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, S. Otto
, J. Mosig
, C. Caloz
and I. Wolff
Z
d
= Z
Y
c
= Y
Y
d
= Y
e
= Z
c
+Z
d
= Z
c
+Z
d
, with (1a)
Z
c
= j L
c
R
_
1
_
c
se
_
2
_
,
c
se
=
1
_
L
c
R
C
c
L
, (1b)
Z
d
=
j L
d
R
1 (/
d
se
)
2
,
d
se
=
1
_
L
d
R
C
d
L
(1c)
and
Y
e
= Y
e
= Y
c
+Y
d
= Y
c
+Y
d
, with (2a)
Y
c
= j C
c
R
_
1
_
c
sh
_
2
_
,
c
sh
=
1
_
L
c
L
C
c
R
(2b)
Y
d
=
j C
d
R
1
_
/
d
sh
_
2
,
d
sh
=
1
_
L
d
L
C
d
R
. (2c)
The dispersion/attenuation relation k() = j() =
()j() are then obtained from the above-mentioned
per-unit-length immittances as
k
e
=
_
Z
e
Y
e
=
_
Z
c
Y
c
Z
d
Y
d
Z
c
Y
d
Z
d
Y
c
.
(3)
The relations for the C-CRLH [2] and D-CRLH [1]
represent the particular cases where Z
d
= Y
d
= 0 and
Z
c
= Y
c
= 0, respectively, and are plotted in Fig. 2. The
C-CRLH exhibits a low-frequency left-hand and a high-
frequency right hand, while the opposite holds for the D-
CRLH.
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
1
2
3
4
/ , /
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
G
H
z
d
Figure 2: Unbalanced dispersion and attenuation diagram
for the homogeneous C-CRLH and D-CRLH TLs.
The E-CRLH exhibits a richer behavior, with two left-
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
1
2
3
4
/ , /
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
G
H
z
e
f
e
1
f
e
2
f
e
3
f
e
4
Figure 3: Unbalanced dispersion and attenuation diagram
for the homogeneous E-CRLH TLs with the LC parame-
ters L
c
R
= 5 nH/mm, C
c
L
= 2 pFmm, L
d
R
= 5 nH/mm,
C
d
L
= 2 pFmm, L
c
L
= 18 nHmm, C
c
R
= 1 pF/mm,
L
d
L
=18 nHmm, C
d
R
=1 pF/mm. At the four left-handed
right-handed transition frequencies f
e
1,..,4
,
e
vanishes.
handed bands and two right-handed bands, which is shown
in Fig. 3. As the C-CRLH and the D-CRLH, the E-CRLH
can be balanced, i.e. it can be designed to present gap-
less transmission and non-zero group velocities at the
transition frequencies between the right-handed and left-
handed bands. The E-CRLH balance condition is threefold:
c
se
=
c
sh
=
c
0
, (4a)
d
se
=
d
sh
=
d
0
, (4b)
L
d
R
L
c
R
=
C
d
R
C
c
R
c
0
=
d
0
0
, (4c)
stating that the four resonance frequencies,
c
se
,
c
sh
,
d
se
,
d
sh
are equal. If this condition is fullled,
Eq. (3) reduces to the purely real expression
e
=
_
e
1
2
_ _
e
2
2
_
c
R
(
2
0
2
)
, (5)
with
c
R
=
1
_
L
c
R
C
c
R
in (radm)/s,
which is plotted in Fig. 4. Alternatively, Eq. (5) can be
reformulated as
e
=
c
+
d
=
2
0
2
c
R
d
L
0
2
, (6)
with the additional constant
d
L
=
1
_
L
d
L
C
d
L
in rad/(ms),
where the inuence of the conventional and dual LC
elements is separated into two superposed phase constants.
The two balanced transition frequencies
e
1,2
can be cal-
culated by setting Eq. (6) to zero, which yields
e
1,2
=
_
2
0
+
c
R
d
L
4
_
c
R
d
L
4
(7)
and
_
e
1
e
2
=
0
.
Fig. 4 shows the balanced E-CRLH dispersion diagram.
Most interestingly two transition frequencies with non-
zero group velocities, allowing for instance, dual-band
broadside leaky-wave radiation, are generated, while only
one such frequency is available in the C-CRLH case. For
the D-CRLH TL the phenomena of innite wavelength
propagation does not occur at all (without considering
parasitic effects).
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
/
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
G
H
z
e,hom
e,LC
f
e
1
f
e
2
Figure 4: Balanced dispersion diagram for the homoge-
neous E-CRLH TL (dashed line) and its lumped-element
implementation with 10 unit cells (of 1 mm length) for
the LC parameters L
c
R
= 3.04 nH/mm, C
c
L
= 1.8 pFmm,
L
d
R
=1.47 nH/mm, C
d
L
=3.71 pFmm, L
c
L
=4.5 nHmm,
C
c
R
=1.21 pF/mm, L
d
L
=9.27 nHmm, C
d
R
=0.59 pF/mm.
The characteristic impedance of the E-CRLH TL is
generally given by
Z
e
0
=
e
Y
e
=
L
c
R
C
c
R
_
1 (
c
se
/)
2
+
L
d
R
/L
c
R
1(/
d
se
)
2
1 (
c
sh
/)
2
+
C
d
R
/C
c
R
1(/
d
sh
)
2
.
(8)
In the balanced case [Eq. 4], it reduces to the purely real
and frequency independent and therefore broadband
expression
Z
e,bal
0
=
L
c
R
C
c
R
=
L
c
L
C
c
L
=
L
d
R
C
d
R
=
L
d
L
C
d
L
. (9)
IV. LUMPED-ELEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
The ideal-homogeneous E-CRLH of the previous sec-
tion can be implemented under the from of a LC-network
with the symmetric [2] unit-cell shown in Fig. 5. Due to
the presence of real inductors and capacitors, this imple-
mentation exhibits ltering resonances or Bragg gaps in
addition to the the medium gaps already present in the
unbalanced homogeneous case (Fig. 3). For simplicity, we
will consider here only the balanced case, which is the
most useful in practice.
Z
c
2
Z
c
2
Z
d
2
Z
d
2
Y
c
Y
d
S
11
S
21
Figure 6: S-Parameter of a balanced E-CRLH TL consist-
ing of 10 T-symmetric unit-cells for the same parameters
as in Fig. 4 with = 1 mm.
The unwrapped phase of the transmission parameter
unwrapped
[S
21
] depicted in Fig. 7 has been used together
with the two calculated transition frequencies (Eq. 7) to
extract the dispersion behavior of the N = 10 cell TL
(
e
=
unwrapped
/N + ). This dispersion function
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Frequency in GHz
u
n
w
r
a
p
p
e
d
(
S
2
1
)
i
n
d
e
g
s, termination
impedance and number of cells are straightforward but
lengthy; due to lack of space, they will be given elsewhere.
For the sake of illustration, an E-CRLH quadband open-
circuited stub, represented in Fig. 8, is presented here.
A demonstration of the principle is shown in Fig. 9 by
plotting the scattering parameters of the two-port.
VI. CONCLUSION
A novel extended composite right/left-handed (E-
CRLH) transmission line (TL) metamaterial structure has
been proposed. This metamaterial has been shown to
exhibit two innite wavelength propagation frequencies
between the left-handed and right-handed bands and to
provide arbitrary quadband operation. As an illustration of
the latter property, a quadband quarter-wavelength TL has
been demonstrated. Due to the richness of its dispersion
relation, this E-CRLH is expected to lead to numerous
microwave applications.
Figure 8: Microstrip line with quadband open-circuited E-
CRLH TL stub at its center.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Frequency in GHz
|
S
1
1
|
,
|
S
2
1
|
i
n
d
B
S
11,open
S
21,open
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
Figure 9: Simulated S-Parameter of quadband open-
circuited stub with the four operation frequencies f
1
=900
MHz, f
2
= 1900 MHz, f
3
= 2.430 GHz and f
4
= 5.140
GHz with the choice of the phases
e
(f
1
) =
e
(f
3
) =
/2,
e
(f
2
) =
e
(f
4
) = +/2. The resulting
parameters are L
c
R
= 3.04 nH, C
c
L
= 1.8 pF, L
d
R
= 1.47
nH, C
d
L
=3.71 pF, L
c
L
=4.5 nH, C
c
R
=1.21 pF, L
d
L
=9.27
nH, C
d
R
= 0.59 pF.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Caloz, Dual composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission
line Metamaterial, Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., submitted.
[2] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission
Line Theory and Microwave Applications, Wiley and IEEE Press,
2005.
[3] N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski (editors), Electromagnetic Meta-
materials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, Wiley and IEEE
Press, 2006.
[4] C. Caloz, and T. Itoh. Novel microwave devices and structures based
on the transmission line approach of meta-materials, IEEE-MTT
Intl Symp., vol. 1, pp. 195198, Philadelphia, PA, June 2003.
[5] I.- H. Lin, M. de Vincentis, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh. Arbitrary dual-
band components using composite right/left-handed transmission
lines, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 4, pp.
11421149, April 2004.