Project Team: Vrushali Dalal Fazlur Rahman Madhukar Thorat

Content
Overview Industrial Revolution Great Britain Causes Innovations & Inventions Revolution - Transport, Communication & Agriculture Results of Industrial Revolution Industrial Capitalism Marxism Communism Impact on India

Overview
What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered farreaching changes to industrialized societies Period: 1750 1850 Changes in: Agriculture Manufacturing Mining Transportation Technology Effect on: Social Economic Cultural conditions

Industrial Revolution Great Britain

Factors of Production
Natural

Resources

Political & Social

Human Resources

Economic Conditions

New Technologies

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Expansion of Trade and Commerce
England had a very good trade with other countries Their trade required their production on a large scale and at cheaper rates

Scientific Invention

Wind , water and steam began to be used as power. The use of this power brought about many changes in methods of production

Availability of Coal & Iron

In England, coal and iron were found together, so great Industries were built up easily

Agrarian Revolution

There was Agrarian Revolution before the Industrial revolution So a large number of agricultural labors had no work to do, they were easily employed in new factories England has become rich because of her very good trade with other countries Her wealth was used in new Industries Great Britain enjoyed political security in the 18th century with a strong navy People felt safe, so they invested their money in new industries

Wealth of Country

Political Security

Innovation - Textile
Revolution in Textile Industry
Beginning of Industrial Revolution Weaving was a cottage industry Labor performed at home Industrialization transformed this

New Way of Making Cloth

Fabric made of wool or cotton Supply of fibers increased in the 1700s Slave labor in America Invention of cotton gin Invention of spinning jenny Invention of flying shuttle

Cloth-making in Factories

Cottages too small Factory invented Power for factories? Water frame for water power Output increased 8x by 1770

Innovation Steam Power

Development of Steam Engine

First successful steam engine in 1712 Innovations by James Watt Steam power versus water power Steam locomotives Steamships Robert Fulton

Coal for Steam Engines

Steam engines needed large amounts of fuel Wood scarce Coal mining industry Changing landscapes Dangers of mining

Innovation Iron making

Vast amounts of fuel were required to smelt iron ore to burn out impurities
Discovered that heating coal turned it into more efficient coke Smelted iron by using water-powered air pumps to create steam blasts Developed the puddling process which purified and strengthened molten iron

Prior to the Industrial

Revolution, steel was difficult to produce and expensive Developed the Bessemer process Brought on the Age of Steel

Great Britain produced as much coal and iron as every other country combined

Coal production doubled 6 million to 12 million tons Pig iron production increased 250% 1800 130,000 tons

Necessity Is the Mother of Invention

Spinning machine Need to speed up weaving Power loom created Increase demand for raw cotton Invention of Cotton gin Demands for stronger iron
The process of inventing never ends One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Improvements in iron smelting and the development of steel (Bessemer process) As more steam-powered machines were built, factories needed more coal to create this steam Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal

The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

1733 Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving

1765 Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when spun by hand

1769 Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a home led to the creation of factories Spinning mule, 1779 1779 Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single device, increasing the production of fine thread 1785 Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth 1793 Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the cotton supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton 1846 Sewing machine, 1846 Speed of sewing greatly increased

Power loom, 1785

Cotton gin, 1793

Transport in Britain
Before the Industrial Revolution
Canal barges pulled by mules Ships powered by sails Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution

Trains Steamships Automobiles

Increased production

Search for more markets and raw materials

Better and faster means of transportation

Transportation Revolution
1810-1830
Steamboat (1807) Sped water transportation Macadamized roads (1810-1830) Improved roads Locomotive (1825) Fast land transport of people and goods

1807

1825

1892
Gasoline engine (1885) Led to the invention of the automobile Diesel engine (1892) Cheaper fuel Airplane (1903) Air transport

1885

1903

Communication Revolution
1876
Telegraph (1844) Rapid communication across continents Telephone (1876) Human speech heard across continents Atlantic cable (1866) United States and Europe connected by cable

1844

1866

1907
Wireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895) No wires needed for sending messages Radio tube (1907) Radio broadcasts could be sent around the world Television (1925) Simultaneous audio and visual broadcast

1925

1895

Agricultural Revolution Innovators

Seed Drill
Planted seeds in straight rows as opposed to scattering them over a field Horse-drawn cultivation: Loosened the soil and eliminated weeds

Crop rotation
Ended the threefield system by illustrating how planting different crops in the same field each year kept the soil from becoming exhausted

Stock breeding
First to scientifically breed farm animals for increased production of, and better quality, beef, milk, wool, etc.

Agricultural writer
Popularized new farming methods and machinery

Fertilizers
Invented fertilizers to enrich exhausted soil, which increased the amount of available farmland

Agricultural Revolution allowed the Industrial Revolution to occur.

Results of the Industrial Revolution

Economic Changes
Expansion of world trade Factory system Mass production of goods Industrial capitalism Increased standard of living Unemployment

Political Changes

Decline of landed aristocracy Growth and expansion of democracy Increased government involvement in society Increased power of industrialized nations Nationalism and imperialism stimulated Rise to power of businesspeople

Social Changes

Development and growth of cities Improved status and earning power of women Increase in leisure time Population increases Problems economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc. Science and research stimulated

Industrial Capitalism
Pre-Industrial Revolution rural families did not rely solely on wages for sustenance Industrialization destroyed workers independence

Effects

Risk

Workers came to rely entirely on their employers for their livelihoods Entrepreneurs assumed enormous risk in establishing new enterprises

Problems

Small manufacturers cannot compete with large corporations Consumers must buy from large corporations Workers have had to fight for decent wages and working conditions Large corporations can influence the government

Difference

Marxism Communism
Economic Interpretation of History
Economic changes lead to historical changes. Historically, the wealthy classes have held all power.

Class Struggle

History has been a struggle between the rich and the poor. In the Industrial Revolution, the struggle is between the capitalists (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers).

Surplus Value

Workers produce all wealth but receive only enough to survive. Surplus value (profit) of the workers labor goes to the capitalists.

Inevitability of Socialism

Industrial wealth leads to the concentration of wealth among fewer and fewer capitalists, while the living and working conditions of the proletariat grow worse. The proletariat will eventually rebel and create a socialist state.

Indias contribution towards Industrial Revolution

Week Mughal Emperor
Permission granted to Company in 1713 exempting the British trade from all duties Company got an opportunity to establish its commercial hegemony first in Bengal , Bihar and Orissa

Policies
Moved the wheel of prosperity of the British Industry Put the Indian history in the vicious circle of poverty Ruining of the Indian weavers Weavers forced to supply cloth at fixed low price Orders from purchasers prohibited other than the Company

Indian Economy
From a manufacturer to Importer for own consumption Converted into a colonial economy

Monopolized the internal trade Raw materials sold to the Indian manufactures only at higher rates

Duties introduced on production Inland duties, toll and tariff barriers increased Number of taxable goods increased

Indias contribution towards Industrial Revolution

Impact on Indian Trade
Exported decline by 92% Import from England roused by 16 times By 1850, Indian importing 1/4 of all British exports Foreign export monopolized by the British East India Company Duty on manufactured cotton piece goods was increased 67% by 1813 Export of cotton goods to Britain was already prohibited Duty of over 71percent was imposed on these goods imported in Britain for re export to the European markets The export of Indian goods declined to the benefit of British goods The import of British cotton goods increased from only 7.5 Lakhs meters in 1814 to more them 47 millions meters in 1835 Weavers decreased and pressure increased on agricultural sector

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