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Disorder Labs Cause Signs/Symptoms Other

Hyperprolactinema ↓ FSH, LH Pituitary tumor Bilateral milky discharge,


amenorrhea, headaches
Adrenal Insufficiency
1° (Addison’s) ↑ ACTH Autoimmune destruction of adrenals Weakness, fatigue, anorexia, Fatal if not tx
weight loss, hyperpigmentation, Test w/ ACTH stim test –
hypotension, GI problems, salt AI= subnormal cortisol
craving response
2° (Hypopituitarism) ↓ ACTH Adrenals atrophy
Congenital Adrenal ↑Androgens 21-β-Hydroxylase deficiency most Virilization of female fetus Most common cause of
Hyperplasia common, adrenal tumor - ↑ amt 17- Same effects in male + rapid ambiguous genitalia in
(Adrenogential Syndrome) OH-progesterone and pregnenolone→ genital devo if prepubertal female babies
converted to androgens Masked in adult male by
testosterone from testes
Cushing’s Syndrome ↑ glucocorticoids (cortisol) Endogenous (excess from adrenals) Moon facies, red cheeks, Test w/ salivary cortisol at
Exogenous (rx) truncal obesity, HTN, thin skin, bedtime d/t circadian
striae, m. atrophy (↑ catabolism rhythmicity
for gluconeogenesis), hirsutism
ACTH Dependent ↑ ACTH Pituitary tumor Same Cushing’s Dz
Ectopic tumor Differentiate – test blood
in petrosal sinus (↑=
pituitary, ↓=ectopic)
ACTH Independent ↓ ACTH Adrenal tumor - ↑ cortisol w/o ACTH Same
GH Excess ↑ IGF-1 GH secreting pituitary tumor Tall stature Pre-puberty-gigantism
Large forehead, tongue, nose, Post-puberty-acromegaly
jaw, hands, etc
GH Deficiency Stimulation test Hypopituitarism Short stature, thin
Hypothyroidism tT4 TBG fT4 TSH Cretinism in children
1° (Hashimoto’s ↓ N ↓ ↑ Autoimmune antithyroid Ab Myxedema - ↑ GAGs pull H2O
Thyroiditis) into skin
2° ↓ N ↓ ↓/N Hypopituitarism
Hyperthyroidism
1° (Grave’s Dz) ↑ N ↑ ↓ Autoimmune stim TSH-R via ↑TSI Pemberton sign

2° ↑ N ↑ ↑ TSH secreting tumor Very rare


Disorder Labs Cause Signs/Symptoms Other
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I ↑ fasting glucose Autoimmune islet cell destruction Retinoptahy, nephropathy, Tx: insulin
neuropathy, CV dz, poor wound
healing
Type II ↑ fasting glucose Insulin resistance Sulfonylureas - ↑ insulin
Metformin - ↓hepatic
gluconeogenesis
Glitazones - ↑ insulin
sensitivity
GLP agonist/GLP
metabolism inhibitors - ↑
insulin secretion, β cell
mass
Gestational Diabetes ↑ size of baby, ↑ problems
Secondary Hyperglycemia ↑ fasting glucose ↑↑ counter-regulatory hormones (d/t
acromegaly, Cushing’s, etc)
Hyperparathyroidism Ca+2 PTH Diagnostic Test
1° ↑ ↑ PO4-3 ↓ Parathyroid adenoma ↑ PTH causes ↑ Ca+2 in urine (filtered load > Hypercalcemia
usual effects, but ↑↑ Tm)

2° ↓ ↑ 1,25-(OH)2-D ↓ Renal failure, malabsorption (sprue) Hypocalcemia


Hypoparathyroidism
1° ↓ ↓ Iodogenic, idiopathic, familial Hypocalcemia
2° ↑ ↓ PTHrp ↑ Hypercalcemia of malignancy Hypercalcemia
Vit. D ↑ Vit. D Intoxication (rare)
Hypogonadism in Male
1° ↓ Testosterone Loss of testes Loss of 2° sex characteristics,
obesity, tall stature (if lost
before puberty)
2° ↓ Testosterone Gonadotroph deficiency (↓ GnRH)

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