FUNDAMENTAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The noted Criminologist Hans Gross once again said that Criminal Investigation is 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck. Criminal Investigation is an art and not a science, but we must treat it partially as a science in order that we will be guided by the principles and concepts and the provision of the laws pertinent to Criminal Justice System. ART Power of performing certain actions especially acquired by experience, study and observation. That power is not inborn but developed. - There is need for the investigator to study in order to update his knowledge. There is also need to observe how other investigators solve difficult cases.

CONCEPTS AND PRICIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION it is the art which deals with the identity and location of the criminal offenders and the gathering and providing evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION is the skilled person who is charged with the duty of conducting criminal investigation when a crime is committed. QUALITIES OF INVESTIGATOR 1. Perseverance Steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles, connected with criminal investigation. 2. Endurance the ability to last physically and mentally hence, he must have the extra ordinary physical and mental energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days. 3. Incorruptible honesty and integrity resisting temptation of money, women and drinks during his practice. 4. The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon to easily decipher falsehood from truth and separate grain from the chaff. 5. The knowledge of Psychology and other natural sciences he must know the different patterns of human behavior, the prevailing situation in a specific environment and the laws of natures. To detect deceptions and lies when dealing with witnesses, informers and suspects. 6. Acting ability it is the ability to go down to the level of the minor, prostitute or the level of the other professionals or the members of the elite. 7. Mastery of the Oral and written communication 8. Keen power of observation and description very important in crime scene investigation, interview and interrogation. 9. Courage is amoral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will hurt.

10. Working knowledge of criminal law, evidence, criminal procedure and penal special laws 11. Sense of justice and Fair Play 12. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency.

THE THREE TOOLS OR IS OF INVESTIGATION

1. INFORMATION it is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of a crime or criminal activities. Information classified as to Sources. 1. Regular Sources 2. A Cultivated Sources 3. Grapevines Sources 2. INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION a. INTERVIEW it is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator. These are the witnesses who voluntarily give their accounts about the commission of a crime. b. INTERROGATION it is the process of obtaining an admission or confession from those suspects to have committed a crime. It is confrontational in nature, which means that the suspect is confronted about his participation in the commission of an offense. c. FIELD INQUIRY it is the general questioning of all persons at the crime scene conducted by the investigator Any admission or confession taken thereto is admissible in evidence 3. INSTRUMENTATION the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and detection. The use of the police laboratory in the examination of physical evidence, such as Forensic Ballistics and other sciences.

CARDINAL QUESTIONS IN INVESTIGATION

Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. RESPONDING TO THE CRIME SCENE When report of a crime is received, the identity of the person who reported is noted, to include his address, personal circumstances and possibly contact number. 1. The means of the Report Either personal appearance, by phone or any other means. 2. The time of report.

3. The receiver of the report the identity of the one who received the report must also be recorded. 4. The time of dispatch the time when the Desk Officer dispatches the investigator/s is also recorded together with the names of the investigator

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

GOLDEN RULE Never touch any object at the crime scene unless photographed, measured and indicated in the sketch. ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES Ordinary Cases one investigator is assigned Complex Cases headed by Chief Investigator and members; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Asst. Team Leader Photographer Sketcher Master note taker Evidence Man Measurer

THE CRIME SCENE SEARCH The investigator places himself at a spot where there are no physical evidence that will tampered and makes an estimate as to what form of search will employed. THE METHOD OF SEARCH 1. Strip Method The searchers proceed slowly at the same place along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed back along new lanes but parallel to the first movement. 2. The Double Strip or Grid Method it has the same process as that of the strip method but with the modification that the lanes covered by the strip method are reprocessed twice. 3. The Spiral or Circular Method the searchers follow each other in a path of spiral, beginning in the outside and spiraling towards the center of the scene. 4. Zone Method The area subject of the search is divided into quadrants and each searcher is assigned to his specific quadrant. This method is sometimes called quadrant method. 5. The Wheel, Radial or Spoke Method This method is applied if the area to be searched is approximately circular or oval. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward a radii or spokes.