1060

IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, no. 4 July/Aug 1978
DYNAMIC AGGREGATION OF GENERATING UNIT MODELS

A. J. Germond Member, IEEE Systems Control, Inc. Palo Alto, California

R. Podmore Member, IEEE

ABSTRACT
A new technique is described for the automatic formation of dynamic equivalents of generating units represented by detailed models.

governors,

turbines, synchronous machines, excitation power system stabilizers [5, 6, 7]. The equivalent generating units are made of similar models and thus are compatible with conventional stability
systems

and

programs.

The method applies to groups of generating units that are coherent. The parameters of an equivalent model of governor, turbine, synchronous machine, excitation system and power system stabilizer are identified for each group of coherent units, by means of a The least-square fit of their transfer functions. technique is demonstrated with a large system stability data base.

The primary advantage of this procedure is that the reduced model retains a physical meaning and thus, can be used with conventional transient stability proIt also has the capacity for handling the wide grams. range of models used in practical studies.
INTRODUCTION

The need to develop fast and cost-efficient simplified stability analysis techniques has motivated research in the area of reduced-order dynamic models of power systems. The reduction techniques are based on modal analysis of the linearized one of two methods: model [1] or coherency recognition [2, 3]. * The modal analysis technique requires the computation of eigenvalues, which is timeconsuming, and provides a reduced system of differential equations which cannot be interpreted, in general, as representing models of physical units. Thus, the reduced models obtained by modal analysis cannot be used without modifications to conventional stability programs.
*

models. First the aggregated transfer functions relating the total mechanical and electrical power output of the coherent generating units to their common speed and terminal voltage are calculated for several discrete frequencies. The parameters of the equivalent transfer functions are adapted to match the aggregated transfer functions with a minimal error. Then the equivalent limits are calculated. The procedure has been implemented and experimented with a data base representing the Western U. S. System [8].. Equivalents calculated for coherent generating units of this system will be used as examples of the method. Finally, the performance in the time domain of an equivalent model will be compared to a full representation of a group of four generating units.
METHOD

meters and the non-linear limits of the generating unit

The method

considers separately

the linear

para-

Definitions
*

A coherent group of generating units, for a given perturbation, is a group of generators oscillating with the same angular speed, and constant complex terminal voltages in a ratio. Thus, the generating units belonging to a coherent group can be attached to a if necessary through an ideal, common bus, complex ratio transformer.

Reduction based on coherency does not present these An efficient disadvantages. method for coherency analysis has been developed and is reported in a companion paper [4].

The dynamic equivalent of a coherent group of generating units is a single generating unit that exhibits the same speed, voltage and total mechanical and electrical power as the group during any perturbation where those units remain coherent.

This paper addresses the problem of grouping generating units that are coherent into an equivalent generating unit model. A method of logarithmic average has been proposed [3], but applies only when the models of the generating units to be grouped are of the same type.

Assumptions and Overview of the Method

The assumptions are made that the coherent generating units are on a common bus, with the same terminal voltage VT, and have the same speed W.

The method presented in this paper does not require such a restriction. The data base of the original system can include a variety of models for the

~~A to

F77 165-4. A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, NY, January 30-February 4, 1977. Manuscript submitted August 30, 1976; made available for printing December 2, 1976.

Figure 1.
1978 IEEE

Generating Unit Model

0018-9510/78/0600-1060$00.75 G

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1061
The block diagram of Figure 1 represents the functional relations between the mechanical and electrical output of an individual_generating unit and its speed u and terminal voltage V , these being considered as input variables.
A similar block diagram is used to model an equivalent generating unit, with the individual mechanical power replaced by the total mechanical power and the electrical power by the total electrical power output for the group.

Since all the machines of a coherent group have, by definition, the same speed deviation W, equations (1) are summed-up for all the machines of a group to form the mechanical Equation (2) of the equivalent generator-turbine:

i
MVA:

2H

dw
dt

_:

mj
M

(E D
j3

(2)

All
*

parameters

being referred

to the

same base

model of each individual unit. This will be done by considering separately the rotor dynamics, the governor and turbine model, the synchronous machine model, the excitation system model and the power system stabilizer model. The assumption is now made that the linear and nonlinear characteristics of the equivalent models can be identified separately. The linear parameters of each equivalent model are numerically adjusted to obtain a minimal error between its transfer function and the sum of the transfer functions of the individual units. The error to be minimized is the sum of the squares of the magnitude of the relative difference, for specified discrete frequencies. The transfer functions to be approximated are The specific problems and the indicated in Table I. equivalent parameters for the non-linear characteristics of each model are discussed in the following sections of the paper.
Open-Loop Transfer Function

The objective of the method is to specify the characteristics of this equivalent model, given the

The equivalent inertia constant is the sum of the individual inertia constants. The equivalent damping factor is the sum of the individual damping factors.
EQUIVALENT TURBINE - GOVERNOR SYSTEM

Aggregated Transfer Function The Western System data base includes several models of governors, turbines and also comprehensive models of governor and turbine(s). Block diagrams of the major governor and turbine models are represented

in [5].

Assuming a speed variation of small amplitude, the valve and valve rate limits are neglected and a linear transfer function

G.(s)

Pmj (s)/Au(s)

(3)

Equivalent Model
Rotor Dynamics
Governor + Turbine

W/(EPm
)p /AW m

e)

where Au = ( F-u) denotes the generator speed error, can be calcul aed for each generating unit. Since the input speed variation is the same for each generating unit of a coherent group, the variation of mechanical power for the coherent group is

)iT/VT
V

PM(s) M

Mj(5)

Excitation System + Synchronous Machine

Power System Stabilizer

Mj~~~
PG(s)
AW(s)
PM(s)

I
3

i (s)

Aw (s)

(4)

so/U so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Table I
To Be

G. (s) of Equation (3) The transfer functions consist of two elements in seriea, the governor transfer function

Approximated By The Equivalent Models

ROTOR DYNAMICS

Open-Loop Transfer Functions

G (s) = G
G (s)

and the turbine transfer function

PGV(s)

The mechanical equation for one machine is:

2H j K dt

mj

ej

- D.

u. j

(1)

axis. The aggregated transfer function PM(s)/Au(s) is obtained by summation.

For each governor and turbine, the transfer funcand GT are evaluated numerically for discrete values of the variable s along the imaginary

tions GG

with
u
H
p.u.

speed deviation

The aggregated governor-turbine transfer function calculated for one group of the Western system is represented in the Bode diagram of Figure 2.
Equivalent Model
Difficulties were encountered in the choice of a single equivalent model that would accurately fit the frequency response of coherent groups constituted of both steam and hydro generators. Therefore, when this circumstance occurs, the steam units are grouped to form an equivalent steam unit and the hydro units to form an equivalent hydro unit which are both attached to the same bus.

inertia constant (generator + turbine) in MWs MVA

mechanical power in p.u.

m
e

p
D

electromagnetic power in p.u. damping factor

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1062
Equivalent *

Magnitude

Aggregated
s
I

--

The error function is calculated.

jwi)-G -

G(jwi)l

2)

rp.u. of

100 MVA

p.u. of synchronous speed

_100.

hag s

A numerical gradient technique is used for correcting the unknown parameters to minimize this error. In addition, it is required that the error be zero for w=O. The process is interrupted when a technically small error is obtained. The parameters so found are those of the equivalent model. The transfer function of the equivalent model found by this method is represented as well in Figure 2.

>

,pase

Valve and Valve Rate Limits The valve limit for the equivalent model is calculated as the sum of the individual gate limits.
No valve rate limit is calculated for the equivalent, since this parameter is not represented in several of the WSCC models.

-10.

EQUIVALENT SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE AND EXCITATION MODELS

1.
1 frequency [Hz] .01 .i Figure 2. Bode plots of the aggregated and equivalent governor-turbine transfer function for a coherent group of the Western System.

In Table I, the transfer function i T/VT was designated as excitation system and synchronous machine.

The transfer function of an equivalent hydro governor is specified as

machine.

In Figure 3 these entities are separately represented. The key assumption that the machines are on the same bus permits one to consider the transfer function between the terminal current and the terminal voltage, which is linear. The block diagram of Figure 3 applies to both the individual and the equivalent

GG(s)

(l+ST2) 2 (l+sT ) (l+sT3)

SYSTEM STABILIZER

with unknown parameters K, T1, T2, T3. The transfer function of an equivalent hydro unit is specified as
_ l~-sTw l+sTw/2 GT( hydro with unknown parameter Tw. The transfer function of an equivalent steam governor and turbine is specified as
* G (s)
G

GT

(s)

steam

(l+sT )(l+sT
_ _ _ _ _ _

l+sT2

l+sT4
Figure 3.
Synchronous machine and excitation system model. The equivalent is formed in three steps. First, the transfer function is aggregated without the excitation input. This provides the parameters of the equivalent synchronous machine. Then the equivalent of the excitation system is formed. Since the output of the individual excitation systems are applied to synchronous machines that have different characteristics, it is necessary to weigh those outputs to form the equivalent field voltage. Finally, the equivalent power system stabilizer is determined.

with unknown parameters

T1, T2, T3, T4.

mately a

last transfer function represents approxisteam governor with a non-reheat turbine and was chosen as the most appropriate to represent successfully the equivalent transfer function of a steam unit with the minimum number of parameters. The details of the process of identification are explained with the example of Figure 2:
The *
For discrete complex frequencies, jwi, the transfer function of the individual governorturbines are calculated and summed-up. The result is a curve on the Bode plot referred to as the "aggregated transfer function"

G(jwi).

Standard values are assigned to the unknown parameters of the equivalent governor and tWrbine and the equivalent transfer function G (jui) is calculated. (the symbol * indicates equivalent variables and parameters)

The coherent groups may be constituted of combinations of the following models:

model with one The two-axes Synchronous Machines: field winding in the direct axis and one damping winding in the quadrature axis is used for each individual machine (Figure 15 in Appendix). The round rotor ma-

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1063
chine and "classical model" are considered as special cases. The transients of the stator are neglected.

Excitation Systems: Seven different models or rotating and static excitation systems are represented [7, 8].
Power System Stabilizers: Three models are represented, with either speed deviation, shaft slip or accelerating power as input signal. Only power system stabilizers with the same input are aggregated.

The position of the equivalent axes and the parameters of the equivalent model are calculated to minimize the difference between the electric power output P of the equivalent and P
e

The aggregation of the synchronous ceeds as follows: (see Appendix)

*

machine pro-

Formation of the Equivalent Synchronous Machine

Assuming coherency:
0

The differences of rotor angles between machines of a coherent group remain constant.

First the position of the axes 0 is calculated, such that YDD' Y ,, and YQF in Equation (6) are made negligibly small in the frequency range. Then the parameters of the equivalent-model are adjusted separately for each axis by fitting the gperational admittance Y* with Y and Y QD with Y QD_ DQ DQ

The terminal voltage machine of the group.

is the

same for each

These assumptions are used to demonstrate in the Appendix that a dynamic equivalent can also be represented as a two-axes model. The justification is the equivalence of the electromagnetic power output.
The total p.u. electromagnetic power output the coherent group is:
P

This is obtained by adjusting the parameters of the equivalent to fit its operational admittances to the operational admittances of the aggregated machines Figure 4 represents an example of this procedure. Magnitude [p.u.]
magnitude

of

.-100.

=e

(V qjiqj

+Vdj idj)
phase
-90-

With the terminal voltage and the stator current expressed for each machine in its own reference axes.
Since the terminal voltage electric power is expressed as:
is common,

the total

10.

Q
D

E
Q

lQj +VD

Dj

(5)

represent pair of orthogonal axes.

where

and

components on an arbitrary

phase

Equivalent

Aggregated

It is shown in Appendix that and related to VD and VQ by the expression:

jiD

jiQ

are

-180_
.01

.1

1'. frequency[Hz I

iD(S)
iQ (s)

YDD (S) YDQ (s)

VD
+

YDF
y QF

Figure 4. (6) ~~~~~~~eFD

Bode plot of the aggregated and equivalent admittance in the direct axis, for a coherent group of the Western System.

aiD(s)

yQD (s) YQQ(s) /VQ

Aggregation of the Excitation System Models [6, 7]

Each individual excitation system is represented by a single-input single-output block diagram. In the case of the Western System data base, the excitation is one of the models of the Western System Coordinating

where

YDD (s),

YDQ (s), YQD (S)

of the
D

and

position of the axes

the parameters

individual and Q.

machines and on the

YQQ (s)

depend on

Council [8].

The equivalent machine being a two-axes model as well, its electric power output is:
P
*

Ignoring the regulator limits, the linear transfer function of one exciter is GEj (s).
The terminal voltage VT is the common input to each exciter. Assuming this input small enough that none of the regulators reaches its limit, the output efd is expressed for each exciter as:
e
fd

i V= Q Q

+ V D

(7)

with

D(s)
i (s)

10

DQ
0

(s
kV QI

eDF
eFD
(8)

(s)

G
+

(s)

AV(s)
is the terminal

(9)

YQD (s)

~+

where
error.

AV T

(VREF

Vso-VT)

voltage

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1064 The field voltages e , applied to the individual synchronous machine moSels result in a contribution to the total current denoted as AiD (see Appendix).

I i

(s
s)

fd (s) AV(s)) AV.~i

(s)
T

Ydf (s)

GE

AVT(s))

(10)

The transfer function

AVT(s)
Ai (s)

AiD I (s)

(Ydf.(s)

)j

COs

(s)) Gj E
Figure 6.
IEEE type 1 excitation system model.

has to be identified with the transfer function between the same variables in the equivalent model:
D
-

AVT (s)
It

(s) *

AVT(s)
rewrite this
GE
I

FD

(s)

(11)
condition as
(12)

Magnitude
--

Equivalent

Aggregated

is
=

convenient to
Idf yD (s)

G* ()= eFD
E
(s)

COs4

(s)

100

AT
consider
the

and

of the synchronous] machines to which the excitation systems are connected. This is represented in Figure 5.
[..
-I

"wweight-factor"

W.(s) that accounts for the parameters

expression between brackets

as a

10.
0 Phase

VT
-45

-90

.01 I
Figure 7.

.1

frequency lHz]

Bode plot of the aggregated and equivalent excitation transfer function for one coherent group of the Western System.

Figure 5.

Formation of the equivalent field voltage by weighting the output of the individual excitation systems.

Regulator Limits
a step

At this stage, YD (s) is known from the parameters of the equivalent syn-cronous machine. The right-hand side of Equation (12) can thus be calculated for discrete frequencies.

The equivalent limits are calculated assuming that input equal to the regulator limit is applied simultaneously to each exciter system. For such a step input, the output is (Figure 8).

Equivalent Model

FD

(s)

vRMAX /(KE
=
s

SE)

W.(s)
(13)

11

TE/(E

(Figure 6) with a trahsfer function GE(s) represents the equivalent. Ignoring the nonlinear limits, the parameters of this model are adjusted, using a gradient sea;ch to minimize the mean
A I

Wodel of Type

square of the error between G E(s) and the right-hand side of Equation (12). Figure 7 represents the result of this identification for a group of the Western system.

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1065

VRMAX
-a
u
=
I

VREF

w, Af or accelerating power Block diagram of an excitation system with power system stabilizer.

Figure 8.

Simplified exciter model for large step input.

Figure 9.

Using the initial and final value theorem [6]:

Lim

deFD
dt

=
j

E
Ej

W.

t+ + 0

(s=o)

(14)

SLIMI

For the equivalent model, the same limit is:

V

RMAX

TE*
E

is already known from Since the parameter TE* fitting the linear transfer function, this relation determines VRMAX*.

VREF

Figure 10.

Block diagram of the equivalent exciter system and power system stabilizer.

Lime
t4o

(t)

(XEV+MS
i EMAXji

W.(0)

(15)
The parameters of the equivalent excitation system of Figure 10 are already known at this stage (they have been determined without stabilizer signal). An equivalent stabilizer remains to be added in order that the dependance of the field voltage on the stabilizer input signal be represented.
every stabilizer

For the equivalent model, the same limit is:

(K
Since

VRMAX
+
*

SEMAX)*

FDMAX

Since
*

this input signal u(s) is the same for of a coherent group, the relation is:

VRA
~

is

already

known,

this

relation

determines

Ae
u

(s)
(s)

\
and

Wis)

(s'

s.s
I

(16)

(KE

SEMAX)

EFD

MA

Exciter Saturation Coefficient

S
at Efd MAX and are given for each exciter, .55 Ed MAX' An exponential relation is assumed for this sun E on. The equivalent function is*calculated It at two points (initial operating point and is assumed that this function is exponential as well.

Whereas, for the equivalent, the saturation

(E fd)

Two

discrete

values of

function

Ae

FD()
u (s)
= G

(s)

(s)

(17)

EfdMAX).

The parameters of G (s) are adjusted to minimize the mean square p.u. error between the transfer functions of Equations (16) and (17).
are

POWER SYSTEM STABILIZERS A power system stabilizer introduces a correction to the reference voltage of an excitation system. This correction is functionally related to an input signal as described on the block diagram of Figure 9.
tem.
er

These aggregated and equivalent transfer functions shown on Figure 11 for a group of the Western Sys-

The equivalent limit of the power system stabilizis such that

The models in the WSCC data base have either the frequency deviation, the shaft slip or the accelerating power of the generating unit as input. There are three types of power system stabilizers, depending on the input signal. We found that only stabilizers with the same input signal could be aggregated.

VS

SLIM

GE ()SLIM.

Ej

(0) W.(0)

(18)

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1066
PROGRAM PERFORMANCE

One coherent group of the Western System has been used as an example of the dynamic aggregation technique.

This group includes 8 units with hydro-mechanical governors. Two of them have a rotating exciter, 5 have a static exciter and a power system stabilizer with accelerating power input, one has a discontinuous excitation system. The Bode diagrams of the aggregate and equivalent transfer functions for this group are plotted in Figure 2, 4, 7 and 11. The aggregation of the governors, machines, excitation systems and power system stabilizers was performed for all the coherent groups of the Western System.

The total time for coherency analysis, network reduction and formation of a reduced system is estimated to be a fraction of the time required for a stability run of the full system.
VALIDATION TEST FOR A 4-MACHINE SYSTEM

The objective of this test was to verify that the assumptions and the criteria of fitting transfer functions were meaningful, and to check the prototype programs for the aggregation of the synchronous machines and exciter systems.

Figure 11.
Aefd

Bode plot of the aggregated and equivalent power system stabilizer transfer function for one group of the Western System.

INTERFACE OF THE DYNAMIC AGGREGATION PROGRAM WITH COHERENCY AND STABILITY PROGRAMS

The coherency analysis program was not yet available, thus a group of four supposedly coherent machines, connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line (Figure 12) was selected for a stability simulation. The disturbance was a voltage dip of 50% applied at the infinite bus for .ls.

The dynamic aggregation program is designed to use the same set of data and the same input formats as a stability program. In addition, it requires the list of coherent generating units in each group.

VT

ity program.

The output is

a reduced set of data for a stabil-

The dynamic aggregation program has been designed to interface through files with the other programs.

Load

Bus

Figure 12:
APPLICATION
AGGREGATION OF THE COHERENT GROUPS OF THE WESTERN SYSTEM

Test case of the equivalent synchronous machine and excitation system in the time domain.

Two cases were considered:

Objective
The purpose of the aggregation of the coherent groups of the Western System was to assess the difficulties encountered in applying the method to a largescale system for obtaining a reduced model, and to evaluate the performance of the aggregation program. Procedure
The Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) power-flow and stability data base provided the data for a coherency analysis performed with a method described in a companion paper [4]. A list of 87 coherent groups was obtained out of the individual 337 machines. 44 groups had only one generator. This list was provided as input to the dynamic aggregation program in addition to the WSCC stability data base.

1, the same fault is simulated with the individual machines and individual excithe ter systems modelled and again with equivalent machine and equivalent exciter system model.
In Case

The terminal voltage, and total electric power are plotted in Figures 13 and 14. The terminal voltage and total electric power obtained with the equivalent machine model are plotted on the same figures.

There is a good agreement between the terminal voltages and total electric power outputs obtained with the individual models and with the equivalent. This is remarkable since the coherency between the individual generators had a tolerance of almost 20 degrees.

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1067

Pe [p.u.

Total Electric Power

of 100 MVA]

CONCLUSIONS

The following work has been performed: *

A consistent method has been developed to aggregate the respective generating unit components (machines, excitation system, turbine-governors and power system stabilizers) on the basis of coherency, to form the components of an equivalent generating unit.

* *

8. equivalent model

The parameters of the equivalent models are identified by prescribing a criteria which corresponds to fitting transfer functions in the complex plane. The individual and equivalent models are compatible with existing stability programs. The method has been applied to a wide range of generating unit dynamic models including all those in the WSCC data base.

6.

full system
time

The key conclusions study can be stated as: *

*

which can be drawn

from this

Figure 13.

1.5 1. Comparison, in the time domain, of the total electric power output of the full model and the reduced model.
Terminal Voltage

The feasibility of the method, demonstrated by the formation of equivalents for the Western System. The capability of the program to handle large scale transient stability generating unit data bases in a reasonable time.

4
1.04

The proposed method is a practical approach to reducing the dynamic order of a power system representation.
The program developed will form one of the key elemehts in a comprehensive package of programs for
forming dynamic equivalents.

1.00

tem will be

Further tests in the time domain on the WSCC Sysperformed to evaluate the accuracy of the
Satisfactory
results
were

reduced models.

already

ob-

tained in the preliminary test with four machines.

APPENDIX SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODEL AND 'OPERATIONAL ADMITTANCE MATRIX

.92

ird
.88

XQ

Rfd

fd

XZ

adx
equivalent
model

e fd VqI

aq

~~~R ~~~~~~lq
axis

.84

full system
time

axis
p.u.

id
i
vd

component in direct axis of

stator current

component in quadrature axis of p.u. stator current component in direct axis of p.u. terminal voltage
component in quadrature axis of
q

.5 .6

1.

1.5

2.

S
v

Figure 14.

Comparison, in the time domain, of the terminal voltage of the full model and the reduced model.
In Case 2, no exciter system was modelled, but the field voltages were kept constant instead. The same fault was simulated with the individual machine models, and again with The concluthe equivalent machine model. sions were the same as in Case 1.

p.u.

terminal

voltage
Two axes model of the synchronous machine.

Figure 15.

Referring to Figure 15 and to the usual definition of the per unit reactances and time-constants, the Laplace equation of the two-axes synchronous machine reads as:

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1068

f'q\

(:qd

0, ~dq~/vd

\0/e etYffd

FD YDFDF eFD
(19)

Ydfj

Cos

f*j efdj j~~~

I Ydfj

Sin 4.

efdj

where the position of the reference axis q with respect to the direction of the terminal voltage is the rotor internal angle 6. (Figure 16)
and

For Equation (20) to represent a two-axes synchronous machine, it is necessary to have an angle e such that YQF and the diagonal elements YDD and YQQ vanish.

ydq
yqd

xd Xd

sT'do) + sx' Tv +sd do

1 +

The diagonal elements do not vanish for an arbitrary direction G of the axes of the equivalent machine. They do so if they are rotated by the amount AE), with:
tan 2

1 + sT'
x

sx'

qo T'

)
qo

AO

= -Q

DQ

DD QD

(21)

ydf,

-K T' do d sx' q
+

and Since the admittances YDD, Y , Y YOD are frequency dependant, this condition aRd the conaition = 0 can only be approximated. A good approximation was found when Equation (21) is satisfied for s+j-.

YQF

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

-4--~
>-~~~

1--

VT
-

q~.

6.jJ

This work was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute under Project RP-763 and managed for EPRI by Timothy Yau. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company contributed by providing system data and transient stability cases. The individual assistance of Clifford C. Young, Jim F. Luini and John Rostoni of Pacific Gas and Electric Company is gratefully appre-

ciated.

REFERENCES

[1]
D

d. Definition of reference axes.

Figure 16.

J. M. Undrill, J. A. Casazza, E. M. Gulachenski, L. K. Kirchmayer, "Electromechanical Equivalents for Use in Power System Stability Studies," IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-90, September/October 1971, pp. 2060-2071. Systems Control, Inc., "Coherency-Based Dynamic Equivalents for Transient Stability Studies," Final Report on EPRI Project RP-90-4, Phase II, January 1975.
R. Podmore, K. N. Stanton, "CoherDynamic Equivalents: Applications in Transient Stability Studies," 1975 PICA Conference Proceedings, pp. 23-31.

The equation of every machine of a coherent group is projected on a common pair of axes, D and Q. The direction of the axis Q with respect to the terminal voltage being denoted as 0, and c .=(6.j-9), the total current becomes:

[21

[3]

R. W. deMello,

ency-Based

iD

DD

yDQ
I

DFl

J~+
vQ

eFD

[4]

YQQ

YF

~~~~(20)
with

R. Podmore, "Identification of Coherent Generators for Dynamic Equivalents," paper F771555-5. IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, January 1977.

YDD

- (dqj

Yqdj)

Sinf

Cos4 j

[5]

"Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies," IEEE Committee Report, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-92, November/December 1973, pp. 1904-1915.
"Excitation System Dynamic Characteristics," IEEE IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-92, Committee Report, January/February 1973, pp. 64-75.
IEEE Committee Report, "Computer Representation of Excitation Systems," IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-87, June 1968, pp. 1460-1464.

DQ

dqj

Cos2

Yd.

qdj

Sin2. I
Cos.

[6]

QD

i
=

dqj

+ Sin2.i~~~

Yd.

[7]

qj

QQ

-Y

DD

[8]

Dynamic Equivalents for Transient Stability Studies", Final Report prepared for EPRI Project RP-763 by Systems Control, Inc., April 1977.

Authorized licensed use limited to: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Downloaded on May 25, 2009 at 23:34 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

1069

Discussion

R.H. Park (Fast Load Control Inc., Brewster, MA): Apparently in the Western Systems it is customary to carry out studies of power system behavior during disturbances with all interconnected machines represented. Where this is not done, as may apply, for the most part, east of the Rockies, the effect can only be to consistently introduce errors in the results of computation. Accordingly, it would be useful, if, in a future paper, information were to be presented that would evidence the extent of error that typically can develop in dependence on the type of disturbing event and the percentage representation of the total interconnected system. While it is highly desirable to have available effective ways of developing equivalents for groups of system generators, it could also be worth giving at least limited consideration to the development of equivalents for motor loads. Possibly there would best be one equivalent for small motors, which would include motors used in air conditioners, one for motors of intermediate size, and when appropriate, one for motors of large size.
Manuscript received February 22, 1977.

A.J. Germond and R. Podmore: The authors thank Mr. Park for his comments and are in agreement with him. In relation to his first comment, the coherency based dynamic equivalencing program has been expanded to handle ultra-large data bases in the range of 10,000 busses and 2,000 machines. The expanded program is being used by the ECAR Coherency Studies Task Force to calculate dynamic equivalents for the data bases which are compiled for the entire Eastern U.S. interconnection by the NERC Multi-regional Modeling Group. The resultant dynamic equivalents will be a much more manageable size for transient stability studies. They will also allow an assessment of how the more complete representation of the Eastern U.S. interconnection effects the transient stability results as suggested by Mr. Park. We agree that the development of dynamic equivalents for motor loads is an important problem which deserves further study. An approach which aggregates motors which have similar size and characteristics appears to be a logical one. The concepts and techniques which have been used for aggregating the synchronous generator models (e.g., identifying equivalent parameters by fitting bode diagrams) should also be useful for aggregating motor models.
Manuscript received December 22, 1977.

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