International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013

A significant way to optimize the Call Blocking Probability

Anuj Kumar, Shilpi Srivastava, Alok Aggrawal and Narendra Kumar Abstract: This paper tries to impregnate the possible of solution to counter cell blocking issues in a typical cellular network. When a mobile user changes his location his base station also changes and the ongoing call requires a new channel in the new base station. Keywords: Hierarchical cell structure, handover, fast and slow speed moving user. Introduction: Wireless networks and mobile computing systems have evolved as one of the most promising & interesting areas in telecommunications industries. Mobility is the most vital aspect of a wireless cellular communication system, which supports a wide variety of services such as voice, data, and multimedia contents to the users on the move. Mobile customers can make a phone call as in wired telephone or make an Internet connection to retrieve information such as emails or stock quotes, to surf the Internet, or to do business over the Internet while listening to ones favorite music online. Thus, mobile communications systems have experienced a rapid increase in the number of subscribers, which in turn, places extra demands on their capacity. This increase leads to the requirement of a new network architecture where the cells are designed to be increasingly smaller. To achieve this goal, wireless networks must have to be designed with desired quality-ofservice (QoS) requirements, i.e. call blocking probability and handover blocking probability. In second-generation cellular systems, the call blocking probability is lower than 5% while the handover blocking probability is lower than 2% for voice service. For the third-generation networks, where data or multimedia services are in showcase features , these two blocking probabilities can be used to characterize the quality of call connections, which are then used for the general QoS characterization. To evaluate the performance of a wireless network, the following are considered: Call dropping probability Handover probability Handover rate Actual call holding times for a complete call and an incomplete call. Call dropping probability is the probability when a call is immaturely terminated due to lack of channels in the network, and is closely related to handover blocking probability. The handover rate is used to find the handover traffic arrival rate, which is needed to find the call blocking probability and handover blocking probability. The handover probability is used to design channel reservation schemes, and the actual call holding time can be used to design service charging rate. Furthermore, to obtain some analytical results following assumptions are used : the call holding time which vary with the new applications, the inter-arrival time of cell traffic and the channel holding times which depends on the mobility of the customers, the geographic situations, and the channel allocation schemes. The most common and damaging problem that arises is the handover issue. This problem becomes more serious, for fast speed mobile user (FSMU) where the handover rate increases and the probability that an ongoing call will be dropped due to the lack of a free traffic channel becomes high. The handover blocking probability is considered to be more important than the blocking probability of new calls because the call is already active and the QoS is more sensitive for the handover calls. In this paper, we first provide how calls are handover in the system under different traffic policies in a network and then we find expressions for the handover blocking probabilities in two mutually inter-dependent Page 258

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 scenarios , i.e., for slow speed mobile users (SSMU) and for fast speed mobile users (FSMU) , and show the fundamental differences between these blocking probabilities. We also introduce new two-layer architecture to achieve handover call blocking probability performance of FSMU in a packed urban area. For lower layer of the architecture we propose a microcellular solution, for absorbing the traffic loads of both the SSMU and the new calls of FSMU. And for higher layer, we use macro cell umbrella solution, for absorbing the traffic load of the existed handover calls of the FSMU. Hierarchical Cell Structure Hierarchical cell structure in mobile telecommunication means splitting of cells in cascaded manner. This type of cell structure allows the network to effectively use the geographical area and serve ever increasing population. A typical network organization is implemented, first by coverage considerations and later on by capacity requirements. In first stage, coverage of the network area is achieved easily by using umbrella cells and macro cells. Within the evolution of the network, the next layer is achieved by implementing small cells, i.e micro cells and pico cells, in order to increase capacity. Thus, fully developed network is characterized by a layered structure of hierarchical cells. Umbrella and Macro cells are characterized by : High transmit power Wide area coverage (large cell radius) Antenna above rooftop level Fast moving mobile user (speed sensitive handover) Redundant capacity ( for traffic overflow from macro cells) Micro and Pico cells are characterized by : Low transmit power Small area coverage (e.g hot spots in city center, airport) Antenna below rooftop level or indoor Slow moving mobile user

Handover As such, a typical wireless network essentially provides communication services to large number of mobile users. The design of such network is based on a cellular architecture which consists of a backbone network with finite number of base stations, and allows efficient use of the limited available and allocated spectrum. The geographic area within which mobile units can communicate with a particular base station is referred as a cell. To ensuring continuity of communications neighboring cells marginally overlap with each other, in order to ensure seamless connectivity, when the users move from one cell to another. When a mobile user wants to communicate with another user or a base station, it must first obtain a channel from one of the base stations that hears it. When a mobile user travels from one area of coverage or cell to another cell within a calls duration the call should be transferred to the new cells base station. Otherwise, the call will be dropped because the link with the current base station becomes too weak as the mobile recedes. This process of changing the channel (frequency, time slot, spreading code, or combination of them) during an ongoing call is called handoff or handover. Some of the major reasons of handover are Page 259

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 When user is crossing a cell boundary or by a deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel. Due to a sudden mal-functioning & reduction in current cells signal strength. Due to BSS system overload in existing serving cell. Co-channel & adjacent channel interference are major reason of handover in a typical GSM network. If there is interference on the channel being used by a subscriber, due to another subscriber using the same channel in a different neighboring cell, the call is handover by BSC to a different channel in the same cell or a different channel in another cell to avoid the interference. This comes under Radio Resource Management in BSSAP ( Base substation system application protocol ) Another major reason of handover is driven by the mobility of subscriber. There are two types of users. SSMU (Slow Speed Mobile User) , and FSMU ( Fast Speed Mobile User ) When a fast speed mobile user, connected to a large, umbrella-type of cell, becomes stationary , his call may be handed over to a smaller macro cell or even to a micro cell . This handover is again controlled by BSC using BSSAP (Base substation system application protocol). By this way, the capacity in umbrella cell is regained for other fast speed moving users and this also helps to reduce the possibility of potential interference to other cells or users. Handover in CDMA network is sometimes triggered to reduce the interference to a smaller neighboring cell because of the "near-far" effect. This handover takes place despite the user having good connection strength toward its serving cell.

Handover Process Handover Traffic Cases Handover can be used for load balancing between cells. During a call setup in a congested cell, the MS can be transferred to a cell with less traffic if an acceptable connection quality is likely to be obtained. There are several types of handover, including: Intra-cell Handover between channels in the same cell Intra BSC - Handover between cells controlled by the same BSC Inter BSC - Handover between cells controlled by different BSCs, but the same MSC Inter MSC - Handover between cells controlled by different MSC Intra-Cell Handover It is performed when the BSC considers the quality of the connection too low, but receives no indication from the measurements that another cell would be better. In that case the BSC identifies another channel in the same cell which may offer a better quality, and the MS is ordered to retune to it. Intra BSC Handover When performing a handover between two cells controlled by the same BSC, the mobile switching center (MSC) is not involved. However, the MSC/VLR will be informed when a handover has taken place. If the handover involves different LAs, location updating is performed once the call is finished.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 Consider traffic in existing mobile networks with prioritized handover procedure with following assumptions 1. In every microcell total C channels are available and the priority technique for handover calls assigns a guard channel (Ch) exclusively for handover calls. The remaining channels (C - Ch) are shared equally by new and handover calls. 2. The users are categorized either as slow speed mobile user (SSMU) or fast speed mobile user (FSMU) according to their moving speed . 3. In all microcells traffic is homogenous with same capacity and same mean holding time (T). In microcell, the mean rate (R) of new and handover calls of SSMU are generated by Poisson point process, are and respectively, while new and handover calls of FSMU have mean rates of and per cell. Thus, the total relative mobility (M) for both SSMU and FSMU is defined as

1. The BSC commands the new BTS to activate a traffic channel. 2. The BSC sends a message to the MS, via the old BTS, containing information about the frequency and time slot to change and also the output power to use. This information is sent to the MS using fast associated control channel (FACCH). 3. The MS tunes to the new frequency, and transmits handover access bursts in the correct time slot. Since the MS has no information yet on TA, the handover bursts are very short. 4. When the new BTS detects the handover bursts, it sends information about TA. This is also sent via FACCH. 5. The MS sends a handover complete message to the BSC via the new BTS. 6. The BSC tells the old BTS to release the old traffic channel. Present Model with Prioritized Handover

. (1) Where for SSMU for FSMU The total offered load (L) per cell is (2) Where

Let n be the number of microcells in the microcellular region. Then The total offered load in the system is: .(3) Page 261

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 SSMU and FSMU are considered, the mean call blocking probability is :

and total number of channels in the system are If all channels are free in every microcell, then the probability (P) of occupying a channel by a new user is :

..( 9)

..(4) Let j channels are active in each microcell, then steady state probability can be derived as

for j = 1, 2, .., C - Ch Also

(5)

for j = C-Ch+1,..,C

.(6)

Multilayer Cellular Structure Now assume that total Channel Capacity of system is Csys and n be the number of microcells in the microcellular layer. Since the priority is always given to Handover attempts in typical microcellular layer, by assigning guard channels (Ch) exclusively for handover calls of SSMU among the C channels in a cell, so the leftover channels (C-Ch) are mutually shared by both new call attempts of FSMU& SSMU and handed over calls of SSMU. Now, based on this information, lets assume that Cu be the channels assigned to umbrella cell to serve only handed over calls of FSMU. So, the Channel Capacity of system will be defined as: C sys = n.C+Cu .(10) We know that the mean rate of handover calls of FSMU is per cell So, the mean rate generated in the umbrella cell by FSMU is n. , where n is the total number of microcells. In order to improve the blocking probability of handover calls of FSMU in this structure , we try to find out the ratio between Cu and Csys, by taking help of MS, MF, MFS and . If all channels are free in every microcell, then the probability (P) of occupying a channel by a new user is:

In every microcell, the blocking probability (Pb) for a new call placed either by FSMU or SSMU is : sum of probabilities that the state number j of the microcell (C-Ch) i.e (7) Also, the probability of handover failure (Phf) is equal to the probability of the microcell with the state number C i.e (8) Thus, the handover failure probability for FSMU is :

To conclude, in microcellular region for all the microcells, when the new and handover calls of

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 Significantly, it comes out that probability of handover failure in umbrella cell is equal to the probability with the static number Cu number of cells , i.e .(14) Thus, the mean call blocking probability for the microcellular layer having n microcells, in view of the new calls of SSMU and FSMU and handover calls of SSMU is :

Now, the steady state probabilities when q number of channels are busy in a microcell is :

for j = 1, 2, .., C - Ch Also

(11) .(15)

for j = C-Ch+1,..,C

.(12)

For any FSMU or SSMU per microcell, the blocking probability of a new call is either achieved by the sum of probabilities so that the static number of the microcell is greater than or equal to (C Ch). Thus,

Therefore, we achieve the objective of the projected structure i.e to guarantee the required QoS for handover calls and handover blocking probability for FSMU while allowing high utilization of channels. Outcome In order to see the effect & behavior of proposed structure on handover blocking probability of FSMU and mean call blocking probability of microcellular layer against total offered traffic load in the system, we consider following four scenarios under a typical wireless system, which may consist of (i) Csys = 120 channels (ii) All calls are served by microcells and there is no umbrella layer. (iii) C sys = 120 and C = 42. Following three consider the above , wireless system where handover calls of FSMU are served by the umbrella layer and the new calls of FSMU and SSMU, and the handover calls of SSMU by the microcellular layer. (ii) There is umbrella layer and Csys = 120, Cu = 26 and C = 34. (iii) There is umbrella layer and Csys = 120, Cu = 50 and C = 26. Page 263

..(13) The probability of handover failure (Phf) is equal to the probability of the microcell with the static number C i.e .(14) Now, for the umbrella cell, the steady-state probabilities when j channels are busy is :

for j = 1, 2, .., Cu Where

.(15)

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 (iv) There is umbrella layer and Csys = 120, Cu = 74 and C = 18.

To calculate , , and we also consider the following parameters : Ch = 0.1 C, Tch = 80 sec , MS = 0.4, MF = 0.6, MFS = 0.46 and 0 In the proposed structure, when we adjust the ratio of Cu against Csys according to the values of MS , MF , MFS and , it is clearly visible by the curves of figure 1 and 2 , that handover call blocking probability of FSMU is enhanced . This enhancement is directly proportional to the number of channels which have been assigned to the umbrella cell. The graphs above substantiate the fact that ratio of Cu against Csys optimizes the umbrella layer with the least possible effect on the lower layer. This optimization subsequently refers to a decrease in blocking probability of the umbrella layer with the minimum increase in blocking probability of microcellular layer.

Fig1. Handover blocking probability of FSMU against total offered traffic load in the system in above four scenario.

Conclusion In order to achieve low handover call blocking probability, the Two Layered network structure must be implemented. The handover call blocking probability of FSMU has been reorganized in accordance with call blocking probability of microcellular layer, so as to achieve minimum impact in terms of handover failures. As the same time the Umbrella Cell concept has been implemented in parallel to serve handover calls of FSMU. This setup of network in form of layered architecture has significant positive traits to achieve maximum handover success rate, wide across difficult terrain, network capacity situation & subscriber behavior. References 1. Blocking Probability of Handoff Calls and Carried Traffic in Wireless Networks with Antenna Arrays by K.J.R. Liu, J. Razavilar and E R. Farrokhi

Fig2. Mean call blocking probability of microcellular layer total offered traffic load in the system in above four scenario.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013 2. Cellular mobile systems and services by M.Kabir 3. Channel Carrying: A Novel Handoff Scheme for Mobile Cellular Networks by Junyi Li, N.Shroff and E.K.P. Chong 4. Characterization of Soft Handoff in CDMA Systems by D.K. Kim and D.K.Sung 5. Fundamentals of communication by Ian Groves 6. Handoff in Wireless Mobile Networks by Q. ZENG and D.P. AGRAWAL 7. Handover management in GSM cellular system by J.Khan 8. Modeling and Performance Analysis for Wireless Mobile Networks: A New Analytical Approach by Yuguang Fang 9. New call blocking versus handoff blocking in cellular networks by M. Sidi and D. Starobinski 10. Performance evaluation of GSM handover traffic in a GPRS/GSM network by J.V. Agustina, P. Zhang, R. Kantola 11. Traffic model and performance analysis for cellular mobile radio telephone systems with prioritized and non prioritized handoff procedures by D. Hong and S. S. Rappaport 12. Wireless Communication by T. S. Rappaport

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