TRAINING MANUAL FOR STEAM AND WATER SAMPLING SYSTEM

EROOM TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

CONTENTS

1. SWSS General

2. Basic Cycle Chemistry of Drum-type Units 2.1 Steam Generator (Boiler) Conditioning 2.2 Feedwater Cycle Conditioning

3. Sample Points and Analysis Selection 3.1 Feedwater Pump Inlet (Sample #1, 8) 3.2 LP Drum Water (Sample #2, 9) 3.3 LP Superheated Steam (Sample #3, 10) 3.4 LP Saturated Steam (Sample #4,11) 3.5 HP Drum Water (Sample #5, 12) 3.6 HP Saturated Steam (Sample #6, 13) 3.7 HP Superheated Steam (Sample #7, 14) 3.8 Condensate extraction pump discharge (Sample #15) 3.9 Condensate polisher outlet (Sample #16) 3.10 Aux. cooling water (Sample #17)

4. Sample Obtaining and Transport 4.1 Sample Obtaining 4.2 Sample Transport

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5. Sample Conditioning 5.1 Pressure control 5.2 Flow control 5.3 Temperature control 5.4 Other sampling system components 5.5 Instrumentation and control

6. Sample Analysis 6.1 Precautions for grab sampling 6.2 Precautions for on-line analysis 6.3 Analysis definition, methods and applications

7. References

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

SWSS General

1.1 Purpose of SWSS To transport and condition samples without altering the constituents in the samples. To provide information on cycle chemistry to help assure the performance determination of significant components and of the steam cycle in general.

1.2 Parameters to be controlled : Velocity (flow), temperature and pressure

1.3 Components constituting Sampling System : pipes (tubes), Primary and secondary coolers, pressure reducing valves, pressure and flow regulators, isolation valves, blowdown valves, resin columns, control systems, analyzers and instruments.

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Basic Cycle Chemistry of Drum-type Units

2.1 Steam Generator (Boiler) Conditioning

2.1.1 Problems that could be caused by inappropriate steam generator chemistry (1) Deposition of solids on inside boiler tube walls. Corrosion products from condensate and feedwater systems, and hardness constituents (Ca and Mg) in boiler water. form scales on high heat flux area of S/G reduces heat transfer and results in overheating and failure of tubes. (2) Corrosion of S/G material which causes material loss heat transfer resistance by resultant oxides resulting in tube failure due to overheating and caustic attack (3) Contamination of steam entering turbine beyond the steam purity requirements of the turbine Steam could be contaminated by mechanical and vaporous carryover of boiler water. mechanical carryover ; drum water entrainment in steam Vaporous carryover ; volatilization of impurities in drum water. Silica presents most difficult problem due to its high solubility in steam at intermediate S/G pressure.
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Steam quality requirement for typical HRSG plant during normal and constant operation

Parameter Cation conductivity Sodium, Na Silica, SiO2 Total Iron (Fe) Total Copper(Cu)

Target value < 0.2 < 10 < 20 < 20 <3

Units / / / / /

2.1.2 Methods to minimize the problems (1) Blowdown of S/G ; by continuously blowing down a portion of drum water (less than 1% of feedwater flow rate) the impurities concentrated in drum water can be removed. (2) Corrosion within S/G can be minimized by maintaining pH of S/G water at 9.0 or above, depending on the operating pressure. In general, sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is injected to drum water to obtain desired pH level.

2.2 Feedwater Cycle Conditioning Cycle conditioning is performed to minimize corrosion and subsequent transport of corrosion products to downstream and to the S/G.

2.2.1 Conventional Treatment (1) Elevates cycle pH in reducing environment by removing oxygen
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from feedwater at condenser and deaerator or by adding reducing agent (Oxygen scavenger, N2H4). (2) Reducing environment forms protective layer of magnetite (Fe3O4) over steel material. (3) To minimize the solubility of magnetite, pH should be kept around 9.5. (4) If copper is present in cycle material, the copper solubility also has to be minimized, which could be obtained at pH value of around 8.5. (5) Compromised pH value of around 9.0 is used in case copper is present in cycle. (6) Ammonia typically is used as pH control agent.

2.2.2 Oxygenate Treatment (OT) (1) Mostly for all-steel cycle of once-through boiler, oxygen or other oxidizer is fed to the cycle to make oxidizing environment in the feedwater. (2) In the oxidizing environment, protective corrosion layer of ferric hydrate oxide is formed over base layer of magnetite, with the solubility of the former much lower than the latter, thus reducing corrosion.

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Sample Points and Analysis Selection

Sample points and the analyses of each sample are selected based on the criteria that they should give data for the decision whether steam and water quality requirements of the cycle are met and the performances of important equipment in the cycle are satisfactory.

In addition to the on-line analyses of each sample as selected, grab sampling facility is furnished to enable further diversified analysis at laboratory environment.

In the following sections, each sample is discussed for the necessity of its selection and types of analysis for a typical HRSG Cycle as shown in Fig.3.1.

3.1 Feedwater Pump Inlet (Sample #1, 8)

3.1.1 Purpose of analysis To monitor the performance of deaerator To check the effectiveness of oxygen scavenging and use the data for dissolved oxygen control. To determine compliance with the steam generator feeedwater purity requirements. 3.1.2 Types of on-line Analysis and measuring ranges Dissolved oxygen, 0~200 ppb

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Chem. dosing #6,13 #7,14

Chem. dosing #5,12 #4,11 #3,10

TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Fig. 3. 1 Simplified diagram of typical HRSG cycle

#2,9

-9Chem. dosing #16

#1,8

Chem. dosing

Note : The second sample number in a set of two numbers (#7,14 for ex.) is for HRSG#2

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Cation conductivity, 0~2 / pH, 0~14 pH

3.2 LP Drum Water (Sample #2, 9)

3.2.1 Purpose of analysis To monitor the purity of boiler water which is critical for the performance and operational lifetime of boiler unit To use the analysis results as the basis for blowdown control 3.2.2 Type of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Specific conductivity, 0~100 /

3.3 LP Superheated Steam (Sample #3, 10)

3.3.1 Purpose of analysis To determine compliance with the turbine steam purity requirements 3.3.2 Type of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Cation conductivity, 0~2 /

3.4 LP Saturated Steam (Sample #4,11)

3.4.1 Purpose of analysis To determine the quantity of moisture and chemical carryover from
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the boiler 3.4.2 Type of on-line analysis and measuring range Cation conductivity, 0~2 /

3.5 HP Drum Water (Sample #5, 12)

3.5.1 Purpose of analysis To monitor the purity of boiler water which is critical for the performance and operational lifetime of boiler unit To use the analysis results as the basis for blowdown control and Na3PO4 dosing 3.5.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Specific conductivity, 0~100 /

3.6 HP Saturated Steam (Sample #6, 13)

3.6.1 Purpose of analysis To determine the quantity of moisture and chemical carryover from the boiler 3.6.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring range Cation conductivity, 0~2 /

3.7 HP Superheated Steam (Sample #7, 14)

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3.7.1 Purpose of analysis To check for the contamination of superheated steam due to attemperation water impurities. To determine compliance with the turbine steam purity requirements 3.7.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Cation conductivity, 0~2 /

3.8 Condensate extraction pump discharge (Sample #15)

3.8.1 Purpose of analysis To monitor for in-leakage of cooling water in condenser To monitor for air in-leakage in condensate extraction pump To check for proper functioning of air ejectors 3.8.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Cation conductivity, 0~2 / Dissolved oxygen, 0~200 ppb Sodium, 0~50 ppb

3.9 Condensate polisher outlet (Sample #16)

3.9.1 Purpose of analysis To check for proper function of condensate polisher To obtain base data for determining the performance of deaerator
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3.9.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Cation conductivity, 0~2 / Specific conductivity, 0~100 / Dissolved oxygen, 0~500 ppb

3.10 Aux. cooling water (Sample #17)

3.10.1 Purpose of analysis To monitor for contamination of auxiliary cooling water of the plant. Therefore, the sample is not taken from feedwater cycle but from the cooling water supply line being introduced to Steam and Water Sampling System. 3.10.2 Types of on-line analysis and measuring ranges pH, 0~14 pH Specific conductivity, 0~100 /

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Sample Obtaining and Transport

The most important criteria in deciding methods of obtaining and transporting samples are whether they guarantee truly representative samples of fluids at their respective sampling points.

4.1 Sample Obtaining

4.1.1

Water sampling (1) Sampling nozzles See Fig. 4. 1 for typical nozzle for water sampling Sample taking from vertical pipe is preferable to avoid settling resulting from low velocity In case the water sample has to be taken from horizontal pipe, the nozzle should not be installed on the bottom of the pipe.

< F i
<Fig. 4. 1 Typical Nozzles for Sampling Water>

(2) Boiler Water Sample The sample has to be taken from the location of maximum impurity concentration.
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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

4.1.2 Saturated steam sampling (1) Saturated steam is often a two-phase fluid, made up of steam and droplets of water, requiring isokinetic sampling. (2) Isokinetic sampling requires that the velocity of the fluid entering the sample port(s) is exactly same as the velocity of the stream being sampled at the location of the sampler. See Fig. 4. 2.

< Fig. 4. 2 Effects of Non-isokinetic Sampling>

(3) Location of sampling nozzle : on long vertical pipes to avoid stratification of suspended solids and ensure that all water droplets are carried in the flow stream. (4) Nozzle insertion length : For single port nozzle, assuming fully developed turbulent flow, the nozzle is normally inserted 0.2R of the pipe from pipe inner surface, since this is the location where actual and average velocities are equal.
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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Multi-point nozzle can be used at locations where the velocity profile across the pipe is known. (5) Port size : is determined to maintain isokinetic sampling in the nozzle port(s) at the desired sampling rate and design flow. But port diameter should be larger than 1/8 inch to prevent plugging. (6) Structure and material of nozzle: should be designed strong enough to prevent failure due to vibration, thermal stress cycling and other possible causes. Nozzles normally are made of 316 stainless steel or other austenitic stainless steel or alloy 600.

4.1.3 Superheated steam sampling (1) Since superheated steam is usually regarded as single phase fluid, isokinetic sampling requirement may not apply. However, the same nozzle described for use with saturated steam can be used. (2) High-pressure superheated steam can dissolve most contaminants which, as steam pressure and temperature are reduced at nozzle and sample line, can deposit on the surfaces causing biased analytical results.

4.2 Sample Transport Sample can be affected in many ways when they are transported from nozzles to sample conditioning system.

Physical phenomena such as deposition and erosion, thermodynamic

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

changes such as throttling and heat loss, and chemical and physical changes such as reactions of oxygen scavengers, crystallization and sorption are major causes that change the sample constituents.

Design of sample transport system should be focused on the ways to minimize these changes and keep the samples unaffected as possible during the transport.

4.2.1 Sample line construction (1) Valves : Root valves should be installed at sample source. For high pressure samples, double valves may be required depending on safety considerations. Valve and bore diameter should be selected so that velocity of sample through the valve does not change much. Stainless steel 316 is preferred material for wet part of the valve. (2) Sample line material selection; Wall thickness and material of the tubes should be suitable for the temperature and pressure of the sample source and should be of corrosion-resistant material. 316 Stainless Steel is preferred. Tube inside diameter should be selected based on considerations of sample velocity and pressure drop as discussed in section 4.3. Fitting also should be selected based on their temperature and pressure rating and made of materials compatible with the sample. (3) Installation : Sample lines should be free of dead legs, particulate traps(such as strainers), and low velocity zones. They should be as
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short as practical. Adequate support to prevent fatigue failure from vibration should be provided but free expansion and contraction with temperature change should be allowed. Sample lines normally should not be insulated. (4) Fabrication : Weldings on the sample tubes on small diameter tube (up to 3/8 inch) should be avoided as possible. Tube bends are recommended instead of right angle fitting. Burrs that could be produced after use of hacksaws and tube cutters should be blown out with clean, oil free air or flushed prior to installation.

4.2.2 Deposition Results from chemical analysis can be biased either by the loss of contaminants to the deposit on the tube wall or the gain of contaminants from the deposits. Mechanisms of deposition of contaminants are, (1) Settling of particles: particles in the sample can stick to the wall crossing the boundary layer by inertia, diffusion or gravity. Particles so deposited can be eroded later by fluid drag force becoming reentrained in the fluid stream. Steady state deposit weights are at the minimum when liquid velocity is at 1.5 to 2.1 m/s. Minimum deposits is desirable because of their shorter period of time for equilibrium and less susceptibility to particulate bursts.
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All colloidal materials such as ion oxides and effluents from demineralizers tends to form deposits also. (2) Sorption of dissolved species: Deposits on tube walls are porous and tend to sorb dissolved species by ion exchange, absorption, adsorption or other mechanism. (3) Crystallization: Most contaminants can be dissolved in superheated steam. As the pressure and temperature of steam decrease, the solubility of many contaminants is decreased and the contaminants crystallize and deposit on the surfaces of dry wall tubes.

4.2.3 Saturated steam (1) Typical behavior of saturated steam during transport. Phase changes from saturated steam to two phase liquid of vapor and liquid then to liquid as the sample temperature decreases. Sample velocity decrease from high speed of steam to lower speed of liquid. As the desirable velocity of sample in the tube is 1.5 to 2.1m/s, which could be attained only in case of liquid (condensate), the length of steam portion in the transport tube should be short as possible. When the steam velocity entering sample line is high, it will cause pressure drop, increase the volume then further decrease the pressure. In case of combined cycle plants, where steam of pressure less than 35/ are produced, this pressure drop temporarily causes the steam to enter the superheat region. The
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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

phase changes, from saturated steam to superheat steam then to liquid water will result in abrupt flow speed changes, which gives harmful effect to obtaining representative sample. (2) Sample flow rate should be maintained constant as possible to avoid condensing length changes, regional changes of phase and resulting flow. (3) Steam sample line sizing : For deciding sample line size and length, calculations to determine heat loss and pressure drop for different flow condition is required. Table 4.1 summarizes the calculations for typical tube sizes at different pressure and flow condition. In the table, following abbreviations are used. Max. L : Maximum recommend length. N.R. indicates not recommended for any length due to excessive pressure drop. Cond. L : Length where all steam is condensed.

* indicates that

the steam is not condensed within recommended length. Steam Vmax : Maximum velocity of steam at recommended length. A bullet() indicates that the steam velocity is increasing due to expansion. Where tube size is not recommended for any length, required steam velocity is given. Cond. Vmin : Velocity of condensate at 500ft(154m). indicates

that the steam is not fully condensed in the recommended length or within 500ft(154m).

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Table 4.1 Recommended Sample Tube Sizes

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

The calculations for Table 4.1 are based upon straight tubing. In case unusual number of bends is used in the sample transport line, allowance for additional pressure drop has to be made.

4.2.4 Superheated steam (1) To minimize deposit and loss of contaminants on the dry wall portion of sample line where the temperature is higher than the saturation temperature of the steam, it is recommended that superheat be removed from steam sample as early as possible. Where applicable, source cooling is recommended for this purpose. (2) Once the sample lose all its superheat, it will behave in the same manner as saturated steam. Table 4.1 includes recommendations for superheated steam also.

4.2.5 Liquid samples Liquid sample lines should be sizes for sample speed of 1.5 to 2.1 m/s. This velocity range will result in minimum equilibrium deposit weight reached in the minimum operation period of about 30 days.

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Sample Conditioning

The objective of steam and water sample conditioning system is to modify and control the temperature, pressure and flow rate of the samples from the sample sources so that they are safe for grab sampling or are compatible with the requirements of on-line analytical instruments.

5.1 Pressure control Pressure control of a sample is performed by incorporating two control methods, pressure reduction and back pressure control. Final target of these controls is to establish a constant pressure zone so that analyzers being fed from this zone get constant flows independent of actions taken in other branch lines, while maintaining constant flow in the main sample line.

Normally, the pressure at the constant pressure zone is controlled at 0.5~1.5/.

5.1.1 Pressure reducer (1) Pressure reducer is located down stream of primary sample cooler so that the liquid is sub-cooled before pressure reduction. (2) For samples greater than 35/, variable rod-in-tube type orifices are recommended for they provide varying pressure drop are cleanable in place
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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Fig. 5. 1 Typical arrangement of a sample conditioning system for a high-pressure high-temperature sample. - 24 -

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eliminate possible sample bias due to dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen that can occur across throttling valves when sampling at high pressures. (3) For Samples less than 35/, needle valve is recommended for pressure reduction.

5.1.2 Back pressure regulators. (1) By maintaining upstream pressure at constant value (0.5~1.5/), back pressure regulator performs two important functions, feeding constant flows and pressure to analyzers and maintaining fixed total sample flow. (2) Back pressure regulator continuously discharges the flow

difference between total main sample flow and the sum of flows to analyzers. (3) Fore pressure regulator cannot provide constant sample line flow.

5.2 Flow control Flow control is attained by adjusting flow meter control valve for each analyzer in conjunction with pressure control of section 5. 1.

5.2.1 Total flow rate through a sample line is basically decided considering optimum velocity requirement in the sample transport line

(1.5~2.1m/sec for water). However, other factors such as pressure drop along the transport line, total transport time etc. also have to be taken into account and
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compromise has to be made when required. 5.2.2 The total flow is obtained by adjusting the pressure reducer in flowing condition. Downstream pressure of the reducer is controlled by back pressure regulator at 0.5~1.5/ as described in 5. 1. 2. 5.2.3 Once the pressure is established at constant pressure zone, flow to each analyzer should be set at rate required by the analyzer by adjusting control valve that is normally an integral part of flow meter. 5.2.4 Flow meters (1) Flow meters for total flow and flow to each analyzer are required. (2) Flow meter for analyzer has manual flow adjust valve as an integral part of the meter. (3) Flow meters are normally rotameter types with visible indicator (4) The rotameter shall be made of materials that are corrosion resistant and not reactive with samples.

5.3 Temperature control Temperature of all sample is reduced and controlled at 25 because most on-line analyzers require samples to be standard temperature to ensure repeatable and accurate results.

5.3.1 Primary cooler Primary cooler is used to reduce the sample temperature to less than 2.8 of cooling water inlet temperature for water sample and 5.6
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of the cooling water inlet temperature for steam sample at representative sample flow. In general, for sample temperature greater than 80, primary cooler can be used. But the decision should be based on the capability of secondary cooler and chiller unit. 5.3.2 Secondary cooler Secondary cooler should be capable of 0.5 approach to the chilled water temperature. 5.3.3 Material and construction Cooler are normally tube coils in a shell type. Cooler tube and shell shall be made of stainless steel, preferably SS316 for tubes. For high chlorides in the cooling water, however, Alloy 600 is recommended.

5.4 Other sampling system components

5.4.1 Blowdown valve (1) Blowdown valves are used to purge sample lines that are not in continuous service or where suspended solids deposition affects the sample. (2) The blowdown valves can be located either prior to primary cooler or downstream of pressure reducer or at both. (3) Blowdown valve prior to primary cooler may be operated on initial startup of the system or after long period of shutdown of the system to remove any foreign materials and deposits in the
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sample transport line. (4) Blowdown valve downstream of pressure reducer is operated every time before the sample line is put into operation to flush the cooler and reducer in addition to sample transport line. (5) Regulating type valve is used for blowdown valve prior to primary cooler and ball valve for down stream of reducer. 5.4.2 Isolation valves. For sample pressure higher than 48/ double isolation valves are recommended. Regulating type or ball valve rated for sample pressure and temperature are used. 5.4.3 Sample relief valve Each sample line should be provided with a pressure relieving device to protect components from over-pressurization. Spring-loaded type back pressure relief valve is commonly used located downstream of pressure reducer. 5.4.4 Cooling water valves on sample coolers. Each sample cooler should have an inlet isolation valve and outlet throttling valve. Cooling water flow is adjusted by the outlet valve to give optimum cooling water flow to the cooler and make balance between cooling waters to different coolers from same cooling water source. 5.4.5 Fitting It is preferable to use bends rather than fittings to change direction of sample tubing.
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Compression or socket weld fitting should be selected based on application but compression fittings are preferable. 5.4.6 Sample filters may be installed in the line to trap particles and reduce plugging on downstream components. But filters can affect sample analytical results and are not recommended normally. Filters made of stainless steel 316 with mesh size of about 100 is safe enough if filters are to be used.

5.5 Instrumentation and control

5.5.1 In addition to monitoring flows by rotameters, pressures and temperatures of final samples are monitored either by local indicators or indications on control panel. 5.5.2 To protect components and analyzer sensors from abnormal high temperatures due to failures on coolers, temperature switches may be installed on final sample line which will trigger alarms and/or divert sample flows to blowdown valves. 5.5.3 Control of sample and blowdown valves. Control of sample valves and blowdown valves can be performed either local-manually, remote-manually or remote automatically. (1) Local manual method : Opening and closing of valves are done at the valve locations by hand. (2) Remote manual method : Pneumatic on-off valves are used enabling manual operation of the valve from control panel. (3) Automatic operation of valves: In automatic operation,

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blowndown and sample valves are operated in automatic sequence with the blowndown duration is preset as required. The automatic operation of sample lines can be performed individually or in groups. (4) Remote operation of valves can be initiated from control panel of the sample conditioning system or from the main control system (DCS) of the plant. (5) PLC system is commonly used to realize remote and automatic operation in sample conditioning system.

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TRAINING MANUAL FOR SWSS FOR HRSG UNIT

Sample Analysis

Sample transported to and conditioned at sample conditioning system are either grab sampled and analyzed at plant chemical laboratory or analyzed on-line by analyzers on the sampling system control panel.

6.1 Precautions for grab sampling (1) Samples should be taken from continuously flowing stream, not from any dead leg in the sample conditioning system. (2) If sample has not been flowing prior to grab sampling, blowdown of the sample line has to be performed for enough time to flush and stabilize the line. Blowdown time to flush six times the total line volume is acceptable. But when the system is being started initially or when new tubes or sample coolers are installed, much longer period of time for flushing (preferably several weeks) by continuous flow is required. (3) The sample velocity in transport line during flushing and sample taking should be maintained at 1.5~2.1 m/sec.

6.2 Precautions for on-line analysis (1) Proper sample conditioning, particularly constant flow and temperature has to be maintained. (2) Manufactures requirements for sensor operation, flow rate range, maximum pressure etc. have to be met.
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(3) Regular calibration of analyzers according to manufactures instructions has to be performed. (4) When the sensors, especially pH and Dissolved Oxygen, are out of service or when the sample lines have to be left dry, special cares have to be taken to avoid critical damages to the sensors. Instructions of manufacturers manual has to be followed.

6.3 Analysis definition, methods and applications In this section, brief explanations on the definitions, methods and applications for the analyses being made in NEKA plant are given. Detailed information on each analysis will be presented in separate class for each analyzer.

6.3.1 Specific Conductivity (1) A measurement of all ionic species which contributes to the electric conductivity of a solution. (2) Unit in normal use is micro Siemens per centimeter(/), which is the reciprocal of the resistance in ohms measured between opposite faces of a cubic centimeter of an aqueous solution referenced to 25. (3) High-purity conductivity analyzer should adopt specialized

algorithms to account for the dramatic change in ionization of water with temperature. The unique effects of ammonia, morpholine, etc. present in the sample also has to be compensated for. (4) Keeping the sample temperature at reference temperature of 25
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is very important for accurate measurement of conductivity because the temperature compensation algorithm cannot count for all the effect of varying constituents in the water and the temperature sensor itself could produce erroneous signal. (5) Specific conductivity tends to follow the concentration of pH adjusting agents(usually ammonia). (6) Electrical conductivity methods are widely used for monitoring makeup water, feedwater and condenser leakage for its

comparatively little maintenance required, low cost and high reliability. 6.3.2 Cation conductivity (1) A measurement of anionic contamination rather than total ionic species. Sample is passed through a hydrogen ion exchange resin before conductivity measurement, where ammonia, amines and other cationic contaminants are removed. (2) Removing cation ions will greatly sharpen sensitivity to contamination by removing the masking affects of ammonia, amine and convert salts to the corresponding mineral acids, which are a more conductive than the salts, thus further increasing sensitivity. (3) Non-ionized or weakly ionized substances (for ex. SiO2) and hydroxide ions are not measured by this method. (4) Is useful for detecting the leakage of cooling water into condensate. 6.3.3 Dissolved oxygen
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(1) Oxygen dissolved/entrained in aqueous media. (2) Measured by electrochemical method. Unit is in /L (ppb). (3) Dissolved oxygen measurements is used to detect oxygen inleakage at condensate pump discharge and also to monitor deaerator performance and results of oxygen scavenger (N2H4) injection. 6.3.4 pH (1) The negative logarithm of concentration or activity of hydrogen ion (-log[H+]). (2) Measured by electrometric instrumental probe method. (3) pH measurements are made on most of the samples to monitor whether the required pH level for minimizing corrosion of steam/water cycle materials are maintained. The measurements also provide data for the decision of pH control agent injection. 6.3.5 Sodium (1) Alkali metal present in water as cation Na+. (2) Measured by ion-selective electrode method. Unit is in /L(ppb). (3) Sodium measurement is made on samples from condenser extraction pump discharge to detect condenser in-leakage and breakthrough from condenser polisher dimineralizer.

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References

(1) Power Plant Engineering, by Chapman & Hall, 1966 (2) Steam and Water Sampling, Conditioning and Analysis in the Power Cycle, ASME PTC 19.11-1997 (3) Standard Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steam in Closed Conduits, ASTM D1192-98 (4) Standard Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits, ASTM D33701999 (5) Standard practice for Sampling Steam, ASTM D1066-97

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