Vegetable diseases and their control, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 728 pp.

Rahman, H., Shakir, A., Hasan, MJ. (2011). Breeding for clubroot resistant spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for the Canadian Prairies: Can the European winter canola cv. Mendel be used as a source for resistance. "Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 91(3), p.447-458." doi 10.4141/CJPS10073

Cao, T. et al. (2010). Virulence and spread of Plasmodiophora brassicae [clubroot] in Alberta Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 31(3), 321-329. doi 10.1080/07060660909507607

Buczaki, S. T. (1975). Study of physiologic specialization in Plasmodiophora brassicae: Proposals for attempted rationalization through an international approach. Elsevier , 295-303. Koji Kageyama, T. A. (2009). Life Cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Journal of Plant Growth 211.

REFERENCES: Adams, M. (2013). Rothamsted Research. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from Rothamsted Research: http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/PersonDetails-Who=652.html Braselton, J. (2007). Plasmodiophorid. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from Plasmodiophorid: http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/plasmos/infect.html Hartman, M. (2004, May 25). Clubroot Disease of Canola and Mustard. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex8593 Illinois, U. o. (1989). CLUBROOT OF CABBAGE AND OTHER CRUCIFERS. Crop Sciences , 923-926. Partridge, J. E. (1998). Club Root of Crucifers. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from WANR: http://jpkc.jluhp.edu.cn/zwkx/zwbl/Improve/Graduate/NebraskaIntroPP/CrClbRoot.html