campiled and edited by

Aysun Veliuglu

Bulent Kandiller

Ankara 1998

Department of Basic English School of Foreign Languages Middle East Technical University

TASK33 TASK34 TASK35 TASK36

TASK37 TASK38 TASK39

Donald Loogan

TASK40 TASK 41 TASK42 TASK43 TASK44 TASK45 TASK46

TASK47 TASK48 TASK49 TASK50
TASKS1

52 Peter and Jack 54 Mozart 56 Christine and Roberto Palermo 58 Robin Carrusoe 60 Hiroko and Cl~ff 62 Jane Wilkins and f rixham 84 BibBobRubarb 65 Andy Murphy 66 The Muti Family 6 1 3 Nicholas Rembler and his Work 70 Martinique and Pavlov Matias 72 North Springs and Professor Harper 74 A Rock Star from Bristal 76 The North School 78 Fast Food and Fast Food Restaurants Tea 82 Television %4
Dicksonia
85

Paragraph Structure I Definition / Exemplification

80

Description of an Object
TASK52 TASK53 TASK54 TASK55 TASK56 A Knits

86 A Bicyde 87 An Electric Kettle 88 TheLightBulb 89 The Cellular Phone 90

91

Description of a Place I Historical Development

tA5K57 Montana
TASK58 TASK59 TASKSO TASK61 TASK62

TASK63
TASK64

Greenland 92 Bursa 93 Ankara 94 Sydney 95 Galaxies 96 Japan 97 Malta 98

TASK65 TASK66
TASK67 TASK68 TASK69 TA5K70 TASK71 TASK72 TASK73 TASK74

Petra

I00 Easter Island

102

Description / Comparison and Contrast

Comparison / Contrast Exercise 104 The Thermos Bottle 105 Two Suburbs 106 Two Motorcycles 107 American Football and European Football Ordinary and Cordless Telephones 109 Laptop and Desktop Computers 1I 0 Razors 111 Sweeteners 112 Underwater Vehicles 113 Three Kinds of Audio Equipment 1 14 The Famlly 115 The Motor Car 116 The Middle East Technical University Photography 118 Manufacturing Silk 119 Manufacturing Fruit Juice 120 Paper-making 121 Refining Raw Sugar 122 Iron 123 Cactuses and APrlcan Violets Food Preservation 126
124

108

TASK75 TASK76 TASK77 TASK78

TASK79 TA5X80 TASK81
TASK82 TASK83 TASK84 TASK85 TASK86

Definition / Historical Development

117

Describing a Process

Describing a Process / Comparison and Contrast

TASK87 TASK88

Describing a Process I Comparison and Contrast 1 Sequence

TASK89 TASK90

Rubber 128 E-mail 130

vii

Definiton / Description / Describing a Process or Cycle

TASK91 TASK92 TASK93 TASK94

Sicily and its Wine-making Industry 132 The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 133 The ~efri~eration Process 7 34 The Carbon Cycle 136
137

Interpretation of Data (Graphs) TASK95 Milk Production in an Asian Country

TASK96 TASK97 TASK98 TASK99 TASK100 , 7 ,, ,101 TASK102 TASK103 TASK104 TASK105

UFO Reparts 138 Springfield Academy 139 Populatton Growth of Macabea Island 140 Deaths in Traffic Accidents in Arzava 141 Fast Food Consumption in Turkey 142 Virus Epidemic in Tomaka 143 Vandal's Sales 1 4 4 OPEC Petroleum Prices 145 Car Sates and Road Accidents in Zubau 146 Buenare 147

Describing a Process I Sequence I Graph

TASK106 The Potato 148 TASK107 Wheat 150

Describing a Process IComparison and Contrast I Graph I Classification

TASK109 Newspapers TASK110 Beer 154

TP.SK tO8 Two Airline Companies in Mandezia 152

151

Definition /Classification / Exemplification

TASK1 11 Sugar and its Types
156

Definition / Classification / Exemplification I Comparison and Contrast

TBSK112 Trinidad and Tobago TASK113 Trees 158

157

TASK114 Typesofspeech

159

Definition I Classification I Sequence I Exemplification I Comparison and Contrast

TASK1 15 Microscopes
160

Cause - Effect
BASK116 DDT and Pelicans

161

Explanation
TASK117 FlyingaBalloon 162 PASKI 18 Repairing a Bicycle Puncture

Explanation / Cause Effect / Graph

TASK119 Heart Attacks 7 64 TASK120 Road Accidents 166

163

Definition / Exemplification I Cause - Effect / Sequence

TASK121 Surgery
168

Cause - Effect /Comparison and Contrast I Graph

TASK122 Pristan and Kashka
170

Cause - Effect / Describing a Process I Sequence J Graph

ThSK123 Housing in Ankara TASK124 Canning 172
171

Definition/ Classification J Cause - Effect I Describing a Process I Sequence

TASK125 Pottery 174

Definition IClassification I Comparison and Contrast I Cause - Effect

TASK126 Extinct Reptiles TASK127 Proteins 178
TASK128 Anemia 180 TASK129 Fear 181 176

Definition I Classification / Cause - Effect

Argument / Discussion
TASK130 TASK131 TASK 132 TASK133

Should Women Work? 182 Advertising 183 University Edwcation 184 Teleshopping 185
T86

Argument I Cause - Effect

TASK134 Ocean Pollution

f ASK135 Children and Violence on TV

187

Problems and Solutions

TASK136 TASK137 TASK138 TASK139 TASK140 YASK141 TASK142
Internal Migration in Turkey 188 Decrease in Worker's Productivity 189 Problems Africans Face Today 190 Child Abuse 191 Passive Smoking 192 Building a Holiday Vlllage 194 Environmental Problems 195

Problems and Solutions / Classification I Comparison and Contrast

TASK143 Sports 196

Cause - Effect I Generalisation I Survey Results

f ASK144 Bird Hunting in Malta 198 TASK145 Industrialisation in Naemo 199

Incorporated Writing
TASK146 TASK1 47 TASK148 TASK149 TASK1 50

Overpopulation 200 Extroverts and Introverts The Growth of U.S Cities

202 203

Deforestation 204 The GAP Project 206 TASK151 Glass 208 TASK152 Changes in Eating Habits

21 0

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES 21 1 APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES APPENDIX C : CONNECTIVES 238 APPENDIX D: PUNCTUATION 247

225

Read the paragraphs and write about Jude, David and Peter.
"My name's Jude. I'm a student. I study at London University and I live in Lambeth. I'm not married. Ike : got one sister. I haven't got any brothers. My parents live in Cambridge."

Id-

---

"My name's David. I'm an engineer in a factory. I'm married and my wife's name is Sarah. We live in a block of flats. Our flat is on the second floor. We haven't got any children."

"My name's Peter. I'm 19 years old. I'm from England. I live in London. It's a big town. I work in a record shop. I sell records. I don't live near the shop so I always take a bus home. I've got two sisters. They are students. I often go to the cinema with them on Saturdays. Then I usually meet my friends. We sometimes eat at a restaurant."

Study the questlonnalre and wrlte a paragraph about the restaurant. Use suitable connectors like "and", "but".

--

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2- position: - & . & - ~ - h - * - & 3 & : 4 T d 4 ~ ' - _ _

3- Year opened: _192&"

a

4. What kind of food do they serve at the restaurant: -pt&~, ----we-"

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5. How many tables are there in the restaurant7 -(oo__.-6. Has the restaurant got a garden?

fiil yes
v

No

7. How many customers can eat at the restaurant? ---60

9 wts - "------.--..-What time does the restaurant close? -- t o ~ 9. Is the restaurant open at the weekend? dyes No
> <d?

8. What time does the restaurant open?

.,-.-

4 s*k~&-!*l

p m &

10. Can customers listen to music at the restaurant? d y e s

A,

DN o

of music can they listen to7 c l w s m , --

Study the Information about Alan Parker and wrlte a paragraph about him.

wife: Jane (32) nurse red hair

bank manager (40)

very tall blonde hair

go to bed (usually)

1-1

Study the information and write a paragraph about each person.

Brian Folks

Felix Strong

Albert Fromrn

professor

II

sixties quite tall and fat married gray hair blue eyes

Study the information about Jack Smith and wrlte two or three paragraphs about hlm. Use words like "but", "and", acwitha', "after", "before", and "then".

Jack Smlth Place of birth: Brighton Date of birth: 8th Decernber 1957
teacher at Oxford School of Languages 19, Halifax Road, Oxford
I rn 70 cm, brown hair, green eyes

1
I

1.:

married / one child

7:00a,m. get up 8:30a.m. office 12:00a.m. lunch (school canteen)

3:30p.m. leave work

5:00p.m. home 7:30p.m. supper

Study the information about Carmen Lopes and write two to four pamgmphs about her.

A TYPICAL WORKING DAY

morning
get up (6330)

breakfast work
(about 20 minutes)

afternoon
have classes (1 :30p.m. - 330 p.m.)

shopping (usually)

get home (5:OO)

evening dinner put Maria to bed, TV with Ricardo

bed (1 1 :00- always)

AT W E WEEKEND (no work)

park near their house

with Maria

-WRITING

TASKS I

Ricardo Lopes 39 newspaper reportex {The Spanish News)

Carmen Lopes Spanish 32 teacher I English (language school) married / Ricardo Lopes one child (Maria) house (Madrid)

ground floor: sitting room, kitchen

Study the information about Slmon Watson and write two or three paragraphs about him.

#A

I
I

3
Age:
Married:

Simon Watson
19

Nationality: Occvpatjon:

British

shop assistant
no!
2, Jane, Elizabeth
1 , Brian
h .

1
1.;
I

Number of Sisters:

1;I;

II

NumberofBrothers

Home: flat in Hastings

9 =
7 1 3 0 get up

WRITING TASKS I

8:30

work

9:00 start work

13:OO go back to shop

5:30 finish work

6 1 0 0 go home

/I

7:30 supper
8100 meet friends / coffee bar / drink
10:36 back home
11 :00 bed
> , F
i ' v r ;

-"

.I

Anita Moore is a newspaper reporter. Study last week's page from her agenda and write a paragraph about her.

Monday
5 MAY

&to

Biuni

7h2-j
wdtdlh
+Ji

Tuesday 6 MAY

Sunday
I 1 MAY

Read the following paragraph about Dave's holiday in Switzerland.

3 r z c l e d t O ~ w *

J*id.*adadM

~ & A i + d h ~ ~ h + t h e ~ 9fihb-h a d h.a+h+d. 7 ~ , ~ ~ + #wu4hd&, 9 u & w k S v h L B $ & . 7h&&+d

I$o-li-h

Now study the information In the chart and write two paragraphs about Dave's past and future holidays.

time
place travel
where I stay
how long I stay

.August (last year)

June 15 (next year)

America
fly

France
train
. Susan's flat I

Paris

cheap hotel I San Francisco 3 weeks see famous places

swim play tennis
dinner in China Town (like Chinese food very much)

4 'i
*

*
.$

a few days
see famous buildings walk in streets

mornings
afternoons

:
P

cafes
dinner dance nightclubs

$
&

evenings

Read the following paragraph about Jim and his wlfe.

n,4di~~&'&~&~dh~&*fO&toL& d h f a.4e*hh@hud&&agj+wk.'qU
A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L L ~ ~ , + W
a h c*, Mow study the Information. Write one pafagraph about Peter and Lucy, then another paragraph about Carmen and Mlguel.

& M & M ~ d d i a a h f i ~ 4 d 7leibi~#i~'~@.dd

PETER AND LUCY

CARMEN AND MIWIGUEL

%

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f

spend a week I Paris

3

visit I land of Maya

; :

fly / Charles de Gaulle Airport

fly J Guatemala City

stay /expensive hotel

climb the fiffel Tower
eat French food

1;

climb I pyramids
travel / Guatemala and Mexico

i
I

I!

1:

swim I Caribbean Sea

eat exotic seafood

1":

Study the informatlion and write three paragraphs about David and Nancy.

Job: reporter

Marrried: no

1959: born / London 1980-84: study journalism / London University

PARAGRAPH 2: THE PRESENT

I?
I
"

David: live I New York reporterfNewYurkNews / 9 years like 1 job very much (job I very interesting) write about restaurants I cafes in the city (never) have lunch or dinner at home
",A

David have got I girlfriend: Nancy Taylor Nancy:

cheerful, young woman twenties

blonde, blue eyes, quite attractive
photographer J New Y ~ r k News
^ -

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PARAGRAPH 3: THE FUTURE David & Nancy Italian Restaurant: open yesterday go I restaurant tonight not very big have dinner /new Italian Restaurant 9 tables I beautiful garden

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OXFORD STREET
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Study the information about Doreen Smith and write about her.

WRITING TASKS I

1987

decide to move I country

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:

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.: :

$7,

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I 1 I

FUTURE PLANS
go to Africa write a book about African children

I:

Study the Cnformatlon about Paul Taylor and wrlte three paragraphs about him

Date & place o f birth; 1960,O>cF3rd

Married: no! Number of sisters: -

Number of brothers: one (Rob J 30 years old)

Paul & Rob:
live I London have got / small caf6

Dixon Street

between / barber shop J train station

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WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 2

Rob
enjoy / play tennis a lot
play tennis with !girlfriend I Mondays & Fridays

Paul
not like sports love travelling already / Germany, Italy, Egypt
Paul's trip to Egypt
1990
trip last 8 hours

stay J beautiful hotel I Cairo 1 2 weeks

like the Pyramids / hate food

PARAGRAPH 3

Paul

France now arrive / Paris 3 days ago already see the Eiffel Tower not visit the Louvre yet return I London next Monday

Study the information about Silvia Boticelli and write four paragraphs about her. Use words like "but", "and", "because" and "'then".
PARAGRAPH 1 Name: Silvia Boticellli

Place of birth: Rome Date of birth: 1979

1
I

Nationalify: l talian Job: professional tennis player Family: two brothers (age: 14, 5) lone sister (age: 9) 1985:start to play tennis Since 1992:play I tennis tournaments already win many medals

:1

! i
2

,I$

PARAGRAPH 2: S ILVIA'S PRESENT LIFE

live IMilan

go to school / practise /three hours every day life I quite difficult for her not mind this kind of life (love / play tennis) ambition: be / best tennis player / world Silvia's family /very rich live I big house (beautiful / big garden) Silvia I not see I brothers or sisters much

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3: LAST WEEK

Silvia fly I Paris
stay I Paris 15 days

play very well I Paris

Silvia I play I tournament I London

most important tournament / world

want / see London very much

I_

Study the information and write four paragraphs about the Baker Family.

PARAGRAPH I

Name: Tom Baker Nationality: British Age: 56 Job: engineer Ofice: Heather Street, London Married; yes

Name: Alicia Baker

Nationality: Brazilian

Born: Rio Grande

student / university twenties active J cheerful Likes: listen Ifalk music J travel Dislike: watch l V Ambition: travel around the world I boat

Study the information about Frank Lonely and write five paragraphs about him.
PARAGRAPH1 Name:FrankLonely Age: 35 Nationality: British Job: secretary / small firm: Micro Married: no Home:Wellington (small town near Brighton)

PARAGRAPH 2

get up 1 700

I breakfast toast i coffes I

leave / house

)I

------WRITING

P .

TASKS I
Dislikes: go / parties dance
< <
'

Likes: children play cards Love: Martha

+
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'

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,-

PARAGRAPH 3

Jab: computer programmer / Micro

Frank; want I marry Martha see Martha / cafeteria every day

PARAGRAPH 4: YESTERDAY
Frank: get two theatre tickets

buy sbme flowers / Martha

ask Martha I go I theatre

PARAGRAPH 5: TOMORROW

Martha & Frank: have dinner / nice restaurant

see the musical Cats / Royal Theatre
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23

Study the Information about Andrew Smith and write three or four paragraphs about him.

Handicapped Champion

Andrew Smith

1970 - born I Manchester

1987 - enter Exeter University I study medicine

1 988 car accident legs / seriously injured go I USA for treatment

1990 - start training / school for the handicapped

1992 - back to England

continue I education
1995 - win / London marathon for the disabled

1995 - today: work as a practitioner

train handicapped'athletes

-WRITING
A

"

TASKS I
.

PROGRAMME OF VISITS
---

December 9,Monday: visit Selton College and Hospital give short speeches December I 0,Tuesday: tour of Sports Centre examine facilities for the handicapped December 1 1 , Wednesday: attend press conference

--cyn*pm---

---

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B
".

;
I

Andrew Smith visits Selton on his wheelchair

A TYPICAL DAY FOR ANDREW get up early 6:00- 8100: do exercises quick breakfast 9:00- 13:00: examine patients in his office 14:00 - 16:00: work with young athletes at a training school Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings; go swimming

S I

ij
i

The world champion in the marathon for the disabled is i : planning to visit Selton between December 9 and 11 to raise i

Study the information and write six paragraphs about Loretta Diar.

I PARAGRAPH 1
Name: Loretta Diaz
Age: thirties

I
F
Nationaiity: Spanish
Job: TV programme manager (the BBC)

Office: London

PARAGRAPH 2 : LORETTA'S PAST

Place & date of birth: Barcelona, 1964 Father: reporter (die 11 980) 1981; move I Madrid with / mother & brother (Pedro) Madrid: go Iuniversity (study journalism) stay / Madrid / 4 years finish university ( 1 984) + find /job (the BEG) + go I London
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PARAGRAPH 3: LORETTA'S PRESENT LIFE

I
'

live & work I London / 14 years usually rainy (Loretta not mind /weather) like London (a lot of cinemas, restaurants, museums) live J flat / Oxford Street (kitchen I bathroom / one bedroom) want / change / flat (flat: very small)
,7
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k ~ ' : ~ , w + y & ; ~ ~ ~ ' + ~ ~ $ v ,

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?WRITING

<

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"

TASKS I

IPARAGRAPH 4: LORETTA'S BROTHER, PEDRO

Pedro
visit Loretta every year (June)

I'

always t rave 1 trip last only 2 hours

usually stay I London 1 15 days

I
,

PARAGRAPH 5;PEDRO & LORETTA IN LONDON

It's November 5th.

Pedro: arrive I London 5 days ago

already visit the British Museum not see the Wax Museum yet (go /the Wax Museum this afternoon) Pedro & Loretta: go shopping tomorrow

Pedro: want I buy J motorbike in London (Spanish motorbikes I expensive 'I Briti

PARAGRAPH 6
Pedro /active & adventurous (ambition:see different countries)

Loretta join I brother next year too

Study the information and write about Michael Jackson.

Date of birth: August 28,1958

father I interested / music

children learn /sing & play musical instruments from father very rich ROW
1965: The Jackson Five win I award

1972: start I solo career

1966:become the Jackson Five's leading singer

Now: sell millions of albums /make videos & advertisements

PARAGRAPH 2

1
I

love animals / have his own private zoo

live I castle / California eat little I take large numbers of vitamin pills unusual private life want I live until 150 years old

Write four paragraphs about yourself.

PARAGRAPH 1 : GENERAL INFORMATION name (what?) born (where? when?) job (what?) live (where?) likes Idislikes (what?) brothers I sisters (how many?)
. - .

PARAGRAPH 2: DAILY ROUTINE

get up (what time?) breakfast (what?) go f school (when? how?) start Ifinish classes (when?) lunch (where? when?) evening (do what?} go out (how often? where? with whom?)
PARAGRAPH 3: SCHOOL DAYS
start J finish high school (where? when?) high school days: teachers (like?) 2 friends (did what together?) favourite subjects (which? why?) ,, 2 or 3 things you did to prepare for the university exam (what?)

PARAGRAPH 4: THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

things you are doing nowadays (what? - 2 or 3 things)

Study the questions and Judy's anwers in the questionnaire, and write two paragraphs about her.

Mime:
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3. Address: ~

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4. Da you live with your family? ?,m

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If no, who da you live with?

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ewzmp

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5. Have got any brothers or sisters?-,-+

3 =6. Are you a student. , .

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=-:

~f yes,

what do you study? .

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where do you study? .- . l & A d __.>8. Have you got a part-time job?
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7. Da you speak another language? w,-4b& (&.+,&') +.,. ,

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If yes, what do you do? d+<riwhat time do you start work?

rsll

when do you leave work? 7 p~ -* how much do you earn? d d r L , 4 , 4 7 5 5 . ~ ,,, * ,. . 4

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n-I-LI

.-

..

WRITING TASKS I

9. What dcr you like doing in your spare time?

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10. Can you play a musical instrument?

If yes, what kind of musical instrument do you play?

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11 Are you Interested in sports?

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If yes, what sports do you do? <hr v

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when do you usually do sports?v&-__

12. Have you been to other countries?

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If yes, when did you visit these places? , , *-,f99Jf, 9 % d5.d v, -*-*

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13. How do you like travelling and why?

14. Have you'got any plans for the future? .r6p"

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If yes, what are they? Explain.

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Study the information and write three paragraphs about Julio Pedros.

PARAGRAPH 1
Julio Pedros: famous football player
Nationality: Spanish

1
lace & date of birth: Madrid, 1968 Education: go I school / Madrid 1982: leave school start I work /garage (parents not have enough money)

Other information abouf Julio's past:

rent I room above / garage room: only one table I one' bed / two chairs work J garage 1 3 years
not earn much love 1 play football want I earn more money
4

L
1985:join I football team 1990:be successful J become very famous
Changes in Julio's life:

since 1990: earn a lot of money 1991: move / suburbs buy J new house (very large I beautiful garden)
-.
+ . -

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>

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--

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32

a WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 2: LAST YEAR

Julio & girlfriend (Maria) fly I the States I holiday stay / San Francisco 1 10 days afternoons: visit famous places I go shopping evenings: dinner / fine restaurants

PARAGRAPH 3: THE FUTURE

Julio & Maria I get married in two weeks have a big wedding ceremony I Hotel Madrid

1;

a lot of reporters I take pictures & write about wedding J newspapers J next day

Write three paragraphs about Jane.

PARAGRAPH 1 : Joln the following ideas using "and", "but" and "so" where necessary.

Jane is only thirty years old.

She has problems with her health. She is overweight. She eats too many hamburgers and chocolates. She doesn't eat healthy food. She smokes a lot. She lives in the city center. She goes everywhere by car. She doesn? do enough exercise. Last week she had trouble with her heart. She decided ta see a doctor. She phoned the doctor. She made an appointment. PARAGRAPH 2: Join the sentences uslng each of the following expressions once: then and flnally also first

- 7 h < % ~m w kw @w l* ~ A% "- " q ,He asked Jane some questions.

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He examined her. He told her to stop smoking and to eat healthy food. He told her to do some exercise, He gave her some medicine.
--

~PARAGRAPH3:~ewrlte the paragraph using punctuation,

capitalization and pronouns. (3sentences) after jane saw the doctor jane made some resolutions jane is going to change jane's eating habits and start going to a gym class but jane can't do heavy exercise because jane has a weak heart jane will probably get well soon

1:

Study the Information and write about Clara Dean.

leave university begin I career I marketing get bored 1980: uncle die leave Clara a lot of money love sailing decide f buy her own boat
since 1990 work I TV company make films / sailing take part / many races

Future plans:

take part /
yearly Sommerville race

make I film / sunken oceanliner 'Titanic' write / book / her travels

mother: ballet dancer father: writer

Education: 1 Atlantic alone Royal School of Ballet ir~lara Dean1 become f University College, London R W@ll-ktWwtI (economics) Bp-itlsh i] popular figure an

like / live J Lymington clean 8 peaceful I marry Jacques Delors (French) than other coastal towns can often go sailing 1989: son / born (her favourite sport) 990: like all water sports move to Lymington espically good / swimming & popular yachting resort water-skiing south coast of England other spare time activities:

I
'

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Jessica Jackson. Use "and", "but", "because", "first", "then", etc. when

necessary.
PARAGRAPH 1

Name: Jessica Jackson

Age: 54 Job: writer of detective stories Marital status: married (Steve) Children: 2 daughters Home: flat I four rooms view I whole city main road {convenient)

start J write / when I school write short stories J school newspaper after university / become / full-time writer write 18 books (1967 - now)

36

--:.-.-WRITING

TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3: LAST YEAR

Jessica win / Best Thriller Prize last book sell more than 250,000copies publishing company give 1 $1 0,000

Jessica & Steve travel round the world I summer The Bahamas stay I luxury hotel go I swim every day
Africa join I Safari tour most exciting place in their lives

Nepal
friends' house near the Himalayas meet very interesting people learn a lot about Buddhism

PARAGRAPH 4

Jessica work I home (usually)

these days: very busy not write / new book

I I:

Study the Information and write four paragraphs about Anthony Blake and his family. Use "and", "so", "because", 'Vfirst", "then'; *'afterthat", etc.

PARAGRAPH 1 Name: Age: Job: Marital status:

Anthony Blake

52

retired teacher

married (Angelina) Children: daughter I son Home: detached house

suburbs
living room look out I big garden bedrooms: south wonderful view I lake

PARAGRAPH 2:ANTHONY

Anthony's uncle die 6 years ago richest person I family leave Anthony I large amount / money there I enough money for a business Anthony find / small hotel /city centre
hotel not very expensive 4 Anthony buy I hotel (1 992)

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3: THE HOTEL

, , , , t,,ni
15 rooms

for
I

Train Station

rO6mS / N sets / showers I no telephones

Museum of Fine Arts

! z

NORTH STREET Hotel

small restaurant I ground floor

- -

PARAGRAPH 4

THE FAMILY'S DAlLY ROUTINE Family work I hotel &restaurant

Anthony get up early morning / go f market I buy fresh vegetables /fruit go I butcher I buy / meat return I hotel / help I wife Angelina I get up 16 am I start cooking food Daughter, Maria arrive I hotel l afternoon serve customers (5 prn - 9 pm) Son, Alex not help them at the moment (university student /very busy)
NEXT YEAR Alex graduate J university

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Jeremy Hawkins. Use "andy; '?henv, "after", "because'; '%so" at least once. PARAGRAPH I
li

Name: Jeremy Hawkins Occupation: businessman & writer Place and date of birth: small town 1 Australia / 1963
JEREMY'S CHILDHOOD

IU
:

father I farmer

mother I housewife home: big farmhouse outside Sydney many animals on the farm morning: go / local school evening: help I parents play with animals
father not want Jeremy I be / farmer

:1
4

1:

PARAGRAPH 2: EDUCATION
1980: finish high school

go / university I Sydney (large commercial city I south-east of Australia) study journalism I four years

7 i
">
J

live Ismall flat near university

need money J rent -+find I part-time job / restaurant
Is

*-7

-WRITING TASKS
P I Y r

PARAGRAPH 3: JOB
1984: finish university find job 1 local newspaper

I I
I

<5, Jeremy's boss ask Jeremy J write about l entertainment . facilities in Sydney Jeremy like /job very much + visit / pubs & restaurants '

1989:meet David Simpson (director I publishing company) 1990: Jeremy leave /job I local newspaper write 1 first book for Mr Simpson's company first book / very successful +

Jeremy I rich man I short time open I small restaurant / city centre

! . !

PARAGRAPH 4
THE PRESENT

have 1 restaurant 18 years write / 4th book now

THE FUTURE finish I book 12 months

travel round the world

Study and organize the information about Plerre Ducr6t. Then wrlte three or four paragraphs about this successful French businessman.

HOLIDAY IN ISTANBUL

evening: travel / plane

i
LYON

morning: visit famous palaces 8t

mosques afternoon: meet some old friends evening: fish / restaurant / Bosphorvs

Sunday
fly back I Lyon

Description: large city

Situation: south-east of France

Poplation: about 600,000 Facilities: very good rail & bus service shopping centres museums, theatres, libraries university (famous in France)
8

>

WRITING TASKS I

PIERRE'S SHOE FACTORY

produce fashionable shoes for men & women about 500 people work in the factory

PIERRE D U C R ~ T

not: married live Inice house I Lyon

born / small town I France 1 1960

finish high school there

1980: go I shoe design course 1London
1981: return / France

get /job I shoe shop I Lyon today: have / big shoe factory

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Maria Kirby. Use words like "and", "so", "because".

Name: Maria Kirby

Age: 38 Na fionality: American
Job: singer Marital status: married (Rick)

PARAGRAPH 1

Children: RO
Home: Los Angeles I lovely house suburbs near / beautiful lake 4 bedrooms 12 bathrooms /.studio

PARAGRAPH 2: MARIA'S PAST

start I sing when 1 18 sing J local night club (Moonlight) / weekends (1984-1986) meet Rick / "Moonlight" (cheerful & good-looking guitarist) go out 18 months get married J summer 1 1985 1988:Maria make /first album (sell more I I million copies) Maria travel J Europe (give 3 big concerts / London, Paris , Berlin) become very famous / rich (buy / large house I Los Angeles

-WRITING
I

TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3
Maria & Rick spend I most I time I studio (usually)

these days: very busy (prepare / new album) Maria write songs Rick help Maria already: write 9 songs in 2 weeks: new album /finish

PARAGRAPH 4: MARIA'S AGENDA Next Monday: have f press conference

December 4th: appear I TV programme

January: fly I Miami I husband (visit father-in-law)

Study the information about Paul Goodman and write three paragraphs about this famous writer. Use the necessary connectors.
PARAGRAPH 1: THE PAST

1984: come back I Britain

start I write; /first book (first book: about experiences in Africa)

born / March 25, 1964 / Bristol

mother'/ music teacher

father / accountant school: not good student (hate studyjng I never do homework)

everyone like I first book

1981: finish high school

get I job !Daily Star (local newspaper)

have problems I boss, Mr Smith {Mr. Smith: unfriendly, difficult person) leave /job a few months later

1982: go J Africa

while I travel I River Nile /

WRITING TASKS I
PARAGRAPH 2: THE PRESENT

beautiful house I swimming pool

spare time: enjoy J go / long walks with J dog ,very fit

very famous novelist today

not married quite tall I dark hair live / San Francisco since 1990

generous f easy-going person + have a lot of friends

write novels / 14 years

go out / Eve Peters (famous top model) 13 years

I PARAGRAPH 3:THE FUTURE

NEXT WEEK

Monday: work on f last book I home

Tuesday: study / city library Wednesday: lunch I some businessmen

p~z~ I
Sunday: relax!

give 2 talks international conference

Saturday: go f theatre / Eve (7:30 pm)

NEXT YEAR want I write I book about Bombay (Bombay: one of India's main sea ports)

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Carlo Vito. Use connectors and relative clauses where necessary.

Carlo Vito

famous writer director / CNI (international newsagency) born I Mew York (originally Italian) 1 1958
start I career I office boy J CNI / 15 years old

study journalism / night-school while 1 work

1980: finish university
1981- 1 986: work / war reporter / Middle East

when 1 return / U.S.A. Iwrite I first book (first book: about war / Middle East} 1991: CNI offer Carlo /job Ihead-office J Geneva have a lot of experience I journalism speak several foreign languages (Italian, German, French, Arabic) 1995: Carlo / promoted & become director ICNl

P-

WRITING TASKS I
b

PARAGRAPH 2

>

Carlo live / Geneva 1 8 years like Ijob + well-paid enjoy / meet people from different countries be I over 30 countries in the world married I Hillary 1 10 years (Hiltary :American) Carlo B Hillary: buy I large house near Geneva 1 1 991 (Geneva: big city by I lake I Switzerland) prefer / live I suburbs (air Jcteaner /less noisy) Carfo spend an hour / day / travel I work

PARAGRAPH 3
Carlo & Hillary: 2 sons (Peter & Michael)
Peter: older go I school I Geneva
<I

Michael: 4

PARAGRAPH 4 next month: Carlo fly I Cairo visit I old friends (friends: still live / Egypt)

Carlo: if retire / stay in Geneva & write / book / wars & politics

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Tony Williams. Use "because", "and", '%also", "so", "while", "who", "which", eetc.

PARAGRAPH 1

Name: Tony Williams Age: mid-teens Personality: cheerful Likes: football (very much) walls of I room I covered with / posters / famous football players

PARAGRAPH 2:TONY'S PAST

before 1 buy / house I the country ITony's family / live Ibig city / more than 8 years their flat I busy road one day: Tony & friends 1 football / street Sandra (Tony's friend) / bike Tony's father wash / car suddenly Iminibus come from /wrong direction I/ hit I children Tony's mother see Iaccident (look out of I window) Tony & Sandra I badly injured stay I hospital I two months (parents I worried / children) after Tony leave I hospital I parents decide / move I the country

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3:THE PRESENT

The Williams live I the country since March nice house 1 garden (in garden: Tony spend most of hi's time) already I make lots o f friends best friend I James (James: live / next door /I football fanatic like Tony) family J happy - the country J clean & quiet I big city more frees / country I city people I friendly

I
I

PARAGRAPH 4: THE FUTURE

next year Tony 1 15 years old /I start high school school: not far from I house (Tony go I school I bicycle) when I finish school I go back I city (study engineering I university)

[<

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Donald Loogan. Use connectors like "because", "and", "also","so", "therefore", "then","such as", "who", "which", "when".

PARAGRAPH 1

Name: Donald Loogan

Date of birsh: February 6, I 91 1 Place of birth: Illinois, U.S.A. Job: one of the ex-presidents of the U.S.A. Marital sfatus: married (Tracy) Children: 2 daughters Home: very big villa: country lots I room + guests (often) swimming pool very big garden + several kinds of trees and flowers Hubbies: Donald: running, horse-riding
Tracy: gardening, swimming 3 put on I swimsuit every morning swim I fifteen minutes

WRITING TASKS 1

I PARAGRAPH 2:DONALD'S PAST I actor before I go into politics

start I make films (I 937) make about fifty films (Dark Victory, The Hasty Heart)

P
I,

meet Tracy 1 (Tracy: actress) while I make I film (1944) start / go out get married (1945) Tracy give up I job as I actress Donald go into politics (1 966) become President of the U.S.A. (1980) Donald & Tracy move I White House (White House: officialresidence of the President /Washington D.C.) Donald /very busy ,not any time for jogging Tracy / very busy (visit hospitals I open exhibitions / attend meetings and receptions)

Donald ride I horse Tracy look after / f ldwer I garden

Peter and Jack are brothers. Study the information and write five paragraphs about Peter, Jack and Jack's girlfriend. Use "but", ha ow every^ '%so", "because", "who", "which", "where'; etc.

-I 1 : PETER

Age: in I teens Appearance: quite tall I dar

Personality: easy-going, friendly (+ very popular at school) Occupation: student / Midland High School (spend I weekends I play football
at Midland High School)

PARAGRAPH 2:CHANGES IN PETER'S LIFE these days I not play football (his favourite sport)

last Saturday J break leg run very fast when I slip and fall down his friend David (David have a car) take him to hospital immediately
Peter have to stay I bed 1 4 weeks

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3:JACK

Age: old l than Peter Appearance; dark, straight hair look like / mother
Activities: not enjoy I do sports very much love I play I guitar I also very good J dance Job: work /The Blue Moon (famous pub in London)
I

PARAGRAPH 4: JACK & MICHELLE

Jack: before / start working I The Blue Moon / go abroad travel / France for one year ( 1994-1995) while abroad I meet Michelle (attractive French woman) Michelle: live / Paris (work I bank I Paris) visit Jack about once a month

PARAGRAPH 5:NEXT MONTH

Michelle fly I London again

look for E job there

f I find I good job I stay J England

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Mozart. Use "'therefore'', '%however", "although", "so", "hencev',"but", "and", "because", "who", "where", "whose", "which", etc.

PARAGRAPH

Austrian composer

one of the greatest musicians of all times

Date of birfh: January 27th, 1756
Place of birfh: Salzburg, Austria Mozart grow up / Austria

son of Anna Maria Pertl & Leopold Mozart

Mozart very skilled child PARAGRAPH 2 Mozart's first music teacher: father age 5: perfect piano player compose I first piano piece 1762, (age 6): go I Vienna play the piano for the Emperor of Austria father /collect Mozart's piano pieces in a book I Small Pieces of Music (published 1 1763) age 8: learn how to play the violin nobody teach him how to play the violin
'I

56

WRITING TASKS I

1782:marry Constanze Weber (singer) two children / son & daughter son & daughter die when /very young
Marart J unhappy I many years Mozart's music / sometimes very sad

PARAGRAPH 3

Mozart write 41 symphonies earn very little money age 35:become very ill Date of death: December 5th, 1791 Place of death: Vienna
die 207 years ago people still enjoy / listen / Mozart's music

PARAGRAPH 4

Study the information and write three paragraphs about Christine and Roberto Palerrno. Use "because", "and", Lrho~e~e etc. r",

PARAGRAPH 1 : CHRISTINE B ROBERTO

married / 7 years

live / nice house near Rome

since 1991
prefer I live I suburbs (air cleaner / less noisy)

PARAGRAPH 2:CHRISTINE

not Italian (French) come I Italy 18 years ago (want I study art / University of Rome) after university I not return to France (like I live / Rome a lot) own art gallery / center of I city {have art gallery 13 years)

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3: ROBERTO

travel guide since 1994: work I Sunshine Tourism biggest travel agency / Italy (have over 20 offices all ever the country) best guide in travel agency speak a lot of foreign languages (French, English, Greek) have plenty of experience (work for World Tourism / 1990-1 994) know a lot about historical sites in Rome like job well-paid enjoy I meet interesting people from different countries might leave / job next year cannot get on well with / boss, Mr Humberto (Mr. Humberto: bad-tempered I old man I 50's) If Roberto leave I job next year J stay I home & prepare I guide book of Rome I tourists (write / museums, restaurants, pubs I book)

Study the information and write three paragraphs about Robln Carrusoe. Use "but", c ' ~ ~"because", 'l, 'hlalthough", "and", "while", "such as", "who", " which", etc.

PARAGRAPH 1

Name: Robin Carrusoe

Age: 71

Job: retired captain

Personaljty: adventurous

PARAGRAPH 2:ROBIN'S PAST

before I retire J captain of I ship (The Dynasty) 1 30 years travel / faraway countries (China, India) when J young captain I ambition: build / own ship after I retire / spend all / money I construct I ship March 9th, 1970: new ship I ready call I ship The Albatros two weeks later: Robin start I journey / Mike & Joe (Robin's friends) unfortunately I have I accident on /first journey ship hit I rock I cross the Indian Ocean I sink Robin's friends / killed J Robin survive Robin find I small island no fresh water (any rivers) + collect rainwater Idrink stay / island 120 years June 30th, 1990: Robin J rescued by / cruise ship ( The Pacific Princess) (The Pacific Princess I sail /Java -+ South America)

-WRITING

TASKS 1

PARAGRAPH 3 THE PRESENT Robin live I Los Angeles 1 1990 - now 1995: write / book (about / life on / island) book / published last year (over 20,000copies sold)
THE FUTURE

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Hiroko and Cliff. Use connectors such as "but", "so", "because", "although", "and", "whife", "first", "then", '"ext", "who", 'b~hi~R "where". y',

PARAGRAPH 1
attractive young woman

PARAGRAPH 2: HIROKO'S PAST born / Tokyo not stewardess / before J move / New York study economics / University of Tokyo after I graduate I get 1job 1 Techno Company (big international firm) not like I job (boring) 1994: leave /job ( promoted I Accounts Manager / 1 993) want I change Ilife completely (move I New York) New Xork: rent 1 apartment /I find /job start working / stewardess IAmerican airline company get /job (good I speak / English, French I know how / deal J people) like I job very much (enjoy 1 travel a lot) be I almost all I countries I South America / Europe meet Cliff while /fly / Paris + Chicago 8 months ago

m v '-

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3: CLIFF

well-known painter

become interested I art when I high school paint 1 15 years have several exhibitions all over /world
1 I

PARAGRAPH 4

Hiroko visit Ifamily J Tokyo next month buy I ticket (already) Cliff stay / New York (probably) organise / next exhibition at the moment (next exhibition: take place I big gallery 1 San Francisco)

Study the information and write three paragraphs about Jane Wil kins.

' PARAGRAPH 1: JANE WILKINS

born - 1965: Trixham, England 1980 - 1983: Oxford University 1983 - 1985: work 1 studios / get married 1 Paris 1986 - 1992:travel all over the world & take photographs 1994: back to Trixham 1998: still there not like I changes that have taken place

PARAGRAPH 2:CHANGES IN TRIXHAM

no longer / quiet village by the sea develop into / tourist resort old cottages I pull down / big hotels instead streets J widen & resurface village square I turn into / car park

PARAGRAPH3:JANE'SPLANSTOSAVETRIXHAM start I club I save Trixham

Study the Information and write two paragraphs about the English rock group called Bib Bob Rubarb

PARAGRAPH 1 Bib Bob Rubarb: English rock group 1990: Henry Bib, Bob Johnson & Amy Rubarb meet I music festival I Diisseldorf they / members of different rock groups when they meet want I become famous and rich

1
..

I
decide I form / own group (call Igroup I Bib soon after I return I England: rent J house outside I city centre start S practise f house August, 1990:get I first job / small pub not earn much / only 1 00 a night work / same pub 1 2 years 1992: move l Birmingham start I write l own songs 1993:song "Your Brawn Eyes" / sell over 1 million J only two months
PARAGRAPH 2 Bib Bob Rubarb 1 very famous group today (songs 1 very successful) not poor any longer (sell thousands of records since 1994) have many friends I music industry all over the worl (travel a lot since I become famous e.g. 1996 1 they J invite I New York, Chicago & Los Angeles two months ago: perform Melbourne, Australia)

next month: give I biggest concert / Paris (30,000 tickets I already 1 sell by organisers)

Study the information and write five paragraphs about Andy Murphy and why he has decided to leave the city centre. Use the

necessary connectors.

PARAGRAPH 1 : ANDY MURPHY

live I Los Angeles rented flat / city centre (convenient for work) flat: very small (1 bedroom & kitchen) comfortable sunny I morning (face east)

Andy not want I live I Los Angeles any more

recent changes: city I too crowded & noisy trees in his street / cut down park near J flat J turn into supermarket

66

WRITING TASKS I
PARAGRAPH 3: LAST WEEKEND

Andy go I Glenville (parents live in Glenville) lunch with /family spend / afternoon play games with / nephews & nieces return home I Sunday evening open / front door /I hear / noise inside run 1 public phone J corner of I street I f dial / police while I wait I police /I two men rush out of / building Andy run after J robbers /I slip & hit I head on I wall

PARAGRAPH 4

when Andy I back home I see everything lie around flat: terrible mess /Andy have /flat I clean & tidy up now: Andy I very worried (valuable painting: missing) fortunately Andy have E insurance for / painting

5
probably get I money if / painting / not find by / police
*,&

. , ".+';"*-*drw."7

," " "

2-

- -- '-

PARAGRAPH 5

robbers / not catch yet I f their names I know by /police large reward I offer for their capture all highways I control by 1 police 1 24 hours

Study the informatlon and write three or four paragraphs about the Muti family. Use the necessary connectors.

THE MUTl FAMILY

Nadine & Renzo J married / 6 years

I:
I
(

Nadine

born / Lyon {France) I 1965 Education: American literature, University of Hawaii (at University o f Hawaii / Nadine / many Italian friends) after I graduate I decide / go I Italy find /job I English teaches I language school / Bari (Bari: city I Adriatic coast) meet Renzo / language school (Renzo: one of her students)

I born / TrentoRenzo (smalltown I

north of Italy) Education: after high school J go I Bari / study finance 1987:graduate / university I/ start /work /electronics company company / many foreign customers /I Renzo want / improve I English meet Nadine /I attend / language school I Bari

li

*WRITING TASKS I

Nadine & Renzo

1991 / get married 1993 1daughter name I baby Gianna (Gianna: Renzok mother's name)

1'
3

baby born I/ Nadine give up /job (have to look after J baby)

Nadine & Renzo before / child I used to / active social life (concerts & theatres I/ meet I friends / weekends) not any more

Nadine: not go anywhere because of Gianna Renzo: become /workaholic come home late (usually) /I work I Saturdays & Sundays

Nadine: upset about this want I change in I life two days ago: Nadine see / advertisement / newspaper I
part-time job want I apply if / get 1 job J find someone to look after Gianna

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Nicholas Rembler and his work. Use the necessary connectors.
PARAGRAPH I:NICHOLAS REMBLER

well-known American film producer, director

several movies
1968: write /first film script (first film script: film by Paramount Pictures /following year) 1969-79: work / major film companies (Warner Bros., Columbia Pictures) 1979: set up / own film company / Hollywood deal with famous actors, actresses since 1979 next week: start filming / latest movie / real historical site called

I PARAGRAPH 2:THE STROUD HOUSE

build I James Stroud / 1676 18th century I used to be / farmhouse unfortunately / house burn 1 1776 Andrew Scott [wealthy businessman) buy / house have I house J repair during World War !I1 house I damage again finally: after I war J the British National Trust buy / house & rebuild / house completely 1968: part of / house Iturn into Imuseum hundreds of tourists visit I house every year
70

WRITING TASKS I

$ '8

PARAGRAPH 3 Nicholas Rembler: hope I finish Inew film in eight months (rent / house for eight months) technicians: already I bring spotlights & cameras / house prepare I rooms for filming since last Monday (not finish yet) filming crew: can use J ground floor only not allow / use I first floar (on first floor: valuable ornaments, silk carpets)

officials: not let / people 1

PARAGRAPH 4
next week: everything J ready for filming technicians / prepare and check all equipment by then this time next year: film I finish I and probably I on at cinemas all over the world

Study the true story below. Then write four paragraphs about the Island of Martinique and PavFov Matias. Use the necessary

connectors.

PARAGRAPH 1 : MARTINIQUE

very small French island

Location: The Caribbean Sea Discoverer: (probably) Christopher Columbus, 1502 Inhabitants: French people (since 1635)
Capital: Fort de France (west coast) Nature: thick forests high mountains highest: Mont Pelee: volcano erupt, 1902 destroy St. Pierre (used to I largest town 1 1902) Climafe: tropical (usually hot, humid) Main crops: sugar-cane (used for make /strong drink called rum) bananas

PARAGRAPH 2: PAVLOV MATIAS

Place and date of bisfh: Martinique, 1870

i'

Father'sjob: farmer Family: not rich

after Ifather's death: Pavlov leave school Pavlov & mother move I St. Pierre
Pavlov & mother 1 never I enough food

72

ewe-art-

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3
1902:disaster happen Mont Pelee: erupt while Pavlov / prison

destroy St. Pierre over 40,000 people I kill (except J Pavlov) Pavlovsurvive[prison Ithick walls (make Istone)] after disaster: Pavlov I release by S French government not have to stay I prison any longer

PARAGRAPH 4: TODAY
hundreds I tourist travel / Martinique / visit Pavlov's prison people hope Mont Pelee not erupt again if I erupt -f about 200,000 people die (probably)

Study the Information and write three paragraphs about North Sprlngs and Timothy Harper. Use the necessary connectors,

PARAGRAPH 1: NORTH SPRINGS

unusual college I Ohio campus / build by Paul Nunn J 1920 used to I only male students 170 years female students I accept since I early 1990's now: coeducational school (i-e.male & female students) campus / far away 1 city (nocinemas /theatres I restaurants nearby) students like I study J North Springs // no cultural facilities college have J different system of administration (include / student government) students choose / new teachers if I student break I rules
L

student I punish by I student government

rules: very strict students: not allow I leave 1 campus all semester must work 20 hours /week (wash I dishes I/ work-/ library /I clean I buildings)
when / bored J can go I walk I wilderness I1 listen / radio

- - a a

--

WRlTlNG TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 2: TIMOTHY HARPER

well-known British biologist
teach I North Springs since 1996

at the moment: work with I group of second-year students prepare for I trek to / mountains (in /mountains: study wild animals)

PARAGRAPH 3: THE JOURNEY Professor Harper S team set off next Friday equipment / carry on dogsleds weather I probably be quite cold

L
take thick anoraks in case / storm sleep /tents & eat canned food hope I have I great time

Study the information and write four paragraphs about Brlstol and Charles Owens. Use the necessary connectors.

PARAGRAPH 1 : BRISTOL
Bristol (today) industrial city 121 miles away from London west coast 1 England tourist attraction (many historical monuments) although I a few miles from I sea Ivery hilly
Bristol (past)

I"

founded / Middle Ages 17th & f 8th centuries I most important port for sea trade most impressive sight I Bristol: Clifton Suspension Bridge (built J 1864)

ne of / most famous musicians I England orn / Bristol J 1952 tudy engineering J University of Bristol fter / graduate I university I tart I work Iship construction company at the ship construction company: meet two men (these men play / guitar) form J band /I start I play I bars & nightclubs / Bristol

wm

WRITING TASKS I

PARAGRAPH 3

March 15, 1989: band give I concert J Edinburgh I/ bomb explode / concert hall many people in / audience Iinjured guitarist / band (Tom Halls) J killed after /terrible incident / band stop 1 make music Charles / very upset leave England I/ settle down / small village / Italy 7 years later / meet / members I rack group (Rocks) Rocks: ask Charles to join them 11 give /concert / England

V cameras 1 put / everywhere harles /quite excited (not perform in front of I audience since I 989) harles hope everything / alright

Study the information and write two paragraphs about the North School.

The

PARAGRAPH 1 : GENERAL INFORMATION

North School
boarding school for boys and girls
60 km north of Leeds

:+-@<Q..,.

nMC1

- Ii
..
It

transportation no problem (daily bus service to city)

since 1926: offer carefully-designed educational programme (programme: prepare students .r for leading universities)
experienced, professional instructors maximum 12 students in each class

campus I beautiful, clean, safe {all kinds of facilities on campus)

comfortable dormitories (2 students share a room)

WRITING TASKS I
PARAGRAPH 2: QUALITY OF EDUCATION Combine the following sentences Ento a paragraph which has fhe meaning structure indicafed below. First, write the number of each sentence into the correct box.

Supporting reasons
Examples

Qualification of the main statement Reason for the qualification

Examples

1. Sports, drama and music are examples of after-school

activities. 2. Students must wear grey uniforms. 3. The North School is famous for the quality of its education. 4. Graduates of the North School are very successful at university. 5.Students cannot leave the campus without permission. 6. As well as the main subjects, the school offers various after-school activities. 7. Students think the rules are too strict and old-fashioned. 8. The school provides its students with all the latest equipment 9. The uniforms are depressing. 10. Computers are available in all the classrooms and laboratories. 11. Students are not pleased with everything.
79

Study the information and write three paragraphs about fast food and fast food restaurants.

I known in most countries of the world

examples: Burger King, Pizza Hut, Mc Donald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken very popular in western countries: England

I
open in England

0
1
I
I

since 1963

1000 hamburger shops 1350 pizza-houses over 650 chicken restaurants

WHO GOES TO FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS?

usually young, middle-aged people

hamburgers, chicken , pizzas

food I prepared easily

brought to the customer straightaway

WRITING TASKS I
Combine the following sentences into a paragraph which has the meaning structure indicated beiow. First, write the number of each sentence into the correct box.

Main statement
Supporting reasons

Example

Result
Qualification of the main statement

I Reason for fhe qualification

Mc Donald's Restaurants
1. People enjoy going there because the food at Mc Donald's is very tasty. 2. With more than 11,500 restaurants around the world, Mc Donald's provides jobs for the unemployed. 3. Except for people who are 21 or under, not many people prefer working there. 4. You have to be prepared to work like a machine; fast and

accurately.

5.The job is tiring, boring and not well-paid.

6. You are paid only $6 an hour. 7.You have to be able to stand up all day.

8. Mc Donald's, which has the largest number of fast food restaurants, is the most popular company. 9.Some Mc Donald's shops have special playgrounds for children. 10.People like the clean and fashionable atmosphere in its restaurants where children can have fun.
81

Study the Information and write two or three paragraphs describing tea.

more popular than other soft drinks

0
cheaper result in health problems e.g. lack of sleep,

consume reasonable quantities

- -s g g.

WRITING TASKS 1

SOME HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT TEA

since prehistoric times: grown in China 8th century: produced in China on commercial scale 17th century: brought to Europe by Dutch used as medicine against sleepiness in England

18th century: first - an aristocrat's drink later - consumed by common people

today: consumed in all countries more than any

tea: popular drink made from very young leaves of tea piant tea plant: kind of bush require warm climate with frequent rainfal leading tea producers: China, India, Ceylon other important producers: Pakistan, Taiwan, Japa

Study the informatlon and write two paragraphs about television.

GENERAL 'INFORMATION ABOUT TELEVISION

I television: a device
make mass communication possible (news, new ideas reach millions of people at same time) first television service: start 1 1939 1England

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TELEVISION

fast means of communication students of open universities learn through television

XV programs not carefully selected + 711 harmful

TV increase violence among young people (too many violent films on N ) TV important means of education

important news e.g. election, match results become known immediately

I television + many advantages

I way of entertainment for people / old / lonely

1:

Study the lnformatlon and write two paragraphs about Dicksonia.

I PARAGRAPH 1

Population: ZO,OQO,OOO Land: coastal regions: flat and fertile inland areas: rough and mountainous Climate: tropical heavy rains during monsoon season h02 all year round Natural resources: rice, rubber, tea, coconuts

PARAGRAPH 2:HISTORY OF DICKSONIA Join each group of facts,

The island was under the power of the Sinhalese in the 6th century B.C. The island became the centre of Buddhism in the 3rd century B.C.

Dicksonia came under the rule of the Portuguese and the British. The Portuguese and the British made the island the colony of Ceylon in 1798. A nationalist movement started during World War I. The island became independent in 1948.
The nationalization of foreign businesses was not possible for some time. The governments had to deal with some social problems, such as population growth and an economic crisis,

The country became a republic in 1972.

Study the information and write a short description of a knife.

. . F N ? ?
/ '
*;

*"
/>
r"8
AJ

>?/

,,' j

xW

blade' />
" )

I?'

Maferial: wood & steel Additional physical characteristics: blade: one sharp edge a pointed end handle: smooth edges
Uses:food preparation scrape carrots peel apples chop onions

Study the information and write a short description of a bicycle.

Basic perts:frame, seat, handlebars, pedals,

wheels Material: metal, rubber, vinyl

Operation: sit on seat

-seat

handlebars

pedals

wheels

I,I

put hands on handlebars push pedals with feet guide with handlebars maintain balance

Study the inforrnatfonand write a description of an electric

kettle.

first electric kettle I

handle (plastic)

reason: not conduct heat

spout

electric

body

(aluminium)
cord
heating element (500Watt) change electric current into heat reason: good conductor

Study the Inforrnatlon and write a description of a light bulb.

tungsten cord in the middle of the bulb

conducting wires two carry electricity into the bulb

glass coverlng keep the gas

inside the bulb

b a s e metal hold !he bulb in the lamp

= :A"T
)

contact point at the bottom of the bulb make contact with the electricity source

Study the Information and write a descriptlon of a ce'llufar phone.

cellular phone:

practical device designed mainly for outdoor use most popular among people travelling a lot I working outdoors rectangular body hard plastic various colors

voice of person at ether end heard

date, hour, phone number

name & number of

,battery back of phone provide power for phone
enter digits 0-9, etc.

morn of phone
transmit caller's voice

90

Study the informatlon about Montana, a state in the USA, and write one or two paragraphs describing it.

I
I

DEVELOPMENT

1803: first settlers (gold diggers)

1860: farmers arrive

I
I

1876: Indians thrown out although they defeat General Custer

1880: copper companies take control of the state

1909-1 918: farmers compete for land

OTHERFACTS
Industries: petrochemistry, food ~ocessing

Economy: mining, agriculture Climate: cold & continental I short summers

Capital: Helena

Area: 381,000 km*

Study the Information and write about Greenland.

Genera/ world's largest island information: area important for scientific exploration many scientific stations on the island scientific stations study icebergs flowing in the Arctic Ocean

Location: northeast of Canada surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north the Atlantic Ocean in the south
Land: mostly rnobntainous four fifths covered by ice all the year round

Population: 50,000 Eskimos & Europeans live on the west coast of the island
Major cities: situated on the west coast Nuuk (capital)
Average 1OC (summer)

temperafuses: - 50ac (winter)

Wildlife: wild flowers, short trees many kinds of birds, fish

Econamy: fishing: very important, economy based on it

many freezing plants on the island fish kept for export in freezing plants coal: enough for the needs of the Greenlanders not of good quality mined in the south cryolite: mineral used for making aluminium mined in the southwest mined in large quantities exported

Study the information and write three or four paragraphs about Bursa, one of the biggest cities in Turkey.
attract tourists I both summer and winter city centre: historical monuments and mosques e.g. Green Masque well-known mineral baths

INDUSTRIES
textile manufacture factories I produce J fabrics e.g. towels, pure silk cloth car industry

about 200 BC: King Prusias establish / city name I city / Prusia 1326: Orhan Gazi (Ottoman Emperor) defeat I Byzantians Prusia I first capital city I Ottoman Empire late 14th century: scientific & historical centre of Anatolia 1920's: Bursa 1become I city / Republic of Turkey important industrial centre

Study the Informatfon and write two or three paragraphs about Ankara, the capital and second largest city o f Turkey.

many schools and universities e.g. Middle East Technical University (establish 1 1956) Ankara University (found 1 1940)

I
1

HlSTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 189 BC: Romans seize Ancy ra (Ankara) 1073: Persians and Arabs occupy Ankara 1360: Ankara / take over I Ottoman Turks
1920: modern Ankara I establish 1923: Grand National Assembly declare Ankara capital of

1
*
. )

CULTURAL FACILITIES AND TOW RIST ATSRACTIONS Citadel: panoramic view / old houses Anatolian Civilizations Museum: near Citadel / rich collections of Hittite & Phrygian objects Ethnological Museum: a 'large collection of Turkish folklore, history and art Mausoleum of Kernal Atatiirk

Study the information and write three or four paragraphs describing Sydney, Australia's oldest and largest state capital.

popular holiday resort -

The Publjc Library of New Soufh Waies large collection of books & magazines

Opera House one of most beautiful examples of modern architecture

Sydney Harbor Bridge always full of motor vehicles connect North Sydney with downtown district
excellent beaches

1788: first white settlement founded

1793: first free immigrants arrive

1795: merino sheep introduced

oil refineries

wool industry start

wool processing plants

factories: light metal & electrical products manufactured

heavily industrialized city

almost no air or water pollution

pleasant, temperate strict measures taken by government

Study the information and write two paragraphs about galaxies in general and our own galaxy.

still unknown facts about our galaxy qualification:technology developed great1y reason: galaxy too large to travel beyond we cannot see galaxy from inside

collection of stars, gas, dust

younger than elliptical ones most have diameter I e.g. the Milky Way diameter: 70,000 light years the Andromeda (large)

galaxy J we live in it result: also called "our galaxy" Galileo: first person I observe the Milky Way through a telescope contain 10 billion stars

e-g. The Small and Large MageHanic Clouds (can be seen from Earth)

Study the information and write about the group of islands called Japan.

SEA OF JAPAN

Total area: 142,726 sq. miles

Land: covered with rice paddies, forests
Terrain: volcanoes, mountains, small rivers

Climate: humid

Rainfall: heavy /throughout the year

Population: more than 100,000,000

Density: 699 per sq. mile Language: Japanese {predominant)

Study the information and write about Malta.

!bo

MEDITERRANEAN

1
POPULATION 560,700 (90h on Malta Island)

CLIMATE

I4

WRITING TASKS I

35% cultivated 50h grassland and vegetation 40% settlement

LANGUAGES Maltese (predominantly spoken), English, Italian

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

I
1 I

2000 B.C. - 2- 8 B.C.: under rule of several civilizations (Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks) 217 B.C.: taken by Rome; become a municipium
(self-governingstate with elected assembly) 60 A.D,: conversion of Malta to Christianity by the Apostle Paul

'

870 - 1091: held by Arabs 1091 - early 18th cent.: dependency of Kingdom of Sicily until 1964: crown colony of Britain
December I , 1964: admission to the United Nations still a member

Study the information and write two paragraphs about Petra.

PETRA TODAY

ancient, ruined Climate: hot

Location: southern Jordan

to north-west: Mediterranean Sea to south: Red Sea lots of tourists visit Petra magnificent monuments, temples and tombs: their rock walls made of sandstone with many bands of colour Today: only museum keepers, archaelogists and guides live in town the Bedouin families: on hillsides also called "the rose-red city": city hidden in mountains in Wadi Mousa

100

---.

WRITING TASKS 1

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

once: wealthy city of the ancient world ruled by King Solomon (6th century B.C.)

The Nabatean people begin to build the city (5th century B.C.): population: 30,000 build fine houses & temples make well-painted pottery well-developed administrative system; live in peace with neighbours

Nabatean kings come to an end (106 6.6.) I

Petra incorporated into the Roman Province
Roman Period: change in economy (result: decline in wealth)

Study the information and write two paragraphs about Easter Island.

GENERAL INFORMATION
South Pacific Ocean

Chile: nearest country 12,300 miles east most remote inhabited island in world mountainous water: scarce
little agriculture: potatoes and bananas

I.I

famous for I2 huge statues (origin unknown; attract tourists) climate: mild result of modernization: 640 hotels, 530 motor vehicles, the telephone and the fax machine brought to island
Hanga Roa: only town on island I southwest coast I

WRITING TASKS I
-

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

19th century: island become part of Chile AD 400: first settlers / chief: Hotu Matu / island parcelled into small territories 1722: Europeans discover island 1955-56: Heyerdahl's expedition (make island known to rest of world) 1965:young school teacher's protest letter to Chilean government (result : military rule end; island gain civil status) t 950's: Chilean navy rule island 1967: start of regular air service create a tourist industry (result : island modernised) 1860%:rnissionaires from Chile introduce Christianity (today most islanders: Roman Catholic)

Fill ln each blank with a suitable word or expression from the box to complete the following paragraphs. Use each word only once.There are more words than you need.

consist of whereas Although is different from constitute

" I
'

In contrast Unlike Both Neither used to

\-,A*<

as many functions as composed of used for many similarities with

>

'

,"

* 1

tr*,

<

+w3+ OW" <?'dip%

'PP

>a+

A. Analog computers are measuring computers ( I ) digital computers are counting computers. Analog computers the latter. An example of an cannot perform (2) analog computer is an ordinary watch, which can do only one , an electronic watch, thing, that is, tell time. (3) which is an example of a digital computer, can tell time and act as a mini calculator. B. Airplanes are more familiar forms of transportation for most people than helicopters, which are (4) more specialized airplanes can fly faster, they cannot purposes. (5) an airplane, reach places that helicopters can. (6) a helicopter does not require a runway and is more maneuverable.

c.

(7) windsurfing and sailing are popular water a mast, a sail and a board. sports. A windsurf (8) A sailing boat, however, is (9) a mast, a sail and a small boat. Windsurfing sailing in that the (10) person stands up on the board instead of sitting in the boat as in sailing.

Windsurfing

Sailing

Fill in each blank with a suitable word or expression from the box to complete the following text. Use each word only once. There are more words than you need.

double-walled

TheTherrnosBotfle ' A thermos bottle is a special container. (1) ordinary bottles, it has the property to keep its contents at a(n) (2) temperature for a long time. It was (3)by Sir James Dewar and, for this reason, is also known as the Dewas flask. Proper (4) was the main concern of Dewar and, therefore, he designed the parts of this bottle in such a way that it would (5) both heat and cold. The container is basically (6) a double-walled glass vessel, a plastic cap and an outer container. The vessel is silvered at both surfaces and is 1 7 ) to prevent the entrance and escape of energy (heat or cold). The plastic cap, which is placed on top of the bottle has to (8) the opening. It is (9) a stopper to keep the liquid inside the container. Such containers are so useful that we can't do without them when we go on a picnic. They are often equipped with handles that are (10) carrying them around.

Study the information in the following table about two suburbs and write a paragraph comparing and contrasting them.

PORTLAND

I
(

SUTTON

suburb of Bristol built in 1980's well-planned 25,000 people several cinemas, library,
public transport system I not good

suburb of Bristol

built after Second World War badly-planned 19,000 people

no culiura or sports facilities
public transport system / not good

Study the information and write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the two motorcycles.

Maxi (French) light fast on hills

uncomfortable to ride
automatic locking system expensive good brakes 4
Z

comfortableto ride
difficult to lock

Study the table and write a paragraph about the similarities and differences between American Football and European Football.

POINT OF COMPAnlSoM AND CONTRAST popularity

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

EUROPEAN FOOTBALL (SOCCER)

only in North America

II

almost all the countries in the world

11

number of players

Study the information and write a paragraph on the telephone and its two main types for home use.

THE TELEPHONE

buttons
ORDINARY TELEPHONE
material
moulded plastic caller dials the number every time he makes a call

I CORDLESS TELEPHONE I ,:
I

moulded plastic

memory
dialing

I
1
I

automatic dialing possible

portable

'

receiver

not portable reason: attached to main body by cord

reason: not attached

to main body

Study the information and write two paragraphs describing a computer and discussing the similarities and differences between laptop and desktop computers.

computer I high-speed machine I process data accurately

diskette (hold diskette)

screen (display output & input information) I

monitor (held & run screen

screen)
protect electronics

keyboard (hold keys)

keys (use / type data into /computer)

POINT OF CoMPAR'SoN AND CONTRAST

LAPTOP COMPUTERS

use
size

can easily be carried everywhere process data quickly

small

I
I

DESKTOP COMPUTERS
cannot be carried
process data quickly lirrae

Study the information and write two paragraphs deserlblng an electric razor and dtscussing the similarities and differences between electric and disposable razors.

electric razor 1 instrument 1 shave hair such as beard or moustache from skin

3 f loatlng heads

steel 1 hold blades

hold floating head

onloff swltch turn on or off Ielectric razor

POINT OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

ELECTRIC RAZORS
electrically driven have blades used permanently

DlSPOSABLE RAZORS

'

no electricity needed have blades thrown away after a few uses

Study the information about sweeteners and write two paragraphs, descrlbing and comparing sugar and saccharin.

SWEETENERS

1'

SUGAR I brown or white I crystatline form

of sucrose
obtained from sugar cane (type of grass) sugar beet

SACCHARIN white crystalline powder organic chemical carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen used as substitute for sugar

(grow underground) common part of our diet carbon, hydrogen, oxygen belong to a class of substances / carbohydrates

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

SUGAR

SACCHARIN

use

sweetening power
amount of

energy given

B foods & drinks A foods & drinks low sweetening power several sweeteninq Dower hundred times more no caloric value (people I weight prablems high in calories prefer saccharin to suaar'l

sweeten

sweeten

Study the information about underwater vehicles and write two or three paragraphs describing them and comparing the different types.

SUBMERSIBLES in shallow seas (as deep as 3,000metres) undersea research ships powerful lights to see through water (reason: sunlight cannot
mechanical arms

1I II
3
W

BATHYSPHERES
in deep seas (more than 10,000 m e fesj undersea research ships

I'
1,:

SUBMARINES fighting ships float on the surface of sea when in danger: dive under surface I hide in ocean fire torpedoes (some launch missiles from under sea)
Older Types

1
!

1 Modern Types powered by Diesel engines powered by nuclear reactor ' air to run Diesel engine no air needed 1 easy to sink 1 not easy to sink I I propellor I propellor I

Study the Information and write two or three paragraphs comparing and contrasting the three types audio equipment.
.-

CASSETTES introduced I Phillips I Berlin 1 1963 become popular / 1970's easy to produce + inexpensive

:
LONG PLAYS (LPs) first produced 1 1948 1 Columbia Records (laboratories of Columbia Records: highly developed) ' cheap material: vinyl (a kind of plastic) + easily scratched sound quality not very good (easily collect dust) recording at home not possible not produced in great numbers any more
I

i 4

COMPACT DISCS (CDs) first produced 1 1963 quite expensive material: aluminium and plastic + durable excellent sound quality (production: highly technological process) small

Study the Information and write at least two paragraphs on the family, including a definition and comparison and contrast. EXTENDED (PRE-INDUSTRIAL) (
NUCLEAR (INDUSTRIAL)

number of generations share house or live in dose proximity

1
I

result of Industrial Revolution

many

grandparents

small family unit: mother, father 8 1 or 2 children

recent research suggest I both family types exist 1 different periods of history e.g. village life under feudalism I medieval Europe: extended type-

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS Western families (extended or nuclear) unit of consumption care & socialization of the young sexuality within

EXTENDED (drawbacks)

NUCLEAR (drawbacks)

rigid separation of male I female roles members lose individuality

social isolation from relatives children exposed to fewer people

Study the information and write a paragraph describing the development o f the motor-car.

motor-car: self-propelled vehicle used for transport on Ian

1885: development of first models by German engineers Benz and Daimier

1903-1915:foundation of Ford Motor Co. development of assembly-line techniques establishment of General Motors 1970's: increase in sales of German cars

US leadership in motor-car production

Study the information and write two or three paragraphs about the development of the Middle East Technical University
(NIETU).

METU: provide high quality education in scientific, technical , professional fields 20,000 students from all parts of

1954: origins of idea of regional technical university

I
I

(research throughout Turkey + need for competent technicians in Turkey & countries of Middle East)
1956: School of Architecture and City Planning (first faculty of METU)

several years: education 1 buildings in city 1962: beginning of construction of new campus (new campus: An kara-Eskigehir highway)

( October 1963:

completion of new campus today: Ankara Campus about 280,000 square metres Erdemli Campus (southern coast of' Turkey)

Study the information and write three paragraphs about photography.

AUGUST 19,1839 photography as practical picture-makingtechnique born

AUGUST 1888

introduction of first roll-film camera (George Eastman) + further improvements in photography: modern twin-lens reflex camera (1 928)

1843

date from early 1880"

!

introduction of 'calotype' system (enable a limitless number of prints to be made from a single master image)

PHOTOGRAPHY

I ' benefit from developments in technology 1" I1 sequence cameras: one can take many pictures in less than a minute I
PRESENT DAY PHOTOGRAPHY

Study the Information and write a paragraph describing the process of manufacturing silk.

Study the Information and write a paragraph describing the fruit juice manufacturing process.
PROCESSING PLANT

1 1
t water

+ syrup

1
*

Study the information and write a paragraph describing the paper making process.

I bark removing

reason: bark cannot be used in paper.

2

beating
purpose: length of fibers decreases

t
purpose: remove
unwanted materials

pulp through rollers

. .'
to stores

Raw sugar obtained from sugar beet or sugar cane has ta be refined in factories to be ready for everyday use. Study the information and write a paragraph describing the process of obtaining raw sugar. mixing raw sugar with sugar syrup purpose: dissolve impurities

5
i
II

1
separating sugar crystals from impurities method: centrifuging

1i
I !

L
dissolving partially purified crystals in water place: melter
F
i

filtering the solution of sugar and water purpose: remove remaining impurities place: vacuum pan

1
!

boiling the solution purpose:solution evaporates, ; sugar crystals form place: granulator

3.
! \
I

drying sugar crystals with heated air purpose: obtain refined sugar

.8
L

3packaging in crystal form

Study the information and write two paragraphs describing iron in general and the process of extracting iron from its ore.

IRON

ductile, mat leable, silvery-grey metal widely used in industry good conductor of heat and electricity
cannot be used without processing needs to be taken out of ore {i.e. extracted)

THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING IRON FROM ITS ORE

miners dig out ore
1

I4

purpose: allow free passage of hot air

method: blow ho

add limestone

(can be mixed with carbon to make steel)

123

Study the information and write three paragraphs, including general information on house plants, a description and comparison of cactuses and African violets, as well as a description of the process of repotting a plant.
HOUSE PLANTS great variety of plants (some flowering, some non-flowering)

1
I

usually easy to grow indoors

factors to be considered .to grow healthy plants: light, temperature, watering, control of diseases
*r
8'"

"

x.

*^

&P*x

%A<>&:. * < X h % P < i 2 * ' LA'>>>

usually stemless
leaves in the form

small leaves flowers of various colours

not watered very often

not watered very often

124

.- -

--

--WRITING

TASKS I

I soil pressed down with fingers [

Study the Information and write an essay of three or four paragraphs about food presenration.

food is frozen at around -15% without cooking some preservatives are added no preservatives are added

CANNING food is cooked and sterilized at high temperatures

FREEZING

I?

make food available beyond make food available beyond the normal period of use the normal period of use the process destroys no change occurs in the original texture of the food the original texture of the food canned food can be stored frozen food has to be stored at ordinary temperatures .at low temperatures
,

FOOD PRESERVATION
the use of processing methods

1:

delay or prevent the decay or spoilage of food

I,
I

MOSTCOMMON METHODS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

canning, freezing

I.

CANNING FREEZING developed in France by developed in U.S. by Nicholas Appert (early 1800's) Clarence Birdseye first used in U.S. (1815) C. Birdseye developed machine widely used to provide that froze food quickly food for soldiers during American Civil War

Y -

--- -.

-WRITING

TASKS I

place: cannery (a factory where food is canned)

purpose: prevent
the growth of microorganisms

I I )
putting into
liquid: mixture

of oil and preservatives

placer warehouses

Study the Information and write an essay of three or more paragraphs on rubber.

NATURAL RUBBER derivation: from milky liquid (latex) of rubber trees rubber trees ready for production when 6 or 7 years old latex occur in soft inner bark

cut made on tree

latex flow out cause: internal pressure

SYNTHETIC RUBBER
RUBBER

replace natural rubber

elastic substance

produced in large quantities in laboratories today

various kinds e.g. cold rubber (strong) commercial rubber (resistant to chemicals)

WRITING TASKS i

become soft and sticky in heat

RUBBER

uses:

75% of production + car tyres

25% of production + mechanical goods, athletic goods,

NATURAL RUBBER
f 731 : first brought to Europe from Amazon Valley

by La Condarnine (French explorer)

1770:Joseph Priestley (English scientist) do experiments

with rubber, give name "rubber" 2 places of production: mainly South America (Amazon Valley), several countries in Southeast Asia I (e.g. Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia)

Study the Information and write an essay of three or four paragraphs on e-mail.

ELECTRONIC MA11 (E-MAIL) one of the first methods for sharing information on-line

SENDING A MESSAGE BY E-MAIL entering e-mail address

method: pay special attention to spelling (reason:any of letters I characters missing I wrong + message not reach receiver)
typing message E + editing message purpose: leave out unnecessary information &. organize thoughts reason: long messages tie up network & difficult to read I 4-

clicking "end button purpose: message carried to receiver's computer

whole message appear on receiver's computer almost instantly

WRITING TASKS I
COMMUNICATION BY E-MAIL

REGUIAR MAIL

conversational
quite (sending a message to someone in another part of the world I just a few cents) means of communication I involve exchange of messages between two people

quite formal (require more careful &thoughtFulstyle of work)

4

cost depend on distance between sender & receiver

means of communication J involve exchange of messages between two people

1 "
2

1970: first e-mail messages sent in USA purpose: scientists across USA share information & make better use of computing facilities available 1975: development of UUCP (communication software) major problem: work slowly 1 reason: messages stored by sender's computer for some time before sent to receiver early 1980's: substantial improvements in technology

5
communication faster major disadvantage: sending messages 1 quite costly mid 1980's: technology cheaper
::

5
more and more people begin work on computers at home & send work to office by e-mail

Study the information and write three or more paragraphs describing Sicily and the process of wine making.
SICILY one of the biggest islands in Mediterranea~ south-west coast of Italy Total area: -25,000 sq.km. Land area: mountains Mount Etna (volcanic mountain 3,263 m. I still activ~ plain Largest cities: Palermo (capital), Catania, Messina

TYRRHENIAN SEA

Economy:
agriculture e.g. cereal crops, olives, grape: industry: processing of food manufacture of textiles wine making {most important)

WINE MAKING well-developed industry (south of Sicily) very important (provide employment for many Sicilians) most of the wine produced I exported crushing of ripe grapes Why? extract juice
leavlng Juice In large tanks conversion of juice into alcohol there
drawing off wine Into barrels in barrels 1 12-24 months (depending on kind of wine)

2
?

bottling and labelling

+-

clarlflcatlon of wlne floating particles made to settle How? add clay

racking af wine several times

leave sediment behind
Why?

Study the information and write a bout the cycle of sedimentation.

FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

solub,e materials carried away by rain water rocks constantly worn away by erosion

separation into soluble and solid materials

conversion to rock by compaction, cementation, recrystallization

deposition of sediments in layers

formation of blanket of sediments on soil

transportation of sediments

process by which deposits of

cover more than half of land surface; studies of sedimentary

Study the information and write about refrigerators and refrigeration process.

THE REFRlGERATlON PROCESS

refrigerant (in gaseous form) compressed in compressor; converted into liquid refrigeration process starts

gas refrigerant carried to evaporator in fereezer section; further evaporation further cooling food freezes

pressurized liquid passes through condenser heat released

refrigerant enters upper evaporator

evaporation of refrigerant reason: decrease in pressure heat absorbed from refrigerator section; food cooled

WRITING TASKS I
THE INNER STRUCTURE OF A REFRIGERATOR

I ice

FROM ICE BOXES TO REFRIGERATORS

boxes used for a long time to preserve food (not very effective: ice melt quickly) 1910%:attempts to make refrigerators materials used: metal and wood

l
I

I first refrigerators: big, heavy, motor on top

Study he information and wrlte a description of the carbon cycle. Include an introductory and a concluding paragraph with your own comments.
THE CARBON CYCLE
%

(carbon from air taken in the form of carbon dioxide & used in photosynthesis)

bacteria break down organic material of animals & plants

animals eat plants

chemical element

a natural process
exchange of carbon between plays important role in survival of plants and animals

now in danger of destruction (too much C02 in air as a result of

Study the graph showing milk production in an Aslan country over a period of sFxty years and complete the sentences using each word in the box only once.

500

400
300

200
100

198 1990

years

1 . Between 1 940 and 1 950, the milk production 2. Between 1950 and 1960, the milk production 3. Between 1960 and 1970, there was a(n)
the milk production.
4. Between 1970 and 1980,there was a(n) the milk production.

in

in

5 . Between 1980 and 1990,the milk production

Study the graph which shows the number of people who reported UFO's in the U.S.A. last year. Fill in each blank with a word from the box in its correct form. Use each word only once.

Number of Reposts

reach

rapid

remain
slow

a peak

I increase
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 Weeks

steep
fall

I:

January

February

March

April

Months

During the early part 03 January last year,the number of UFO reports were at around three or four per week. it (1) for about two weeks. However, on January 16, a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on TV and, as a result, the number of reports from people who claimed they had seen UFO" rose sharply and (2) of 23 per week. So, General Tyler, who is responsible for the investigation of such reports, decided to write an article on the subject. In his article, which was published on January 30, he wrote that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally by civil and military aircraft movements. Following this explanation, there was a (3) in the number of reports. However, some people were not convinced by this article. On February 17, Martin Hogarty, a reporter, published an article in which he criticized General Tyler and claimed that Tyler was not telling the truth, As a result of this, the number of people who reported UFO's (4) to about 9 per week. General Tyler was interviewed on T V on March 27 and he was able to produce some very convincing evidence for the article he had written. As a result of this TV broadcast, the number of people who reported UFO's ( 5 ) . This number was even lower than that at the beginning of the year.

Study the graph showing student attendance in Springfield Academy between 1985 and 1995. Fill in eaeh blank with a word from the box in its correct form. Use eaeh word only once. There are more than you need.
Enrollment 400
350 300 250
200 150 100 50

85

86

87

88

Total Students --

89

91,

91

92

-Foreign Students

93

94

9 5 Y ~ r s

American Students

gradual(ly)

steep(ly)

peak

There was a considerable change in the number of students who altended Springfield Academy between the years 1985 and 1995. Between.I 986 and 1988, the number foreign students (1) . In the following year, however, there was a(n) (2) . Between 1989 and 1992, this number (3) from 100 to 140. Afterwards, until 1995 the number of (4) (5) foreign students (6) (7) to 300, reaching its (8) in those ten years. The trend in the enrollment of American students, on the other hand, was different. Following the increase until 1989, there were two (9) between 1989 and 1990, and between 1994 and 1995. (10)

Use the relevant information to write a paragraph explaining the changes in the population of an imaginary island called Macabea between 1900 and 1980.

1900: Both the birth and death rates were very high. There were more deaths than births. 1920: A number of foreigners settled on the island. Deadly diseases were brought to the island by foreigners.
1930: Elections were held for the first time. The goverment received foreign help for medical care. 1940: Young people started to migrate to other countries to get

9 S
<

better jobs. A campaign was started to improve tourism. 1950: Migration to other countries increased. Taxes were greatly decreased. 1970: Diplomatic relations were established with a number of

Use the relevant information to write a paragraph explaining the changes in the number of deaths in traffic accidents in an imaginary country called Arzava between I 986 and 1996.

I
.

1986: The number of cars increased. The quality of roads improved.

1988: Scientific research proved that seat belts save lives. Seat belts became standard equipment in all cars.
1990: People didn't realize the importance of seat belts. The goverment passed a law requiring everyone to use seat belts. 1992: Some people felt safer with seat belts and started to drive

11
,

3
I

faster. The government strictly enforced the new law.

1994: Some people voluntarily started to use seat belts.

Many people realized that they could break the law without
getting caught.
seat belts are fastened.

Study the information and write a paragraph describing and explaining the changes In fast food consumption In Turkey between 1990 and 1998.
Fast Food Sales (million dollars)

late 1980's: Branches of several famous American fast food companies (e.g. Mc Donald's) began to be opened in big cities. There was a great interest in the new type of junk food. 1992: Fast food items became quite expensive. Only middle- 2 and upper-class people could afford to buy them. 1993: More and more fast food companies were opened. There was competition among them. Prices of fast food items were reduced. 1995: The mass media started spreading information through TV programs and newspaper articles to inform the public about the health hazards of consuming too much junk food.

4
1

the promotional distribution of certain items. e.g. cars,

Study the information about the virus epidemic in an lmaglnary country called Tomaka and write a paragraph about it.
Deaths per 100 per month

February 1998: return of a small group of migrant workers from an infected area

( March-April 1998: very dry spring, lack of water

May 1998: quarantine measures introduced by the government June 1998: World Health Organization (WHO) sent limited supplies of medicine July 1998: medicine lost effectiveness; reasons unknown August 1998: doctors recognised the virus that resisted treatment and started working on the vaccine September 1998: vaccine produced; population vaccinated

(2

Study the Information and write a paragraph explaining the changes in the sales of ACC's sports car Vandal between 1980 and 7990.

1 1980: ACCYsnew sports car Vandal introduced

1981 : faujty break system discovered in car

14

1982:revised model introduced 1983: economic recession 1984: improvement in economic situation 1985: rival company DMT's more advanced car Dart introduced 1986: price of Vandal lowered by ACC, more powerful engine added 1987: Japanese enter market with low-priced, high-tech sports models

1
"$

Use the relevant information to write a paragraph about OPEC petroleum prices between the years 1970 and 1980.

$ I barrel

1973: Agreement of OPEC member countries to raise prices. The political leaders of superpowers met in Brussels. F 1975: Saudi King Faisal's brother died. Oil was found in the North Sea. i 1977:Demand for petroleum doubled. British oil platform in the North Sea was blown away. 1979: War between Iran and Iraq started. Sold all their stored petroleum to meet war expenses. 'j 1980: Oil consumption throughout the world decreased. 3 Energy conservation campaigns were started.
,

Use the relevant informatlon to write a paragraph explaining the changes in car sales and the number of road accidents in an imaginary country called Zubau ever a period of 25 years.

People had money to spend on cars. Car companies started to produce economical family cars. A campaign was launched to promote public transport. 1970-75: Car advertisements on TV were very effective. Traffic fines were increased by 100%, Late 1970's: A lot of young people obtained driving licences when the age limit was dropped from 18 to 17. The quality of roads improved. 1980's: A course about traffic rules was introduced in

Study the information and write an essay about Buenare, an imaginary South American capital city, describing its population and employment trends in relation to the city's historical development.

1720:trade began to

17901800:unsuccessful

1820: independence of country declared city made capital 1820-1890: no development city affected by political disorder in country 1890: arrival of first big group of immigrants from Europe 191:0-1 940: constructionwork (buildings, streets, plazas) to meet requirementsof city 1940-1950: immigrants moving out in groups to new settlement areas 1950: arrival of second big group of immigrants from Europe city grew further

147

Study the information and wrC. Ee an essay of three paragraphs on the potato.

THE POTATO white vegetable with 'brown ski

THE PROCESS OF MAKING POTATO CHIPS

potato chips: popular snack made from potatoes

method: machines

place: huge tanks

potato harvesting

FIELD

purpose: make crunchy

--*WRITING TASKS I
HISTORY OF THE POTATO

200 A.D.: first cultivated by Incas in Peru 1532-7 550: the early explorers after Colornbus introduce potato to
Europe 3 719:a colony of Irish settle in New Hampshire introduce potato to North America Today: major source of food in most of Europe and America

1
I

CHANGES IN THE CONSUMPTION OF POTATO CHIPS IN

TURKEY 8ETWEEN 1969 AND 1995

t 960: first introduced in Turkey -a great interest in the newly-introduced product 1970-1 980:bad weather conditions

L .
decrease in potato production

JI

potato chips become expensive 1980-1985: doctors declare that chips are junk food and dangerous to health 1985-1 995: competition in sector -t prices decrease

Study the information and write an essay on wheat.

1975-1980:a new type of seed introduced 1981-1 985: economic crisis + farmers migrate to cities te

THE PROCESS OF HARVESTING WHEAT wheat ready to be harvested : cut grain emptied through chute
method: machine called combine harvester (most helpful machine in

;1

into a tractor
grain collected in combine harvester

farming)

L
harvester begin by cutting wheat means: cutters

unwanted bits blown away

grain fall through holes

1
stalks of wheat beaten

150

Study the information and write an essay of three paragraphs about the two major airline companies in an imaginary country

called Mandezia,

THE AIRLINE COMPANIES I N MANDESIA The Mandesian Airline

ldest airline company in the count

I"

The International Airline Company (IAC)

private airline company

COMPARISON OF

MAG AND IAC

show films during flights

THE CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF MAC PASSENGERS

45 50

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

1945-1963: people prefer flying to travelling by bus MAC: the only airline company in Mandezia
1983: private airline company (IAC) enter the market IAC: offer discount tickets to families with children under 14

1965:MAC: start big advertising campaign

start extra flights to Far Eastern countries 1970--1975:MAC and IAC plans fares I approximately the same
1975: MAC: introduce discount tickets for businessmen, students, families with children under 6

1981: oil prices go up + plane fares increase people prefer travelling by cart bus {cheaper)

I51

Study the information and write an essay of three paragraphs on

newspapers.

NEWSPAPERS publications printed to inform people & spread news carry facts, opinions, advertising & entertainment: two most common types: popular newspapers & quality newspapers

PREPARING A NEWS STORY newsmen assigned by editor

purpose: cover important event

L
reporter & photographer rush to scene
purpose: gather firsthand information & take photographs

L
all photos & notes or recordings of event taken to
newspaper by reporter & photographer

J
story written by rewrite man

1
news editor decide on length of story

Jstory checked by copy reader method: go ever style & grammar

L ,
headline written
purpose: inform reader about content of news story

WRITING TASKS I

POPULAR NEWSPAPERS
relatively cheap

QUALITY NEWSPAPERS
quite expensive

1,

'1

tots of pictures (large & catourful)

advertisements: financial support for newspaper
mainly sensational news items en: rich and famous people suffering or seriously ill people

few pictures (black & white)

advertisements: financial support for newspaper

mainly long & detailed articles on: politics, economy major world events
-- -

CHANGES IN THE NEWSPAPER SALES IN TURKEY BETWEEN 1989 AND 1997

1989: introduction of private TV channels + great interest in getting instant news from N
1993: newspapers start promotional distributian of household goods (e.g. TV sets, kitchen utensils) + great renewal of interest in newspapers T 995:newspaper prices considerably increased reason: high cost of promotional goods

1996: most newspapers start to publish two separate issues: cheap (without coupons) expensive (with coupons)

Study the information and write an essay of three paragraphs on beer.

THE PROCESS OF BEER MAKING

soak barley grains in water

enzymes + starch + sugar + alcohol = malt

boil malt with hops (seeds of a certain plant)

purpose: give special taste

cool liquid + yeast = fermentation

fermented product put i n bottles or cans

uick fermentation

contains alcohol

WRITING TASKS I

million litres

500

1893: first beer factory opened in Istanbul

1914-23: World War I and the War of Independence

1934-39: establishment of AOG beer factory in Ankara and its takeover by the Turkish State Monopoly
1955: legislation passed to exclude beer from alcoholic

beverages 1960: private sector enters the beer market 1984: law passed to regulate and license the sale of beer some restrictions imposed on TV advertisements Today: good quality foreign beer imported

Study the information and write an essay on sugar.

Sugar

natural

processed
(according to stage in process

glucose fructose

honey

raw cane e.g. barbados,

brown

e.g. cube,

glucose and fructose: difficult to buy on their own honey: available in many forms vary in flavour and price making white sugar soft brown sugar: made from cane or white sugar I syrup added

SUGAR compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen belongs to class of substances called carbohydrates main sources: sugar cane and sugar beet gives energy fattening: modern dieticians advise people to eat little sugar
156

Study the information and write two or three paragraphs describing the differences and similarities between Trinidad and Tobago, and classifying exported goods of Trinidad.
TRINIDAD 1 TOBAGO Caribbean island I Caribbean island population 1.3 million 50,000 area 1,981 square miles 1 17 square miles winter: stormy winter: stormy climate summer: sunny and dry summer: sunny and dry industry I tourism sand beaches general sand beaches city appearance rural and relaxed busy and crowded language English English exports various none ruled by one government constitution (Tobago united with Trinidad i n 1889)

t"
I
?

Exported Goods of Trinidad

!I
3

petrochemicals

metals

flowers

processed

raw (sugar cane, cocoa)

Study the Information and write an essay of three paragraphs on trees.

THE APPLE TREE maximum height: 9 m diameter of trunk: 30 cm has flowers bears one of our most valuable fruits: the apple

THE PINE TREE

maximum height: 60 m diameter of trunk: 1.5 rn evergreen i.e., does not lose leaves has cones instead of flowers

no seeds e.g. tropical tree fern

Gymnosperma (no flowers; have

Angiosperrna (have flowers)

TREES belong to the Pretopsida class of plant kingdom have roots, stem or trunk (the main body of the plant) and leaves provide fruit, wood, rubber, oil, etc.

Study the information and write an essay on types of speech.

Speech

I_

uninterrupted e.g. speeches made lmresm by politicians

#
interrupted (two-way talk)
serious conversation (according to purpose)

social conversatian (can take place most effectively in relatively small groups) e.g. dinner table talks chats amang friends

informative

expressive

INFORMATIVE CONVERSATION impersonal purpose: communicate factual information, exchange ideas planned in advance involve large groups (business meetings, tutorials, discussions) participants not confront each other as equals

EXPRESSIVE CONVERSATION often called "heart-to-heart talk" personal purpose: express feelings (remove emotional misunderstandings I eliminate emotional tensions) may happen spontaneously without prior preparation take place in intimate relationships (husband and wife, parents and children, lovers, friends) persons involved face each other as equals
159

Study the information and write an essay of at least two paragraphs on microscopes.

MICROSCOPE
opticat instrument magnifying lens or combination of lenses use. increase apparent size of small, nearby object

late f 3th century: origins of optical lenses (spectacles come into use in Europe)
1600's: first microscope (adaptation of astronomical telescope) until 19th century: slow progress lack of theoretical understanding lack of mechanical technology 1880: fundamental principles of today's microscope by Ernst Abbe

optical
use visual light to illuminate object

electron
use electron beam to illuminate object
development: Germany 1 I931
magnify image up to 200,000 times

simple
single or double lenses held near eye very limited power of magnification e.g, magnifying glass

compound
multiple lenses: - lower lens (form real, inverted image of object) - upper Iens (magnify and reflect image)

study cells, tissues, bacteria, viruses

L. essential tool in biological & medical sciences

used in biology, medicine & study of structures of rocks and metals, forms of microscopic fossils e.g. laboratory microscope

Study the information and write a paragraph about the brown pelicans In California whose population was severely reduced In 1950's sad d960k due to the insecticide DDT.

I
I

Farmers began using aerial spraying of DPT.

L
DDT killed insects affecting the crops. DDT did not dissappear. DDT on the ground was washed into rivers and lakes.

L
Small marine plants and animals absorbed DDT.

L
Some died; others were eaten by brown pelicans.

L
DDT made pelican egg shells thin. They cracked easily.

Fewer baby pelicans were born. There was a severe decrease in the brown pelican population. DDT was banned in 1972.

Study the Information and write a paragraph explalnlng how a balloon I s flown.

purpose

method

Study the information and write a paragraph giving instructions on how to repair a 'bicycle puncture,

place tyre in water locate hole in tyre air bubbles come up through hole

wait for half an hour place tyre in water again

1
I

1
163

Study the information and write an essay of three paragraphs on heart attacks.

HEART ATTACKS very common

WHAT TO DO
1 . Move victim as little as possible.

WHY

HOW

2. Loosen any tight

clothing (belts, ties, etc.).

Help victim become comfortable and breathe easily.

3. Start applying heart massage.

Put both hands on victim's chest and

continue action. Repeat and

WRITING TASKS I

FROM HEAVY SMOKING TO HEART AlTACK

heavy smoking

.L
tobacco enters blood

L
oxygen content in blood lowered

5
shortness of breath (i.e. it becomes difficult for victim to breathe properly)

L
heart beats faster

HEART ATTACK RATE AND RELATED FACTS

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

1950 -1 965:people not get much exercise

people eat food containing cholesterol and fat 1966 -1 975: pollution and unemployment at highest rate (people under stress) (1976 -1 985: health diets and exercising become important

,1

Study the information and write an essay of three paragraphs on road accidents.

I driving ability I I roadswet, icy, I

reduce

I,

I
heavy traffic

to control

drivers get nervous

How to help a victim sufferinn from shock after an accident

k
-

WHATTO DO

WHY

HOW

I)

give person mixture of baking soda, salt and

WRITING TASKS I

1950-1960: There were not many cars in Moldania.

1960: Young people were allowed to drive at the age of 17. It was easy to get a driver's licence because there

were no standard driving tests. 1970: Better road facilities were provided. A campaign against drunk driving was started by the government. 1980: Authorities decided that all vehicles should go through annual tests for safety. Maximum and minimum speed limits were enforced on all roads. The age limit to get a licence was raised. 1985: Manufacturers started producing cheaper cars; car sales went up. These cheap cars were not safe.

Study the information and write an essay on surgery.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

origins: back to early Egyptians {first attempts at surgery around 3000 B.C.) next 4000 years: progress very slowly unwillingness to cut human body after death to discover cause of diseases

1
very little anatomical knowledge qenaissance period: barbers practise surgery, non-hygenic conditions do more harm than good aSter invention of printing press: books on anatomy become available
1809: first successful surgery major problems: need for anesthesia (using special chemicals so that

patient doesn't feel pain during surgery), danger of postoperative infection (infection after surgery) mid 1800's: introduction of anesthesia techniques 20th century: further refinements techniques for processing and storing blood, replacing damaged tissues with natural or artificial ones

WRITING TASKS I

SURGERY

medical treatment
the body of a person cut open

the part causing problem repaired or removed

I
I

SURGERY TODAY by highly trained team (surgeons, assistants, anesthesiologists, nurses)

IT
li

all instruments sterilized by steam under pressure sterile clothes, gloves, caps, masks worn over noses and mouths
little risk of infection

Study the information and wrlte an essay of three paragraphs about two imaginary Asian countries called Tristan and Kashka.
EMPLOYMENT IN KASHKA IN 1970

i!

Study the information and write an essay describing the process of building houses and explaining the changes in the amount of housing In Ankara since 1900.

THE PROCESS OF BUILDING HOUSES

to city council
during this stage: climatic and geographical conditions assessed, most suitable type of design and building materials chosen without approval construction cannot be started

J
actual construction starts
it usually takes 1.5 2 years to construct an I

customers

drainpipes, radiators, etc.

I,

'

r THE AMOUNT OF
-

HOUSING INANKARA

2-L//
$

crisis no money to spend on building new housing 1945-1960: increase in population I most < 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 people lived in extended families + low demand for new housing since 1923: sharp increase in population + fewer people live in

1900-1923: small population 1923: establishment of republic I Ankara made capital + need for more people to work in government offices + migration from small towns + increase in population
1939-1945: World War E I -+ economic

171

Study the information about canning and write an essay of three

o r four paragraphs on this method of food preservation.

harvesting

boiling water for a short

packaging in cans
method: packing

time

purpose: soften vegetable

machines

purpose: remove air in cans2

a

El
sealing
7
) I

labelling and packing into boxes

method: heating purpose: destroy all infections in vegetables

I
h

r
8

DEVELOPMENT OF CANNING

1809:discovery of the principle of preserving food in glass jars by driving air out (Nicholas Appert) 1814: replacement of glass jars with metal containers 1860:discovery of sterilization - great advance in food preservation (Louis Pasteur)

I:

-----'*.'--

'

WRITING TASKS I

CANNED FOOD CONSUMPT1ON

1914: World War I break out I army consume a lot of canned

food 1918-1939: economic difficulties in many countries I many canning factories close down 1939: World War II break out I people buy lots of canned food 1945-1993: more women start to work outside J less time to cook Today: especially canned vegetables consumed widely / more and more vegetable canning factories set up
keeping food too long

FOOD POISONING

growth of bacteria

formation of yeast and mould

food poisoning . + contaminatian

Study the information and write an essay of four paragraphs a bout pottery.

POTTERY

all kinds of pots and utensils (e.g. plates, cups, cooking dishes, etc.)

types: earthenware, stoneware, porcelain

earthenware pottery: one of the oldest crafts origin: Central Asia I/ later to Egypt, China, Greece

PROCESS OF MAKING EARTHENWARE POTTERY prepare clay

1
put clay on patter's wheel

1
turn wheel; at the same time: make pottery method: shape clay by hand or tool

L
bake slowly in kiln purpose; harden pottery duration: 24 hours to 2 days

.L
glaze, i.e. spray mixture o f glass particles and water on pottery

purpose: water not seep through

w . I D 1
---%

WRITING TASKS I

DEVELOPMENT OF POTTER'S WHEEL

4000 B.C.: pottery made by hand

3500 B.C.: invention of potter's wheel (turned by hand) and kiln & pottery improved 200 B.C.: potter's wheel turned by feet

17th century: wheel turned by an assistant (Europe)

I IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF POTTERY in economic and social conditions affect pottery II 10thchanges I: century: Chinese earthenware pottery famous
18th century: porcelain factories became widespread

3. earthenware pottery not popular

today: people have different life style (e.g. use dishwashers, eat fast-food)

Study the information and wrlte an essay of three or four paragraphs on reptiles that lived on the earth 65 million years ago but are extinct now.

paleobiologists' claim: severe changes in climate 65 million years ago: temperatures decrease abruptly

mammals not die out

many reptiles become extinct

T '
able to adapt to climatic changes

t
not able to adapt to climatic changes

?
General Characteristics of
Mammals warm-blooded creatures

T
General Characteristicsof Reptiles cold-blooded creatures (body temperature same as their surroundings) have no Fur, hair or feathers to to keep them warm

same regardless of temperature of their surroundings)

study ancient life try to find answers to why most

million years ago

WRITING TASKS I
Dinosaurs

I?
meat-eaters (carnivores)
e.g. the tyrannosaurus rex: most frightening carnivore main food: other reptiles

planbeaters ?herbivores)
e.g, the brontosaurus: largest herbivore main food: all kinds of pia length: 25 metres weight: 30 tonnes

1
reptiles in the sea
e.g. the ichthyosaurus look and swim like a dolphin

Extinct Reptiles

reptiles on land
flying reptiles
the pterosaurus wings: made of leathery skin streched between

non-flying reptiles
e.g. dinosaurs live in al! parts of the world lay eggs skin: waterproof purpose: keep their bodies from drying up

Study the information and write an essay of four paragraphs on proteins, their types and the effects of protein deficiency.
Proteins

according to biological functions

simple proteins

conjugated nucleoproteins enzymes derived proteins proteins

provide immunity ta infections and allergic reactions
most important

found in milk, fish, cooked eggs

PROTEINS

nitrogen containing organic compounds linked by peptide bonds found in all animal and plant cells

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
daily protein intake per person

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

65 - 70 grams

1I

35 - 45 grams (not eufiicient/

4
healh problems especially children

j'
1,

-WRITING
NUCLEOPROTEINS

TASKS I

ENZYMES

!I

made of amino acids

made of amino acids

Id

structure simple proteins having nucleic acids

responsible for cell reproduction and transmission of inherited characteristics do not require any organic

simple or compound proteins

start and speed up chemical reactions within living cells

function

compounds

require vitamins to function

retarded growth

bf

in the quantity blood protein4

+death

portein deficiency in adults + anemia

males: 45 - 65 grams

Study the information and write an essay on anemia.

Anemia
(according to causes)

hypochromic anemia

hemolytic anemia

deficiency anemias

REGION industrial

COMMON TYPE OF ANEMIA hemolytic anemia

anemia due to vitamin B12 and

anemia due to iron deficiency ;

ANEMIA

m !

blood disorder, number of red blood cells andlor quantity of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying chemical of blood) below normal levels

excessive bleeding in any part of body inadequate iron supply

I-, blood
+

hemoglobin-deficient red cells produced i hvpochromic anemia hemolytic anemia

defects af red blood cells (inherited or produced by infection 1poisoning e.g. lead poisoning)
dietary factors rapid growth milk diet with little iron

-+ deficiency anemias
due to iron deficiency 1- anemia (common in babies)
decline in production of red blood cells, tens produced much larger than normal

deficiency of Vitamin 812 deficiency of folic certain vegetables e.g. spinach, peas)

Study the information and wrlte an essay of three or four paragraphs on fear.
The results of a survey carried out in 1983 on the psychological effects of sudden fear on 250 people:

Fear
rational

33% - no change 20% - undergo mild psychiatric treatment 15% become depressed 14% - develop traumas 7 2% - become aggressive

(real)

irrational (imaginary)
cannot be justified phobia: the fear of a particular type of place or object eg. ctaustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces) agoraphobia (fear I of open spaces)

can be justified e.g. fear of snakes earthquakes floods traffic accidents

I
I

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEAR IN TI-IE BODY

(1 I

fear + changes set off in body

fear

breathe more deeply

give muscles more oxygen greater energy

L
oxygen blood heartbeat carried to all t circulatiop t more parts of body faster powerful
stomach, fear -.+ intestines no longer contract
all digestive action stopped
the feeling that one has when real or imaginary
I
G

no saliva flows in mouth

throat
dry

fear

tiny blood -+ face pale vessels shrink under skin + , blood clots faster

less bleeding from a wound

fear + person performs great feats of strength

Study the InformatJon and write an essay of one to three paragraphs refuting the statement that women shouldn't work but stay at home and look after children.
POINTS TO CONSIDER
many women with good education (it should not be wasted) working women: experience, knowledge gained at work . l more self-respect, confidence than housewives

-i
OPINIONS traditionalists: "'Children who are not cared for by their mothers have educational problems when they start school."

1
positive effects on children's development

woman's first responsibility: to husband, children

children better looked after by mothers at home

women as successful in business as men

women contribute to family income

L
provide extra means of raising better educated children
today very good daycare centres for children (children gain independence, social skills more quickly)

<
I
I

women give birth to babies . 1 women should look after them

human rights organizations: "All people should be able to enjoy the right to have a career, whether male o x

SURVEY RESULTS (Y991)

among children who had educational and social problems at primary school:

I"

Study the information and write an essay of one to three paragraphs refuting the statement that advertising is a bad thing.

POINTS TO CONSIDER competition among manufacturers + lower prices

useful information for shoppers -+ know new products available

;1
a

enormous sums of money obtained from advertisers: financial source for newspapers, magazines and TV companies waste of money I can be spent on better causes essential feature of free, democratic society
people cannot afford all advertised products -+ people dissatisfied

contribute to economic growth of country

OPINIONS ON THE TOPIC

Tania Cohen, housewife:

"There are too many new products on the market and it is impossible to find out about them without advertisements, Besides,.l like trying new products."

Leo Kieslowsky, famous economist: "It is true that advertising costs money but it is not an additional ost. Heavy advertising can lead to reductions in production costs,

SURVEY RESULTS (7 995)

According to the results of a survey carried out by a leading company, the prices of heavily advertised food products rose by only 14% whereas the price for other food products that were not advertised rose by 30% in a two-year period.
183

Study the information and write an essay of one or two paragraphs refuting the statement that everybody should get university education.

I
1

POINTS TO CONSIDER university degree helps one to find a job more easily

high number of university entrants has a negative effect on the quality of university education
university life involves cultural activities -+ students can develop many skills and improve themselves

OPINIONS ON THE TOPIC educationalists: "People who get university education are intellectually developed."

I
%

employers: "Most university graduates do not have the necessary practical skills." Minister of Education: "it would be better for students to get specialized

SURVEY RESULTS

;1

survey carried out in 1991:

approximately 45% of the university graduates are unemployed

survey carried out in 1993: 28% of the university graduates do not have

Study the Information and write an essay of two or three paragraphs arguing against teleshopping.
TELESHOPPING

quite recent service: people select from goods shown on TV and order by phone
efficient service: makes shopping easier offers cheaper prices than on market

1
I

'! 4 4

MARKFT RESEARCH RESULTS

only 2% of W viewers use the service

difficult to understandquality of item on screen

easy to be deceived

majority displeased: unable to return the items which don't meet

<
-

service doubles phone bills not all households who own a TV can afford the service
:<

INTERVIEWS WITH MAN ON THE STREET

limited number of goods on screen usually not well-known brands

If
I

80% of people interviewed: 5

programme advertises best aspects of items only no accu~ate descriptions give

. m ; p * r ,
% '

OPINIONS ON THE TOPIC

Mrs. Toprak, shopper, aged 56: "Teleshopping is better than going out to shop; you don't have to fight crowds in stores or supermarkets."

Dr. Aksoy, psychologist: here will always be more people who will prefer shopplng in person. They won't get the same satisfaction from teleshopping.

Study the information and write an essay of two paragraphs explaining ocean pollution and refuting the statement that strict anti-pollution Saws to curb ocean pollution are unnecessary.

POINTS TO CONSIDER oceans very large

li

1
chemicals, waste and other pollutants eventually disappear amount of pollutants dumped in oceans very large

RESULTS OF RECENT U.S. OCEAN RESEARCH MEASUREMENTS

5 million plastic containers thrown

OCEAN POLLUTION
rapid technological advances within past century

into world's oceans every day

5
release of many pollutants into environment (e.g, chemicals used in agriculture and industry, plastics)
some industries (situated in coastal areas) dump huge amounts of waste and pollutants in seas and oceans (purpose:get rid of pollutants)

OPINIONS ON THE TOPIC

Chief of U.S. Ocean Research Bureau: "Harbours and coasts around the world have become unsafe far wildlife in oceans." e.g. "Over 150 different species of fish have already become extinct and many more are endangered."

-1
sea creatures eat pollutants
$. sea creatures poisoned and die in large numbers

Officer at Australian National Oceanographic Bureau :

Study the information and write an essay of two paragraphs explaining the effects of extensive viewing of N violence and refuting the statement that children should be allowed to watch TV violence.
watching violence on TV has no significant impact on children
children's viewing of shows in which

RESULTS OF A RECENT STUDY CARRIED OUT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Out of the 1,500 children who took part in the study, 732 were observed to conflict with parents, fight with peers, and 11 cases of ~uvenile crime were reported, all closely correlating with the viewing of violence on TV.

'

OPlNlQNS ON THE TOPIC

children watch

Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior: "Evidence suggests that violence on T V is potentially dangerous in that it serves as a model for behavior especially for children."

tow much violence on TV

become immune to the horror of violence and accept violence as a way to solve problems

S
imitate violence observed on TV

Professor from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: "It has not yet been proved that TV violence increases aggression in children."

. 1
greater aggressiveness

Study the information and write an essay of one or two paragraphs discussing the problem of internal migration into urban areas in Turkey and the solutions.

problem

r
I

internal migration into urban areas in Turkey: too many internal r migrants from farms and rural areas in big cities, especially in 1 istanbul and Ankara causes in rural areas not enough job opportunities for people too little farmland per head of population

1 consequences
rising unemployment rate

I:
I

SOLUTION 1 build small- and medium-sized manufacturing plants in rural areas

employment rates such plants pay lawer wages than in rural areas j become higher those found in ? 4 large cities 2 increase income expensive to build

introduce new law

stop internal migration completely in short time

difficult to enforce such a law

'

human rights

against

Study the Information and write an essay of one or two paragraphs discussing the problem of how to make workers more productive in a certain company and the solutions.

SOLUTION 1
increase working hours

SOLUTION 2

problem:
decrease in workers9 productivity reasons: monotony of work + boredom unsatisfactory working conditions little communication between workers and management
X W d P -

"'

SOLUTION 3 involve workers in decision-maki ng process

SOLUTION 4 pay workers more

1:
I

+
possible applicable suggestions by workers toe many suggestions
J hard to reach a final decision
P"c

Study the information and write an essay on the problems Africans face today and how to help the people of Africa. CAUSES OF PROBLEMS
crops planted for export profits obtained by few rich people

Y
climate subject to disasters continent covered with deserts insufficient rainfall

most people I farmers: need children 2 0 work in farms lack of medical care: one out of three children die before adulthood

lack of skilled people poor farming techniques

Africans have many children

inadequate food production

Study the lnformatlon and write an essay of one or twd

paragraphs discussing the problem of child abuse and the

solutions.

problem

child abuse

causes uneducated, unloving and overburdened parents with unwanted and unplanned children

L
many neglected and maltreated children i n society possible future consequence

societies in the future full of adutts with adaptation and personahty problems

SOLUTION 1 emphasize programs on family planning and child care

SOLUTION 2

I I

open daycare centers in all working places

I 1:

+
abuse due to ignorance and lack of attention reduced

not all future parents psychologically ready to attend these programs

Study the information and write an essay discussing the problem of passive smoking and the solutions.

STUDY RESULTS (1995)

healthy heart attack lung cancer

well-known fact:, smoking hazardous to health even non-smokers in danger passive smoking {i.e. secondhand smoking): inhaling other people" tobacco smoke developed & underdeveloped countries: strict measures against smoking in public places (still increase in number of smokers)

. ;
'B

4 .
passive smoking become health hazard any harmful effects of tobacco smoke on non-smokers

WRITING TASKS I
problem
how to lessen effects of cigarette smoke on non-smokers

solution

prohibition of smoking in workplaces & public buildings smoke-free buildings difficult to enforce (smokers"eerf rmance affected badly) solution 2 more effective anti-smoking campaigns (show smoking as socially unattractive) people educated + smokers give up & young people not take up habit at all long-term solution (take years to have effect)
F <

>>L"akA<"? *
< A

?*&"*?7

"-:

regular exposure to secondhand smoke (workplace or home)

effects
1. asthma
I

number of deaths from asthma double (last 20 years) among children I most common illness treated in hospital 2. lung-cancer scientists prove that passive smoking damage small airways in lungs of non-smokers
3. heart-attack

. ; *

SURVEY (ITALY, 1996)

survey of 20,000 7-year-old children

I,

Two property developers want to buy a large area of land In Venzone area to build a holiday village. Study the information and write an essay explaining the situation, dfscussing the possible sites and recommending one.
BUILDING THE VILLAGE I N VENZONE AREA

reasons area favoured by tourists nice weather all year shopping facilities nearby beautiful scenery I forest area

consequences

increase in number of tourists

1
provide jobs for residents 1 increased income

construction of new roads J more cars

'

environmental pollution L extinction of certain wild animals e.g, deer

9

1 disadvantage
I

!I

*,As""*

SITE 1 disad vanfage too close to highway

advantage deserted area

I1advantage
I

environment harmed too close to deer enclosure close to shopping area

II -

1'

opinions on the topic

I?

zoologists: "Venzone I natural 4 habitat for different 1 types of animals / should be conserved" environmentalists: "trees should not be cut down"

I
"

Write an essay of three to six paragraphs on the environmental problems mentioned in the table and make recommendations in the light of all the proposed solutions.

PROBLEM

CAUSE

17 million hectares of tropical rain forest destroyed every year

the need for woor fuel and for industry

, ,

reforest deforested areas

trees replaced

to make fast
money

die each year from industry diseases related to disposing.of prevent waste wastes products entering unsafe drinking rivers, lakes, seas water and lack of unsanitary living infra-structure for by passing laws conditions canalization

millionchildren carelessness in

cleaner, clearer water obtained

air pollutian increasing due to toxic gases emitted by car exhausts

8% of the world's

increasing sales of cars

legally force people to install catalytic faulty exhausts converters on cars1 of vehicles illegal hunting (poaching)

toxic emissions decreased

purer air

ban or carefully animal swecies will control hunting in be &ict within worldwide craze certain areas for furs and other 25 years e.g. Africa animal products

animal species restored

Study the information and write an essay on sports.

INTERNATIONAL SPORTS COMPETITIONS

Id

developed countries usually successful

developing countries seldom successful

reasons not enough sports facilities not enough qualified

INDIVIDUAL SPORTS

TEAM SPORTS require two teams

I
J

performed alone or with another athlete athletes mostly compete against other individual athletes purpose' get the best time Or win the game carried on by rules

players compete against another team purpose; beat the other team
j !

carried on by rules

success depends on
individual performance

success depends on
team performance

I need physical strength and skill I need physical strength and skill
national and international
196

national and international

F 'gl p ~

~ 01""

' -

WRITING TASKS I
B

Sports

<

individual sports

team sports

e.g.

G ,
%

+ more time and money left to spend on sports

for which sportsmen have more talent

Study the Information and wrlte an essay on bird hunting in Malta. EVENT

RESULT

r;.

I I

hunters kill more than 3 million game birds every year

fewer game birds if hunters not stopped

number of game birds decrease hunters start to kill protected birds number of protected birds decrease

GENERAL INFORMATION

Malta: island J 12,000 licenced hunters

in Malta: hunting game birds in spring allowed (forbidden in other countries in Europe) in spring: hunters from a H over Europe come to island (result: birds overhunted) in the past,/ hunting: respected tradition today: many people against

5 i I.
3 4 1

RESULTS OF A SURVEY ( 7 995)

purpose: to analyse the number of birds hunted in Malta

percentage of birds hunted

90% of game birds 60% of birds of prey

5% of herons
. '
A !

Study the information and write an essay on industrialisatlon i n an imaginary country called Naemo.

EVENT a resident decide to build a factory (1 982)

RESULT

many local people employed

factory work well

business enlarged 1 production increase . 1 more people employed

people from other towns move to Naemo

six more factories built (1985-1990)

L
population increase (job opportunities) increasing rate of pollution rich town no unemployment

more factories Naemo become industrialised

NAEMO IN THE PAST [ : population: 40,000

RESULTS OF A SURVEY (1996)

main income: agriculture, tourism

NAEMO TODAY population: 350,000

purpose: to analyse employment in Naerno

percentage of people working in

differentareas:
76%: in industry

4%: government clerks 2%: other jobs

Study the 'Informationand write an essay on overpopulation.

19th CENTURY

high death rate J no problem of overpopulation

modern medicine no yet devetaped
ilnesses not cured

IT'

1
II

I?:

r
1

TODAY

high birth rate

most ilnesses

advances

OVERPOPULATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES not important problem important problem (birth control used widely) (bMh control not used widely) reasons reasons more women work outside the children contribute to family income home + not enough time to look after many children children look after

I?

WRITING TASKS I
OVERPOPULATION

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH IN THE 20th CENTURY

6.6

major problem i n contemporary world effects most of the problems in existence today e.g. water and energy

shortage
insufficient living space

pollution

ESTIMATED P

ION INCREASE

1
North America Europe

1972

2000

increase

233
469
population i n millions 201

Study the information and write an essay on extroverts and introverts. Make generalisations where necessary.

L
(
sociability

EXTROVERTS

INTROVERTS prefer books to people

fond of people

like parties
have many friends
not like reading or studying alone
want excitement take chances
tend to be aggressive

quiet

risk-taking

like well-ordered life

take matters seriously keep feelings and temper under close control effect: may exhibit neurotic tendencies

expression of feelings

lose temper easily

1
I

effect: may get into trouble easily

1
too much freedom at school

learn faster

learn slowly

an extrovert

ot introvert and extrovert pupils in a primary school

intolerant families

90% have many friends 55% control their temper 20% quiet 5% prefer reading to talking with friends

Study the information and write an essay on the sudden increase in the number of people migrating to urban areas In the U.S. in the 19th century. Make generalisations where necessary.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

steam power introduced

.L
rapid increase i n the number of factories

modern machinery introduced

development of fer~,ilizers

L
great need for labor force (steam power requiring large amounts of coal)

fewer farmers could produce more food

L .
farmers unable to make a living

J
many rural people went to work in factories and coal mines

J
farmers left farms

DETROIT l~tate of Michigan, between lakes St. Clair ar Erie fifth largest city in US.

1'

I
1

before sudden growth in 19th century

population: around 450,000

today

population: almost 2 million

cultural facilities

Michigan State Fair

EMPLOYMENT IN DETROIT TODAY 43% automobile industry 17% steel 9% salt mines 3 1% other areas

203

Study the information and write an essay on forests and the problem of deforestation.
Figure I:

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AREA

Is!

FI~UW 2:

WORLD POPULATION AND THE AREA OF FOREST LAND

area of forest I

LI)
CI

t? m

0 7

F
c .

c c

0 I U

. c

m
K

0 ..a

0 ..n

u?

WRITING TASKS I

SOLUTION: PROPER FOREST MANAGEMENT

young trees left for future laws which permit cutting of only mature or industries suffer from insufficiency of damaged trees raw materials in short term no decline in number of trees plant new trees (to replace those cut) new trees take many years to grow more money needed ban grazing in forests for feeding farm animals

important natural resource provide wood pulp (paper manufacturing) fuel (heating and other purposes) lumber (furniture)

DEFORESTATION
wildlife endangered

I I
I(

increased risk of soil erosion

essential for maintaining ecological balance: stabilize soil, retain precipitation

dramatic changes in world climate in long run increase in world population

4
prevent erosion use carbondioxide in air L clean air provide shelter and a natural habitat for wild animals

1I* II

L
more land needed for settlement, crop production and grazing J. forests cut down J. deforestation (major problem in world today)

Study the Information and write an essay on Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey.

SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA PROJECT (GAP) involve construction of: 22 dams 19 hydroelectric power plants location: southeast of Turkey, on rivers Euphrates & Tigris estimated cost: over $32 million

I POSITIVE EFFECTS OF GAP ON TURKISH ECONOMY

contribute to production of electrical energy: generate 27 million Kwh hydroelectric power . l double Turkey's electrical energy output
I

increase Turkey" irrigated land by 40%

1
rise in crop I vegetable production

figure I:

ARABLE LAND IN TURKEY

WRITING TASKS I
--

Figure 2:

EXPECTED RISE IN CROP /VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN 2005

200,000
(tonnes per year)

1
1:
:

0 1993
..- .'.,': . ':;..*?;

.... .... 2005

2 million

wheat
3.3million

vegetables

fruits and

Imillion

3
f

I NEGATIVE ASPECT OF GAP

I
increase demand for : fertilizers, insecticides increase in agricultural yield
decrease in crop and vegetable prices

1,

modern agricultural machinery

potential investment areas e.g. fertilizer and insecticide

some small scale farmers

in central Anatolia

food processing facilities machinery producing

Study the Information and write an essay on glass.

high

crystal glasses
glass ornaments

popularity

low

reasons for decrease in popularity lead used in crystal to make it brilliant (many people think it is dangerous for health) glass ornaments in fashion

..

MOST COMMON ARTISTIC PRODUCTS OF GLASS ornaments, vases, bowls,stained-glass windows,

GLASS one of most widely used manufactured materials

used since prehistoric times

first manufactured glass: Egypt, 2000 E.C. raw materials to make glass: sand, soda, lime (other substances added to give certain properties; e.g. for green sunglasses, add copper and chromium) used for different purposes (reason:ease in shaping, transparency, durability, low cost) two areas of use: art, technolo

Study the information and write an essay en the changes in people's Bating habits.

1 CHANGES IN EATING HABITS IN THE LAST 25 YEARS I"

(London figures}
people who eat in restaurants people who buy ready-made meals

* 11972 11997 dI

, , ,
"Y

FUTURE PREDICTIONS IN THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESTAURANTS IN LONDON

CHANGING EATING HABITS

more women go out to work

;1

1
nobody stay at home to cook

aexpensive restaurants
cheaper home-food restaurants

fast food restaurants

social life more active

&

people prefer doing other things to cooking

contains food additives I I 1 (cancer causinn) -. ready-made food easy to prepare lose vitamin value (buy from during preparation supermarket) e.g. frozen food

PREPARED AT HOME

PREPARATION OF FROZEN FOOD

wash and cut vegetables

I!

&
hold them in boiling water (some vitamins pass into water) wash under cold water

home-made food

APPENDIX A

COMBINING SENTENCES

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

1. Join each group of sentences into one sentence to write a paragraph about the given topic. The group of sentences are in the correct order. Use appropriate
connectors and expressions of reason or result, qualification, exemplification, addition, and relative clauses in your sentences. Alsa use appropriate personal pronouns where necessary.
1.

Pablo Picasso
a) Pablo Picasso was a great Spanish artist. b) Picasso was born in Barcelona in 1881. c) In the beginning, Picasso's work was influenced by other artists. d) Then Picasso developed his own style of painting. e) Picasso3 style consisted of pictures of the poor in various shades of blue.
f) In the following years, Picasso was influenced by the ideas of CBzanne. g) Cezanne's technique was considerably different from his.

h) After World War II, Picasso moved to the south of France. j) Picasso created many paintings and sculptures in the south of France until his death in 1973.
2.

Recycling
a) Recycling means using the same materials again and again. b) Recycling has been a big industry since the 1980's. c) People have realised that our materials are limited and they must be used carefully.
d j Glass and paper are examples of materials.

e) Such materials can be recycled easily.

f) Glass bottles can be used many times. g) Shops return glass bottles to factories.

h) Glass bottles are washed and refilled in the factories.

i) Trees are a source of paper. j) Trees can replace themselves. k) Trees grow very slowly. I) It is a good idea to recycle paper, too.

WRITING TASKS I
3.

Gaudi's Church
a) Every year a million tourists visit Barcelona. b) The tourists can see Antonio Gaudi's famous church in Barcelona.

c) Gaudi was born into a poor family in Spain in 1852.

d) Gaudi wanted to be an architect. e) Gaudi worked very hard to finish school.
f) Gaudi designed houses, offices and gardens. g) These houses, offices and gardens were all very unusual. h) Gaudi was soon rich and famous.
i) One day a rich man asked Gaudi to build a church.
j) The church would serve the poor people of Barcelona.

k) Gaudi worked on the church for forty years. I) Gaudi could not finish the church. rn) The church was too big and too expensive.

n) Gaudi gave all his money to the church. a) Gaudi was poor again when he died in 1926.
4.

Alexander Fleming
a) Alexander Fleming was a bacteriologist. b) This bacteriologist was born in 1881 in Scotland. c) Scotland is a part of Britain.
d) A bacteriologist is a scientist. e) The scientist often studies bacteria. f) Bacteria often cause disease.

g) Fleming is famous for discovering penicillin. h) Fleming had discovered lysozyme before that.
i) Fleming discovered penicillin in his lab in London's St. Mary's Hospital. j) Fleming was working in St. Mary's Hospital in 1928.
k) Fleming experimented with penicillin. I) Fleming's first experiments were not successful. m) Natural penicillin is not very strong.

n) Fleming worked hard to improve penicillin. o) Fleming couldn't do it alone. p) Fleming asked two of his colleagues to work with him on this project.

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

5.

Copernicus
a) Copernicus was a Polish astronomer.
b) Copernicus is accepted as the founder of modern astronomy.

c) Copernicus started his education in Poland. d) Later he went to Italy. e) He studied law and astronomy there.
f) After his return to Poland, Copernicus formulated an important theory. g) It stated that the sun was the centre of the universe.

h) At that time, people believed that the earth was the centre of the universe. i) They didn't accept Copernicus' theory.
j) Copernicus was sure that his thkory was correct. k) He was unable to prove his theory. I)He din? have the necessary equipment.
rn) In 1530 Copernicus finished writing a book. n) It contained informationabout the posltion of the sun and the movements of the planets.

o) Copernicus couldn't publish his book during his lifetime. p) The authorities were against his theory. q) They didn't allow him to publish it.
6.

Walt Disney
a) Walt Disney was a producer. b) This producer created the world famous cartoon character Mickey Mouse.
c) Walt Disney believed sound had great possibilities, d) He added this new invention to his cartoons.

e) Some people criticized Walt Disney for his untrue films. f) Other people were happy for not seeing crime in his films.

g) Disney also opened two big parks. h) These parks were called Disneyland and Disney World. i) Disney himself did not live long enough to visit his second park.

"W W t . V q p > , W . > * * '

'

WRITING TASKS I

7.

Freud
a) Freud was born in 1856. b) Freud was an Austrian physician. c) Freud is widely knawn as the inventor of psychoanalysis. d) PsychoanaIysis is a method of treating people with mental or nervous illnesses. e) Freud went to medical school in Vienna. f) He sfudied the human nervous system there. g) Later he specialized in the treatment of nervous illnesses.
h) According to Freud, the patient's past experiences are very important. i) These past experiences may cause illness. j) During treatment Freud made his patients remember their past lives.
k) Freud also showed that dreams are important. I) Dreams help to understand the worries or fears of a patient.
m) Freud became seriously ill in 1923. n) He continued to write and see his patients till the end of his life.

o) Freud is generally known as a psychoanalyst. p) He was also a successful writer. q) His influence can be seen in all branches of social sciences.
8.

Braille's Alphabet a) Louis Braille died when he was quite young.

b) Braille succeeded in inventing a system of reading and writing for the blind. c) This system is now taught all over the world.
d) Braille lost his sight accidentally as a child. e) Braille was able to complete his education at a schoal for the blind. f) Braille became a teacher at that school.
g) Before Braille's system, h e blind couldn't read and write easily. h) The current system was based on the big raised letters of the ordinary alphabet. i) These raised letters of the ordinary alphabet were difficult to read.

j) Braille evolved a simple system. k) Braille's system made use of only six dots. I) Their various combinations represented each letter in the alphabet as well as punctuation marks, numbers, and musical notation.

rn) Improvements are continually being made on the system. n) Basically it is the same as that designed by Braille.
o) Braille made sure that no blind person needs to spend his life in ignorance and darkness. 2 15

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

9.

Milk
a) Milk is the basic diet of babies. b) Milk contains a large variety of nutritional constituents. c) Vitamins A, D, E and K are found in milk.
d) Milk is the only source of lactose. e) Lactose is the principal carbohydrate in nature.

g) Milk is very nutritious, h) Drinking too much milk can have same unwanted effects. i) Parents should be careful with the amount of milk in their children's diet.
10.

Mimar Sinan
a) Mimar Sinan was an Ottoman architect. b) Mimar Sinan was born in 1489 in Kayseri. c) Kayseri is a small city in Anatolia.
d) In 1512, Mimar Sinan was sent to Istanbul.

e) He learned his art there.

fj Mimar Sinan took part in many wars both in the east and west after 1520. g) He learned about different architectural styles.

h) On his return, Mimar Sinan became one of the architects working for the Empire. i) He was promoted to the chief architect.

j) Mimar Sinan has more than 360 pieces of work In many places like the Middle East, Arabia and the Balkans. k) Most of his work is in or around Istanbul.

I)Mirnar Sinan is widely known as an architect. m) He also worked as an engineer. n) He built water canals and bridges. o) Mimar Sinan created the classical Turkish style. p) He is known as the most important architect of the Turkish history.
q) Mirnar Sinan died in Istanbul in 1558. r) His most famous building is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne.

m g = W %
w - v

WRITING TASKS I

11.

Technology and Its Effects

a) Technology is the commercial application of pure science.
b) The advancement of technology brings prosperity and other advantages to a nation. c) Pure science is also known as theoretical science. d) Technology has many uses. e) Technology has its miapplications. f) The misapplications can result in nuclear disasters, problems related to drugs and wide-scale pollution. .
g) Most nations would like to deal with these drug problems and pollution. h) Most nations cannot give enough thought and care to these problems for economic reasons. i) These problems become bigger and mare complex. j) At present, finding a solution seems almost impossible. k) Governments, in general, are not willing to spend much money to solve these problems. 12.

Nuclear Power
a) Nuclear power is a topic.

b) This topic causes heated arguments.

c) People base their arguments on the decreasing supplies of fossil fuels. d) People support nuclear power. e) Oil and coal are examples of fossil fuels.

9 People argue that nuclear power does not pollute the air. g) Nuclear power produces clean energy.
h) Others are against nuclear power. i)The fuel of nuclear power is dangerous. j) Nuclear power requires radioactive fuel in generating stations. k) Nuclear power may be unsafe.

1) An accident occurs in a nuclear generator. m) The consequences may be very disastrous. (Usei f )

n) The used fuel remains radioactive.

o) The used fuel presents another problem.

p) Scientists have been resarching. r) Scientists have not yet found a permanent and safe method for the disposal of nuclear waste. 2 17

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES '"'"

'"

'

'

'

'

' '.'"'"

Acupuncture
a) One of the most important practices of medicine is acupuncture. b) Acupuncture is the use of needles for treating disease. c) This medical technique is very old. d) This medical technique has been practised in China for 2000 years. e) Its use in the Western World is very new.
f) Many hospitals in Europe and America are now using acupuncture. g) This technique keeps the patient from feeling pain during an operation.
h) Acupuncture is not dangerous. i) Acupuncture must be practiced by a skilled person in order to be safe.
14.

Antibiotics
a) Antibiotics are micro-organisms. b) Antibiotics are seemingly neutral. c) Antibiotics can be used to prevent the growth of or kill other micro-organisms.
d) Alexander Fleming first identified antibiotics in 1928. e) Alexander Fleming was a British bacteriologist. f) 12 took ten years to put Alexander Fleming's discovery into medical use.
g) The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medical practice. h) Many so-far incurable diseases muld be treated successfully by antibiotics. i)Antibiotics were also used in veterinary and plant medicine.

j) Antibiotics are prescribed and taken in a careless mariner nowadays. k) Antibiotics are becoming less effective in curing diseases. I) Many micro-organisms have developed immunity against antibiotics,

WRITING TASKS 1
Il.
I)In each of the tasks below, first decide on the meaning structure of the paragraph and write the letter of each sentence into the correct box. Then write a paragraph joining the sentences with the appropriate connectors.
I .

a) The price of books has gone up lately.

b) Some people still continue reading.

Main statement

c) Reading is becoming a rare hobby.

d) Reading makes it easier to understand the world.

Supporting reason

Qualification of the main statement Reason for the qualification

a) People nowadays are also much in stress because of sociai or professional competition.

b ) Medical authorities say that this is due to the new life style o f the modern man. c) Death from such diseases as diphteria and tuberculosis has been reduced
incredibly.

b) Over-crowding, for example, which is one of the major problems for people who live in big cities, is also known to produce behavioural distress. c) Physically we are healthier than ever before in the history of mankind. d) We may be physically healthier but the number of people who suffer from mental stress is increasing day by day. e) The advance of medical science, the growth of medical facilities, better working conditions and improved health education have all added to this progress.

Main statement
Support,ng reasons

Qualificationof the main statement

Reasons for the
qualification
Examples

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

a) Several kinds of animals such as leopards are beina overhunted for their valuable skin.
M

b} It is man's responsibilityto protect his environment for future generations.

c) The reasons for this are basically economic.

d) Man disturbs the balance of nature by destroying forests and animals and causes the

Main statement

Qualification of S h e main statement

world to become a much poorer place to live in.

Reason for the

qualification

e) Trees are cut down to obtain land for agriculture in order to meet the needs of the growing population.

d'
T I

Examples

a) We can find many valuable metals and other necessary things under the ocean.

Main statement

b) Exploring the oceans may be very important. c) The diver's body is too weak for the water pressure at greater depths.
d) Exploring the oceans can be difficult and

dangerous.
e ) There may be animals that attack the diver.
f) A lot of food like plants and fish could come from the oceans.

reasons Qualification of the main statement

supporting

Reasons for the qualification

a) Mountaineering is a very exciting sport.

b) Mountaineers may have accidents reaching the top of a mountain. c) Mountaineers like to use their bodies entirely.

~ a i statement n

d) Mountaineeringcan be a very dangerous sport.

Supporting reasons Qualification of the main statement

e) Mountaineers like going where no man has been before.

Reason for the

qualification

WRITING TASKS I
a) Advertisements waste time.
b) Companies depend on advertisements to sell their products. c) A bad product like a deodorant is made to look

good.
d) Advertisements are the most frustrating part of watching television. e) Advertisements are not easy to abolish. f) Companies introduce their new products to the viewer through advsrtisements. g) 15 minutes is lost during a single news programme. h) Advertisements make ptoducts look more attractive than they are.

a) E-mail messages do not give any clues to the sender's feelings or emotional condition. b) People who do not like to use the phone prefer to send messages by e-rnail. c) Communicating by e-mail is becoming increasingly popular. d) Some people do not like to use e-mail to send messages. e) It provides cheap and instant communication. f ) A lot of useful information is lost through e-mail. g) They do not contain any information about the sender'sage or gender.

Supportr'rng
reasons

Qualificationof fhe main statement

Reason for the qualification

a) Wind power is safe and clean. b) A windmill type of power station involves no risk of accidents and does not cause pollution. c) The technology of windmills is simple.

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

d) Wind power is a good source in meeting electrical energy needs. e) Countries with plenty of wind can produce electricity using windmills. f) Wind power is not reliable. g} A line of windmills built on hilltops can work as a complete power station. h) The efficiency of wind power depends on weather conditions.

Supporting

reasons

Examples

Result
Qualification of the result

Reason for the qualification 1. Organize the given sentences to write two paragraphs on+colours.Use relative clauses and connectors.

11)

Paragraph I : a) Some people prefer bright colours.

b) These people say bright colours help them feel lively. e) People like different colours. d) These people say bright cotours make them cheerful. e) Colours have different psychological effects on people.

Paragraph 2: a) These people paint their bedroom or living room walls light green. b) For other people green represents jealousy. c) People may also have different reactions to the same colour. d) Some people think green is a calming colour. e) In most languages we have the expression "to be green with jealousy"
2. Rewrite this paragraph including the information below it. Use relative clauses and appropriate connectors.

There are two types of examinations in modern schools the objective test and the essay test. The objective test consists of a large number of questions. On the objective test, questions are presented in multiple choice form or true-false form. The essay test, on the other hand, is composed of broad general questions.These tests are not easy to score.

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WRITING TASKS I

a) The large number of questions test students' memory of facts and details. b) A lucky student may guess the correct answer without really knowing the material. c) Teachers' feelings may determine the score. d) A student may get a low score because the teacher is tired or bored.
3. Organize the information in each group below and write one paragraph by joining sentences with relative clauses and appropriate connectors.

- Hiring baby-sitterscosts a lot. - Parents cannot afford to pay school fees or buy books and equipment
necessary for education.

- Parents find it difficult to provide a good education for their children. - It is difficult for working parents te,take care of their children when they are
babies. Working parents prefer to have fewer children. - Parents have to hire baby-sitters. -,These parents live in cities.

- These parents live in villages.

- Parents want to have large families. - These people need children to work on the land. - A larger family means better status in the society.

- These people are mostly farmers.

4. Write a passage of three paragraphs about diamonds. Order the information in each paragraph first. Use relative clauses and appropriate connectors.

Paragraph I : diamond: mineral form of pure carbon largest diamonds: the Koh-i-noor, the Cullinan (owner: British Royal family) hardest substance in the world mast expensive stones (reason: bright and rare) most diamonds I colourless (qualification: also yellow, brown, pink and blue)

Paragraph2 : find: in certain parts of world only there are volcanic pipes containing carbon ores in Africa until 18th century: from India today: 99% come from Africa

223

APPENDIX A: COMBINING SENTENCES

Paragraph 3 : industry uses 8Qoh of diamonds that are produced (reason:very hard Icut other hard substances) miners: diamond pointed drillers Idrill rocks (result: make cutting tools from them) doctors: diamond knives J surgery not only a jewel
iii) Examine the chart and fill in each box with one suitable sentence. Then write the whole paragraph using relative clauses and appropriate connectors.
1.

Many studies have shown that it is better to wear your seat

belt when you are travelling in a car.

n/lajn Supporting

reason
Many governments have passed laws requiring seat belt use.

Result

I
Qualification of the result

Reason for the qualification

Drinking too much alcohol is dangerous.

Main statement

A lot of people continue to drink.

I

Qualificationof the

main statement
Reason for the
qualification

APPENDIX

TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

A. Choose the best title.
I. Old age does not mean that you should stay at home and live in the past. Why not learn new things, things you never had the chance to learn before? Learn a foreign language, or how to play the piano, or how to paint. Did you know, for example, that nearly 2 million Americans over the age of 55 have returned to school. In fact, a university for people of old age was opened in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1975 with 600 students. By 1979, they had over 2000 students.

a) Grandfathers and Grandmothers at University b) Never Too Old To Learn c) Stay Healthy, Live Longer d) Living In the Past
2. People usually build their houses out of the rnateriaFs that are easily available to them. In some areas, most people build their homes out of wood. This is true in parts of North America and in Scandinavia. These areas have large forests, so wood is easy to get and inexpensive. In many other areas of Europe, there are few forests left. Stone and brick are cheaper, s o most people build their houses of these materials. In'tropical regions, houses are sometimes made from plants that grow there. For example, in parts of Africa or Asia, houses may be made out of bamboo. Finally, in the coldest areas near the Arctic, people make their * homes out of blocks of ice.

a) Houses Around the World b) The Houses of Scandinavia c) Materials Used for Houses d) How To Build Houses out of Natural Materials B. Choose the best topic sentence.
1.

My cousin Anita's experience is a good example. In September, she started working in a fast-food restaurant because she wanted extra money for her clothes. When she got her first pay-check for $125, she was very happy. But the restaurant was hot, noisy and busy, and Anita worked very hard. Soon she was too tired to do homework at night, so she skipped classes. In December, she failed her math and English exams.In January, she dropped out of school.
a) Getting a part time job is always a useful experience for a student. b) The students who wish to earn extra money usually get part time jobs. c) Finishing school is often difficult for students who work. d) The students who work are usually successful at school.

WRITING TASKS 1
2.
Last weekend, for example, dozens of people had picnics on Harris Beach. They brought a lot of food and many cans of soda and had a good time eating and drinking and playing in the water. The picknickers put some of their trash in the containers in the park, but they also left a lot of it on the ground. In the evening, a seagull got tangled in a plastic bag and suffocated to death. At night, a racoon put its paw in an open soda can and cut its leg badly. It died in the morning.

a) Harris Beach is an ideal place for people to have picnics. b) Picknickers don't always put their trash away. c) Harris Beach is the natural habitat of different species of animals. d) Trash left an picnic areas injures and kills wildlife.

Platinum, which is both rare and beautiful, is proving to be one of the strongest air-cleaners. Silver, which was considered too valuable and too soft for anything but jewelry, is now used in the field of medicine as antiseptics. Gold, the most precious metal of all, is used for high energy experiments. These valuable metals are becoming more valuable than ever before.

a) Some valuable metals are only used in making jewelry. b) Science is finding new uses for precious metals. c) Medicine is a fieEd which makes use of precious metals. d) Platinum, silver and gold are rare, beautiful and precious metals.
4. Cats are animals which are easy to look after and cheap to feed.They don't

make a lot of noise and they don't need a lot of exercise. They are very clean animals and they are happy living inside. A cat can be a good friend for a child or an old person who lives alone. Therefore,

a) cat lovers spend millions of dollars on their cats each year b) the number of cats in the world is increasing c) many people keep cats at home d) cats are not very different from dogs
5.

Many of these dangers are obvious. Stairs, for example, can be dangerous, and so can the sharp corners of a table. Another well-known danger is fire and parents are usually careful about matches and candles. However, other dangers may be less obvious to a parent. Many children die from poisoning in their homes. In fact, all kinds of things E n the house could be poison to a child. Medicine, for example, may not be harmful for an adult, but may make a child

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

seriously ill. The same is true of alcohol and cigarettes. Finally, soaps and chemicals used for cleaning are often extremely poisonous. All these things should be kept far out of the reach of young children.

a) Matches, medicine and cigarettes are some of the dangers for srnall children
in most homes.

b) Our homes usually contain dangerous poisons for small children. c) If we are careful, we can reduce the dangers for small children in our homes. d) Most homes are full of dangers for small children.
Underline the topic sentences.
6, After you retire, you can learn new things such as a foreign language or painting. You also have more time for hobbies. In addition, young people respect you more and take your advice more seriously. Therefore, old age has some advantages.
7. Starting a day early is a good thing. When you get up early, you feel energetic and you can get organized easily. If you don't have fixed working hours, you have your afternoon free and do the things you enjoy.

C. Wrlte topic sentences for the following paragraphs.

1.. Life is very fast and exciting here. 1 love the big parks, the museums, the art galleries and the theatres. I meet lots of interesting people and I can do something different every weekend. I'm never bored in London.
, ,

2.
For one thing, you can never get bored in a large city; there are always films and plays to see, large stores for shopping or at least for window-shopping. Large cities provide educational facilities and health care for citizens. Another thing is that if you are in a large city, it" not so difficult for you to find a job.

3. Professional ice-skaters have to do a lot of practice. In fact, it takes the whole day and therefore there Is no time left for leisure activities, friends or even family members. They can't go to cinemas or discos like the people of their age and, unlike others, they can't have simple hobbies. Therefore,

WRITING TASKS I

4.

-,

It is very modern and clean inside. Students and faculty wives like to sit and have a soda here after shopping because it is quiet and the clerks are very friendly and polite, White's is a good place to buy soap, toothbrushes, toothpaste, shaving cream and other toilet articles because there is always a large choice and the prices are always reasonable.

5.
All of the buses from Chicago and the South stop at Selton Bus Station. The local buslines also connect here. There are always a lot o f taxis outside. There are always lots of people sitting inside the waiting room or standing at the soda or newspaper counters.
6.

While he was ironing his trousers, he burnt them. Then he missed the bus to work and had to take a taxi. When he got to work, his boss reprimanded him saying, "Robert, you are late again". Towards noon his girlfriend called him and said that she wouldn't see him again.
7.

Some students have difficulty in finding suitable accommodation as there aren't enough dorms for all the students on the campus. Secondly, they usually have a financial problem. In other words, most of the time the money they receive from their families is not adequate for their expenses. Another difficulty that the newcomers are faced with is loneliness because it isn't easy to make friends as soon as they start university.
8.
Methanol is a form of wood alcohol. It can be used in many cars in almost the same way that petrol is used. Natural gas is another alternative fuel for cars. However, cars that burn this fuel must be equipped with special tanks of natural gas, A third alternative, and perhaps the best, is electricity. Cars fueled by

electricity have no engine at all, although they have to carry large batteries. 9. Investigations into temperature, lighting, time and motion study, noise and humidity do not have the slightest effect on the morale of a factory worker, although they may have an effect on physical health and comfort.
10.

Compared to single men of the same agegroup, married men enjoy better physical and mental health. Their lives are likely to be longer and happier. In addition, they enjoy more successful careers, fill higher status occupations and thus earn more money. 229

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPQRTlNG SENTENCES

IF.

In the last twenty-five years, the population of the world has doubled. As the developing world has a population rate which is twice that of the developed world, most of the population increase has taken place in the poorer countries of the world. More and more people are concentrated in those countries which are least able to provide a living for them.
72.

In smaller towns and cities roads are less congested and the journey to work shorter. People can even cycle to work or walk if necessary. Children and the elderly do not run great risks of being run down. Lighting in a big department store can influence customers' choices. Departments selling cosmetics should be lit brightly to suggest cleanliness. The width of aisles is also a factor. If the customers move too fast they are missing buying opportunities. One can also mention piped-in music having an effect on sates.

No other animal is so helpless for so long, so dependent on adults for food, shelter, attention and instruction to develop and grow. Scientists have learned that babies subjected to repeated trauma or stress or left unattended for too long may suffer permanent neurological effects.
15.

Inflation I s a big problem in Colombia because many peapje who work don't make enough money to live or to educate their children. The lack of job opportunities is another main cause of increasing crime. Unemployed people have no way to get food or even a place to live because the government does not provide any social services for the poor. In conclusion, the government must stabilize the currency and build factories to employ more people so that the crime rate will drop.
f 6.

Lines at the box office lengthen whenever theater owners run films with titles like Return of the Grave Snatchers or Night of the Living Lunatics. Similarly, ratings go up when late night movie programs present old standards: Dracula, Frankenstein, and The Mummy. Movie producers, who are always ready to fulfill the public's desires, shoot several horror movies a year because they know the films are guaranteed to turn a profit.

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WRITING TASKS I

17. The Chinese, for example, first reached the United States during the Gold Rush of 1849. It was their search for wealth that caused them to migrate to the U.S. The Filipinos had a different reason for their migration to the States. They came as labourers and the majority of this group worked on sugar plantations.
18.

Parenthood is an art; parentage is the consequence of a mere biological act, The biological ability to produce conception and to give birth to a child has nothing to do with the ability to care for that child as it needs to be cared for. That ability, like every other, must be learned. It is highly desirable that parentage not be undertaken until the art of parenthood has been learned. Parentage is often irresponsible. Parenthood is responsible. Parentage at best is irresponsibly responsible for the birth of a child, Parenthood is responsible for the development of a human being - not simply a child. Considering that the average price per pack of cigarettes is 65 cents, people. who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day spend 1.30 dollars per day on their habit. At the end of one year these smokers have spent at least 474.50 dollars. What is more, cigarette smoke has an offensive odour that clings to clothing, stuffed furniture and carpet so smokers often find that they must have these items cleaned more frequently than nonsmokers do, which is an additional expense for them.
20. "Life in the country is better than that in the city" is what most people say. The

'

country is calm and clean; there are no problems of overpopulation, noise or air pollution. Your life is quiet, independent and happy as you walk from house to house, talk with friends and enjoy the smell of freshness, However, for someone who is used to living in the city, life in the country can be frustrating.-

21. The first digital computer, Mark I, was developed in 1944 by l8M. Until the 1960s, computers were used only in business and government. Today, however, they are used for a wide range of purposes from space-flight control to entertainment at home.

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

Choose the best supporting sentence.

1. The job of a nurse isn't always enjoyable or easy.

They often work at night or at weekends, too. They usually don't have enough time to spend with their families. In addition, the job isn't well-paid.

a) Nurses have to work long hours. b) Most nurses work in modern hospitals.
c) Nurses, together with doctors, help sick people. d) Some hospitals provide accommodation for nurses.
2. In modem life, corn has many uses. Corn is also hidden in many other foods: cookies, bread, or beef. A large part of the corn production in the United States, in fact, goes to feed beef cattle.

However, corn is not just a food. It is also used in the production of all kinds of things, from glue to hand lotion and paint. Recently, manufacturers have begun to use corn to make a new type of plastic for garbage bags. In many places, cars are now powered by a mixture that contains ethanol, a fuel made from corn.

a) For some civilizations around the world, corn is a symbol of life.

b) Scientists are working on kinds of corn that can be cultivated in dry or very hot areas. c) Millions of tons of corn are produced around the world every year. d) We eat corn in many forms, from popcorn to corn oil, corn flour, and corn syrup.

Underline the statement that doesn't support the topic sentence.

3. There are several reasons why many American women are waiting until they are 30 years old or older to have their first baby. Some women have good jobs and want to continue their careers. Many American couples have two children. Other women don't want the responsibility of having children until they are older.
Write a supporting sentence.
4. Smoking is a bad habit.

Cancer, for example, is one of these illnesses. If you spend the money you spend on cigarettes a month, you can buy something you really need.

WRITING TASKS E

Put the sentences in order beginning wlth the most general statement and adding each sentence In the correct order until the introduction becomes more speclflc. Write the numbers of the sentences In the blanks provided.
1. ( 1 ) More than 1,400,000 acres of forest in Germany have been damaged by acid rain and so have forests in Denmark, France, Norway and Switzerland. (2) The problem exists in many European countries. (3) Acid rain is produced when coal and oil are burnt and carbon dioxide is set free into the air. (4) The Swiss government is worried about the large number of trees which are dying on mountain slopes because these trees help to prevent snowslips and avalanches. (5) This mixes with water vapour and falls to the earth as acid rain.

2. (1) Many of the rivers which run into the Mediterranean, such as the Rhone in France and the Po in Italy, pass through heavy industrial areas and pick up chemical wastes to dump in !he sea. (2)As a result, the northern coastline from Barcelona in the west to Naples in the east puts 200 tons of sewage into the sea every year for every mile of coastline. (3) Tens of millions of tons of oil, industrial waste, chemicals and sewage are pumped into it every year. (4) The Mediterranean Sea has one of the dirtiest coastlines in the world. (5) Other rivers, like the Ebro in Spain and the Nile in Egypt, carry sewage, pesticides and chemical fertilisers from large land areas.

3. (1) Freud, for example, believed that in our dreams we could find our hidden wishes, wishes we could not admit to anyone, not even to ourselves. (2) "Dreams are of no importance" is what we tell ourselves when we are reluctant to examine the sometimes frightening messages contained in our dreams. (3) Even if we wanted to, the writings of two of the most famous men in the history of psychology, Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung, remind us again and again that dreams help us understand who and what we really are. (4) However, we probably all know, even if we don't admit it, that we can't dismiss our dreams, not even the seemingly silly ones. ( 5 ) Jung studied not only the dreams of his patients but atso his own dreams to better understand his hidden desires and motives.

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

Choose the specific sentences that could support the general statements. Write a, b, or c beside each specific statement. Some of the data Is irrelevant
(NW4. General Statements:

a) Setting up industry establishments is one means of fighting unemployment in a country. b) Exporting industrial products is a source of income and prestige. c) Industry results in the formation of large segments of working class people living in crowded areas and slums in cities.

Specific Statements:
-1. T V sets made in Turkey sell very well in industrial countries of Northern
Europe. -2. Turkey imports Japanese cars made in India.

-3. People leaving their villages for the excitement and the supposed job
opportunities of big cities are unable to find suitable housing.

-4. The growth of some big industrial cities is completely uncontrollable. -5. Thousands of unskilled or semi-skilled workers are employed in the
factories and refineries of southern Turkey.

-6.Cheap objects made of plastics are sold in bazaars. -7. Many Turkish industrialists receive awards abroad for the quality of their
products. -8. Municipalities cannot give proper service to poor areas of towns.

-9. The government subsidizes the establishment of food processing and

canning industries in the areas where farm animals are bred.

-10. Oil is one of the primary industrial sectors of Turkey.

5. General Statements: a) use of medicine There rules and restrictions for the use of medicine. b) national budget for health care The Ministry of Health should have a healthy budget. c) cost of medicine Pharmaceutical industries set prices high and form cartels all around the world.
Specific Statements:

-1. Antibiotics are usually expensive since the demand for them hardly ever
decreases.

-2. Tranquilizers can only be obtained with a doctor's prescription.

WRfTING TASKS I

-3. The Chinese way of treating medical complaints is called 'acupuncture'.

-4. The pathetic state of hospitals is generally attributed to the lack of
government funds.

-5. Pain-killers should not be taken with alcohol. -6. A medical firm usually defends its price increases by emphasizing the
high cost of raw materials.

-7. The medical staff in private hospitals sheul refrain from prescribing toe
many varieties of medicine, most of which go to waste. -8. A 'green card' means nothing if it is not strongly supported by government money. 9. The treatment one gets in private clinics for prolonging old age or preserving beauty costs a lot of time and money - usually with poor results.

-10. A newly developing medical company has no chance of competing with

the industrial giants of Europe or U.S.A.

.Reorder the following sentences to form a composition containing three

paragraphs. The Italicised sentences are the topic sentences of each paragraph.
a) Although we no longer believe chocolate makes us wise or gives us knowledge, we still believe that it gives us energy.

b) Because of this concentration of protein, calcium and minerals, milk chocolate is not as damaging to the teeth as other snack foods. c) People have long believed chocolate has beneficial effectson humans. d) Soldiers, explorers and athletes eat chocolate for quick energy. e) In fact, it doesn't even cause ache, as many people have believed. f) Chocolate not only gives us energy, but contains many vitamins and minerals which help us keep healthy. g) Montezuma, the Aztec ruler who ruled between 1502 and 1520, drank fifty
glasses of chocolate per day. h) In addition, American and Russian astronauts take chocolate with them on their space trips. i) The Aztec Indians, who occupied the area of the Valley of Mexico from about 1200 to 1521, believed that chocolate gave them wisdom and knowledge. j) For example, the average 1-5-ouncem i l k chocolate bar contains 4% of the protein required per day, 6% of the daily requirement for calcium, 2% of the requirement for iron, etc. k) He believed it would give hlrn strenght and energy and that it would make him more attractive. I) Mountain climbers also take chocolate with them on their dimbs.

APPENDIX B: TITLES, TOPIC SENTENCES AND SUPPORTING SENTENCES

7. Select relevant lnforrnatlonfrom the list to suppart each of these general staternents.Then, organlzlng the data you have selected, write two short paragraphs developing the general statements. Use connectors, relative pronouns and grammar links if necessary.

a) Libraries have existed since ancient times. b) Today any library contains three basic kinds of materials.
1. Travelling libraries take books to readers. 2. Books are organized according to title or author. 3. The earliest known library contained a collection of clay tablets. 4. Books can generally be borrowed . 5 . There are periodicals. 6. There are books on all subjects. 7. Books can be taken out for a period of two to four weeks. 8.The British Museum was first opened as a librany. 9.The earliest known library was in Babylonia. 10. There are reference works. 11. Periodicals and reference works cannot be removed from the library. 12. Reference works include encyclopedias, dictionaires and bibliographies. 13. Newspapers and magazines are examples of periodicals. 14. Libraries in the U.S. and Britain received a lot of support from famous writers. 8. Organlse the information around the following topics: general information about soccer, history of -soccer and majar soccer competitions. Then write three paragraphs uslng connectors, relative pronouns and grammar links if necessary.
a) played for centuries

b) World Cup Tournament: every four years; 16 most successful teams in the world compete c) also called 'football' or 'association footballf d) a similar form played in Ancient Greece, Rome and China e) many international soccer competitions in the world today f) professional players enjoy as much prestige as film stars and pop singers in many countries g) today's soccer originated in Great Britain (I 1th century) h) World Cup Tournament: most important international competition

" " " " " * " ; " "

WRITING TASKS 1

i) European Cup: national champions of European countries compete j) London football Association established international rules for soccer (1 863) k) most popular game in the world today 1) played widely all over the world rn) attracts huge crowds to games n) Olympic Games: only amateur football teams participate o) has the status of a national game in many countries p) one of the oldest games

APPENDIX C

CONNECTIVES

WRITING TASKS I
Complete the sentences with words or phrases from the box. Use each word or phrase only once. There may be more than you need. Furthermore
To begin with

Therefore

For instance

In other words

In the same way

On the other hand

1. Some synthetic materials are uncomfortable to wear. , they are easy to take care of. 2. Trees are beautiful to look at. , they provide us with lumber and paper. 3. Plastic furniture is cheap, easy to move and easy to clean. , it is popular in dassrooms. 4. In New York City, there are lots of subway lines covering a wide area. , Paris depends on vast subway lines to transport millions of

commuters. , the 5. First, changes in temperature break rocks into pieces. wind blows the pieces away. , the products of the 6. The sales have been falling recently. company have not been selling well. , cows provide us 7. Animals serve us in many different ways. with milk and meat. 8.He is not likely to get the job he has applied for. , he is too young. Also, he hasn't got much experience. are exemplified by
such as illustrated by exernplify
1. When people use credit cards, they spend too much money; , many people will go to an expensive restaurant when they use their credit card but to a cheap fast-food place when they want to pay cash. This that credit cards tend to encourage people to go to places where they would have to spend more money. 2.The Young and the Restless and Sfar Trek are old television programmes that are as popular today as when they were first shown.

for instance

such
illustrates following examples

a case in point
examples of

APPENDIX C: CONNECTIVES r""

3. Oranges, grapefruits and lemons

? * T : ' @

fruit that grow well in this

type of climate. 4. Long-term medical studies run in California have shown that salt, sugar and fat serious illnesses as heart disease and increase the risk for high blood pressure. 5. Many species have become extinct. A dodo is are considered to be in the dog family: a wolf and a fox. 6. The the buildings at METU. 7, Modern architecture can be planets 8. Our solar system includes heavenly bodies which Jupiter, Mars and Earth.

C. To the following sentences, add a suitable connective from the box, and cornp!ete each with an appropriate sentence from the ones below the box. Write the connector and the letter of the sentence in the blanks provided.
1. Fried chicken, one of the most popular foods in North America, is not so difficult to prepare as you may think. 2.The 1980's saw very big advances in technology, which have been used to manufacture a wide range of products such as pocket and watch computers, calculators, and car and mobile telephones. 3. Many women pay quite a lot of money to buy high quality cosmetics. 4. All international airports have duty-free shops where you can buy perfume and import drinks cheaper. 5. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the air was doubled, the earth" temperature would rise by 2"C, causing the ice at the poles to melt.
w

Consequently Nevertheless Accordingly

In brief In other words Moreover

Furthermore For instance To put it more simply

a) Coastal cities like New York, Bombay, London and Sydney would be flooded as the sea level would rise by about 60 m. b) Some spend nearly $100 on one small bottle of perfume. c) Anyone can learn to make it well if he or she just follows a few simple steps. d) By the next century, these devices will seem old-fashioned. e) They sell computers, calculators and car and mobiie telephones.

WRIT lNG TASKS I

Complete each passage with words or phrases from the box given. Use each word or phrase only once. There may be more than you need.

furthermore

in conclusion

meanwhile

In the minds of many people, the octopus is considered a dangerous and unpleasant , for me this strange creature is very interesting animal; (1) because of its extraordinary powers. (2) the octopus has excellent, humanlike eyesight. The orange-brawn eyes are mobile, (3) they can be turned in differentdirections, which helps the animal to spot and avoid its , the octopus has a surprising ability to change colour. enemy. (4) The chromatophores; (5) , the colour cells, enable the octopus to change colour. The octopus has lost the protective shell of its ancestors so it has exceptional powers to survive in the sea.
I

for instance similarly

finally

in other words

however

Minerals
There are three basic categories of minerals: (1) , precious stones such as rubies and diamonds; ( 2 ) , metal ores such as silver and copper ore; and (3) , other substances such as coal, petroleum and sulphur.
Clearly, these minerals contribute to the wealth of a country that possesses them. (4) , Burma depends heavily on its rubies. South Africa, owes much of its wearth to diamonds - many of the worlds (5) diamonds are mined in South Africa. (6) , South Africa buys diamonds produced in other countries to control the supply of diamonds on the , most world market and thus to add wealth to the country. (7) countries possess some of these minerals which add to their wealth.
I

APPENDIX C: CONNECTIVES
firstly in conclusion finally also
because

for example moreover however although

in fact
thus such as

There are two extremes of drivers behind the steering wheel today. On the one hand, there is the unsafe driver. He disregards traffic regulations and makes life , he honks his horn difficult for pedestrians and other drivers. (1) or blinks his lights unnecessarily. He is (2) inconsiderate; he takes up two parking places and slows down or speeds up just to annoy other , he is reckless; in other words, he takes risks which drivers. (3) may lead to accidents. On the other hand, there is the safe driver. He obeys traffic regulations and practises courtesy on the road. He never takes chances. He is careful and alert. (4) , he is able to prevent a dangerous situation from turning into a bad accident. (5) , the safe driver is also likely to have accidents (6) he has to use the same road as the reckless driver. (7) , recent statistical data show that the number of safe drivers involved in accidents is no smaller than that of unsafe drivers. , even if you are a safe driver, you always run the risk of (8) having an accident as tong as there are reckless drivers on the road.

since
produces
bringing about

results from accordingly

are caused by

What Causes Fatness?

People get fat mainly (1) eating too much and not taking enough exercise. Many people consume too much junk food such as chips, hamburgers and pizzas. This kind of food is rich in calories but has a low nutritional value it does not contain enough protein, vitamins or minerals. (2) too much junk food is eaten, the body cannot burn the (3) excessive amount of calories with which it is bombarded. Fatness also taking not enough or no exercise at all. It is known that (4) regular exercise makes the metabolism work faster; ( 5 ) , the extra calories entering the body are easily burnt. However, if no exercise is taken, the body cannot easily cope with the calories it gets and begins to store the extra 'fuel', (6) fatness.

242

WRlTllNG TASKS I
in fact consequently thus to begin with to sum up in other words for instance in the same way in addition on the other hand however whereas because of like

since
afterwards

a) Jazz musicians are unique as creative artists. Many poets, painters, and novelists are accustomed to working alone, but this is often impossible for jazz musicians. the nature of jazz, most of their playing and practising must be (1) with other musicians. They need each other's sounds and impulses to become inspired.
b)

Until recently, anthropologists believed that human history was a steady line of progress that stretched from the Stone Age to the present day. , today's humans were seen as far more advanced than their (21 ancestors. Our knowledge of the truly ancient civilizations is quite limited, . Written history reaches back only a few centuries and even (3) in Egypt, where the documents go back the furthest, we have only the vaguest ideas of history before 1600 B.C.

c r
Although tooth decay is a very common problem, following a few simple rules could help to prevent it. (4) , people should brush and floss their teeth daily and avoid sweet, sticky foods (53 candy or chocolate. Then, they should eat small snacks many times during the day instead of just a few large meals and, of course, they should visit a dentist regularly. They should also take good care of their gums as gum disease is a serious problem. (6) gum disease, not tooth decay, is the main cause of tooth loss in the world.
I

dl Nature has provided every living creature with some way to protect itself. One of the most fascinating means of protection is deception; (7) , the ability the animal has to camouflage itself so that it will be overlooked by its enemy. Take, (8) , the chameleon, a member of the lizard family. it varies in length from five inches to a foot and can generally be found sitting on a leaf or twig. You must look closeSy to see the animal (9) its clever camouflage technique is to change its skin cotour to green or yellow if it is on a leaf and to brown or grey if it is on a twig or stone. (10) , the chameleon can sit very still, as a result of which its natural enemies can walk right by without noticing it. As you can see, the chameleon can easily fool its enemies by means of deception, and (11) it has a longer life and a better chance of reproducing its species. 243

APPENDIX C: CONNECTIVES
I. Complete the following by adding a suitable ending of your own.
1. The party was crowded and noisy. In spite of that,

2. 1 always leave things lying around so my room is in a mess all the time. My sister, on the other hand,

J. Rewrite the sentences in different ways using the words or phrases in parentheses.

1. The flooding of coastal cities will result from the increase in the temperature of the polar regions.
- . . .

(hence}

(because of)
2. Changes in rainfall patterns will contribute to turning deserts into fertile lands.

(as a result)

(so much ...that)

3. Southeast Asia and North America will suffer a lot from hurricanes and typhoons.

(both ... and)

(similarly)

WRITING TASKS E
4. While the polar regions will get warmer, sub-tropical regions will become colder.

(unlike)

p.

(on the other hand)

5. All these climatic changes will Dead to mass migrations around the world.

(due to)

(be a consequence of)

6. Space travel will cause dramatic effects on philosophy and religion.

(becauseof)

(will follow from)

7. The destruction of rain forests will set previously unknown bacteria and viruses free to contaminate the world.

(leading to)

(due to)

APPENDIX C: CONNECTIVES :

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8. Faulty road conditions are responsible for most car accidents.

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APPENDIX D

PUNCTUATION

7. Use commas with dates, addresses, place names and long numbers.

James Joyce's book Ulysses takes place on June 16, 1904, in Dublin, Ireland.
Henry Jones, MD. 245 Oak Street, Norfolk, Virginia We will arrive in New York on Saturday, March 17.
8. Use commas to set off a word or a group of words that may add information but are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Alice, the British contestant will definitely become the beauty queen. H e is always late for his appointments, which is an awful habit.
9. Use commas to set off conjunctive adverbs such as indeed, besides, however,

therefore, for example, still, thus, in fact, etc.

As a result the elephant population in that area has decreased drastically. They became aware, in fact, that they had made a big mistake. That room, however, will need to be painted.
10. Use a comma after words such as 'first', 'next', 'finally', 'eventually' when they

begin a sentence. Sinalfy, write a conclusion that sums up your ideas.

11. Expressions such as 'they hope', 'I believe', "he says' are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas when they are used as interrupters. When such expressions are at the beginning of a sentence, there is no need to use

commas.
Men say women are more suitable for the work. (no comma) Women, men say, are more suitatile for the work.

Exercises
A, Insert commas whenever needed in the sentences below.
d . The teacher of the English writing class Ms. Parker is kind and friendly.
2. Joe picked up the ball and threw it over the high fence.
3. The parcel must be dejivered to Phyllis Brooks 1401 Willow Street Middletown

New Jersey. 4. Clothes such as fur coats and uniforms often suggest a persods social position. 5. The counter was stacked with dishes pots glasses cups and pans. 6.Mary was wearing a light blue dress which went beautifully with her blue eyes.

APPENDIX

D: PUNCTUATION

7. Job opportunities I hope will be more next year.

8.Tom you'd better put on your coat. You might otherwise catch a cold. 9.Having studied hard Frank scored very high on the exam. 10. The papers were still on the desk written neatly in black ink. 11. The streets were heavily crowded dirty and noisy downtown so once again I felt happy to be living in the suburbs. 12. It had been a long exhausting trip and we had arrived late. 53. Even when there is no traffic on the roads there are traffic accidents which is an indication of how careless the drivers are. 14. They just stay home every evening watching old films on TV.
B. Insert commas wherever needed in the following paragraphs. I have an uncle who has no friends. lnstead he has a dog. The dog goes everywhere with my uncle. One day my uncle went to the cinema. Of course the dog went with him. At the end of the film the owner of the cinema who had decided to play a joke on my uncle came over to him and said 'Did your dog like the film?" My uncle replied "No." Surprised by this answer the cinema owner asked my uncle "Why not?" and my uncle replied "Because he thinks the book is better."
Chinese differs from English in several ways and these differences make learning English difficult for the Chinese. First the most complex difference is the word order. For example in English a greeting is "How are you?" but in Chinese 'You are how?" is correct. Next in Chinese the verbs don't have past tense. Instead we know the time from the adverb. In English however time is designated by the tense. Besides these basic problems Chinese and English have many small differences. Chinese for instance does not distinguish between 'he' and 'she' nor is there a difference between kia' and 'an' as there is in English. Santa Fe is one of the oldest cities in the United States and it is also one of the most interesting. Some historians claim that St. Augustine a city in Florida is older but all agree that northern New Mexico has been continuously inhabited for centuries. Perhaps you have read about this old city or perhaps you have even visited Santa Fe. Every year thousands of visitors attend the annual Fiesta for this ancient celebration is as well-known in its way as is the Mardi-gras festival in New Orleans. It is not a carnival precisely nor is it a country fair. Rather it is a combination of the two and the narrow streets of the old city are thronged for three days with native New Mexicans Indians and tourists from all parts of the country.

WRITING TASKS I
The Semicolon
The semicolon [ ; ] is used between closely related sentences of equal importance and between groups of words that already contain wrnrnas. The semicolon is sometimes called a 'weak period'.
1. A semicolon can be used instead of a period to make your papers more interesting than they would be with only short, choppy sentences.

The dean talked about student government; the entire student body listened with interest. instead of: The dean talked about student government. Tlie entire student body listened with interest.

2 . A semicolon is used to separate two sentences not joined together by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet, nor and for).
Baseball used to be the national sport of the United States; football has now replaced if. instead of: Baseball used to be the national sport of the United States, buf football has now replaced it.

3. A semicolon is used to separate sentences joined by a conjunctive adverb (e.g.,

however, nevertheless, therefore, in addition, moreover, in fact, thus, etc.) It was a good car; moreover, they were asking a fair price for if. instead of: I f was a good car. Moreover, they were asking a fair price for it.
4. A semicolon is used between groups of words that already contain commas in

order to prevent confusion. Among the other people at the dinner party were my brother, Jeff, an investment analyst; my sister-in-law, Miriam, an advertising executive; and my husband, Steve, a business writer.

Exercises
A. Use semicolons and commas correctly in the following sentences. 1. All the food is on the table we can start eating. 2. Freedom isn't easy to obtain it must be earned and guided. 3. When meat is not very fresh it begins to lose its cotour however if it is displayed under a light which is mainly red it will look fresh.

APPENDIX D: PUNCTUATION
4. Many people believe that all languages distinguish singular and plural however linguists have found that singularlplural is not a universal distinction. 5. The car hit two trees a fence and Mr. Adam's bicycle. 6. No one was home between noon and 6 p.m. as a result the package was not

delivered. 7. The smoke drifted gently from the chimney there was a warm haze of sunlight and everyone felt calm and relaxed. 8. Their diet is based on butter cheese milk eggs lamb beef veal pork wheat rye oats and barley.
B. Insert commas and semicolons where necessary in the following paragraph.

A major problem in our city is the cost of housing many things have caused the price of houses to rise. The population ten years ago was 700000 however now the population is more than 2500000. As a result the number of available houses has decreased and housing prices have escalated. Moreover the price of land is 15 times higher than it was ten years ago therefore ordinary people can't even afford to buy much less to build a house.

The Colon
The colon [ : ] means 'as follows'. It tells your reader io pay attention to a list, word, quotation, or explanation that follows. Attention: The words before a colon should be a complete sentence.
1. Use a colon to introduce a list.

There are many comic book superheroes: Superman, Bafman, Wonder

Woman, Green Arrow and others.

2. Use a colon to introduce a final word, phrase, or example that shows the meaning or result of the sentence.
Superheroes always manage fo save themselves: they are immortal. !need only one thing to make my lifecomplete: money.
3. Use a colon to separate hours, minutes and seconds,

The time is exactly 6:42 p.m.

4. Use a colon after a salutation of a formal or business letter

Dear Sir: Dear Senator Morgan:

WRITING TASKS I
Exercise
Insert commas, semicolons, or colons where necessary in the following paragraph.

Every university student should know how to use the card catalogue. If you want to find a book in the library the first thing you must do is to go to the card catalogue it contains the information that will guide you to your book. There are three ways in which you can use the card catalogue you can look in its subject author or title section. When you find the card of the book you are looking for make sure you copy the 'call number' on the card correctly for without it you will not be able to locate the book in the library.

The Apostrophe
The apostrophe [ ' ] is used to indicate omitted letters and to show possession.
1. The apostrophe is used in the contraction of

a. modals or the verbs "have" and "be"with " not" i s +not =isn't can + not = can't have + not = haven't

b. verbs with subjects. It is late Where is John ? They are having fun. R F e train has arrived.

I f ' s late.
Where3 John ? They're having fun. The train's arrived.
0%lack

c, certain phrases. of the clock class of 1975 rock and roll

class of '75 rock 'n 'roll

2. The apostrophe is used to show that something belongs to or is related to something else.

a. Add 's to singular words not ending in s. my neighbour's dog someone's waf Emily's book topnorm w 's class the cat's food

APPENDIX D: PUNCTUATION

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I I X

A :

b. Add 's or only ' after a word that ends in s. (If the extra s makes pronunciation difficult, the apostrophe by itself is acceptable.) Mr. Hopkins' car was stolen.

c. If the plural form of a noun ends in s, add ' ; if it does not end in s add 's. the children's clothes the girls' dresses Attention: Do not use the apostrophe in mine , yours , his , hers, its , ours , or theirs.
d. If something belongs to two or more people add 's to the last of the names only. George and Bill's business (one business jointly owned ) George's and Bill's businesses (two separate businesses)
e. Add 's to the last word of hyphenated words. Mary has gone to her mother-in-faw 's house.

f. The apostrophe is usually used only for living creatures. However, apostrophes are used with nouns that express time, political entities, and natural phenomena. a year's struggle a day's work the parliament 3 composition the sun 's rays the earth's rotation

3. The apostrophe + s is used to form the plural of numbers, letters and words
used as words. The secretary has put eJsafter a E 1 the names on the list. Mark all the above's in this paragraph. Her name is spelled with two f 3. The 19703 were years ofsocial unrest. Attention: Decades can also be written without an apostrophe. The 1970s were years of social unrest.

Exercise
Insert apostrophes and commas where necessary in the following sentences.
1. I dont know whats happening but its something important. 2. Its late. If he doesnt hurry he will miss the train. 3. The crowd finally lost its temper.

4. Irn a graduate of the class of 75. 5. You cant imagine what a hurricanes like unless youve been through one. 6. Your I s look very much like your 7s. 7. Toms trousers are torn. For goodness sake have him get a new one. 8. He took somebody elses coat by mistake. 9. Ones opinior! is as goad as anothers. 10. There are too many ands in this sentence. 11. My brother-in-laws hobby is gardening. 12, Mallery and Noels book is very interesting. 13. The two dogs tracks were clearly visible. 14. 1 thought that house belonged to the Harrisons but later I learned that it wasnt theirs. 15. The ladies help was much appreciated.

Quotation Marks
Double quotatioh marks [ " " ] are used around the exact words of a writer orspeaker. The quoted material may be a sentence, more than a sentence, or less than a sentence. Attention: If the quotation is more than a sentence, the end quotation is placed at the end of the last sentence. If the quotation is interrupted by words of explanation such as 'he said' or 'she replied', these axe not included in the quotation marks. "The family union was a wonderful event," Ann said. "We met cousins who we had never seen before. Everyone brought food, and we had a great time." "Richard spent all of his time," Mary said, "at the beach. " Elizabeth Dowdeswej!, head of the U. N. Environment Programme, has called for the development of principles that "people on both sides of the frade and environment debate can agree on".
Single quotation marks [ ' ' ] are used

a) at the beginning and end of a quotation within a quotation.

"Doyou know what Bill said about you? He said, 'She is the most interesting
girl I've ever met. ' "
b) to call attention to words used in a special sense, technical words and titles. Attention: The titles of books, magazines and other long works can also be underlined or italicized,

This rainy day is 'perfect'for going to a football match. The lecturer referred to 'relativity'in the sense in whjch Einstein used the term. In New York,you can see three new Shakespeare fiEms including 'Hamlet'.

The Period
I . The period . j is used to end sentences that are statements, mild commands, or indirect questions.
James visited his mother yesterday Please fasten your seatbelts. She asked us whefher it was appropriate for her t o attend the meeting.
2. With some exceptions, all abbreviations require a period.

M.A. Ms. B.C. a.m. e.g. Dr. Attention: When an abbreviation falls at the end of a sentence, use only one period.

3. Ellipsis periods [ ... ] are used to indicate an omission (a word, part of a sentence, or one or more sentences.

"Leaveat once or IT/ ...!"shouted his father.

The Question Mark

The question mark [ ? J is used after direct questions, but not after indirect questions.

The Exclamation Point

The exclamation point [ ! ] is used at the end of a sentence that shows strong feeling or surprise or one that gives a strong command. Exclaiming sentences are usually short. They can add strength and feeling to your writing, but they should be used sparingly.

The Dash
The dash [ - ] is used to show sudden changes in tone or thought, and to set off certain sentence elements.

APPENDIX D: PUNCTUATION
Mixed Exercises

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>

"

Insert the appropriate punctuation marks where necessary in the joltowing sentences.

I . There are six important ingredients in a chocolate cake chocolate or cacao flour sugar margarine milk and eggs 2 .Timothy has one great ambition success 3. Although Frank had not expected to do well in college he had started because he had nothing better to da he found himself in the high honours list 4. The Nobel Fund through which prizes are awarded each year was established by Alfred 6. Nobel 5. The Guggenheim Memorial fellowships are granted for research in many fields of knowledge they are awarded to capable and talented persons regardless of race colour or creed 6. Halt Who goes there 7. A comma splice is the name given to the error of joining hhro sentences with a comma 8. Human beings I am convinced must learn tolerance 9. Did you enjoy Together by Norman Douglas 10. The words damask and calico are derived from city names Damascus and Calicut 11. He waited patiently for thirty five minutes in order to speak to the director 12.He handed the all important document to the good looking secretary 13. Bill said Oh there goes Dr Jones now 14. Its its impossible stammered the young man Do you really think he 15. 1 think he was really upset said my roommate He was shouting Down with examinations 16. Running jumping climbing on chairs dashing in and out of rooms the small boy was always active