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wD
Ddj
Dj
p
t
p
......................................................(1)
[ ]
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
p
t p p p
t p p p
p p
wD
Ddj wD wD wD
Ddj wD wD wD
wD D
+
+ +
.......(2)
) / (
) / (
i i
j
Dj
z p
z p
p ....................................................................................(3)
Dimensionless Wellbore Pressure for the Total System: (p
D
)
0) (
) 0.5 (1
1
+
wD
Dd
D
p
t
p
........................................................(4)
[ ]
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
+
+ +
wD
Dd wD wD wD
Dd wD wD wD
wD D
p
t p p p
t p p p
p p
.........(5)
) / (
) / (
i i
D
z p
z p
p
.....................................................................................(6)
10
p/z versus Total Cumulative Gas Production: (p
wD
= 0.1 case)
Fig. 1 - p/z versus total cumulative gas production for a commingled gas well
produced at a constant wellbore pressure (p
wD
=(p
wf
/z
w
)/ (p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1),
with k
1
/k
2
varying from 1x10
-3
to 1x10
3
.
Total Cumulative Gas Production versus time: (p
wD
= 0.1 case)
Fig. 2 - Total cumulative gas production versus production time for a
commingled gas well produced at a constant wellbore pressure
(p
wD
=(p
wf
/z
w
)/ (p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1), with k
1
/k
2
varying from 1x10
-3
to 1x10
3
.
11
Dimensionless p/z-difference function versus Dimensionless Total Cumulative Gas
Production: (p
wD
= 0.1 to 0.5)
Fig. 3 - p/z-function versus total cumulative gas production function for a
commingled gas well produced at a constant wellbore pressure
(p
wD
=(p
wf
/z
w
)/ (p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1-0.5), with k
1
/k
2
varying from 1x10
-3
to 1x10
3
.
Dimensionless Decline Rate for an Individual Layer: (q
Ddj
)
0) (
) 0.5 (1
1
2
+
wD
Ddj
Ddj
p
t
q
.....................................................(7)
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp(- 4
2
2
p
t p p p
t p p
q
wD
Ddj wD wD wD
Ddj wD wD
Ddj
....(8)
Dimensionless Decline Rate for the Total System: (q
Dd
)
0) (
) 0.5 (1
1
1
2
+
wD
j
Ddj
Dd
p
t
q
n
...........................................(9)
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp(- 4
2
2
p
t p p p
t p p
q
wD
n
1 j
Ddj wD wD wD
Ddj wD wD
Dd
.(10)
12
Type Curve for a Layered ( No Crossflow ) Gas Reservoir: (p
wD
= 0.1 to 0.5)
Fig. 4- Dimensionless decline gas rate versus dimensionless decline time for a commingled
well produced at various constant wellbore pressures (p
wD
= (p
wf
/z
wf
)/ (p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1 to
0.5), with k
1
/k
2
varying from 1x10
0
to 1x10
3
.
Dimensionless Cumulative Production for an Individual Layer: (G
pDj
)
0) (
) 0.5 (1
0.5
+
wD
Ddj
Ddj
pDj
p
t
t
G
..............................................(11)
[ ]
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp(- 1 ) (1
2
p
t p p p
t p - p -
G
wD
Ddj wD wD wD
Ddj wD wD
pDj
+
.....(12)
Dimensionless Cumulative Production for the Total System: (G
pD
)
0) (
) 0.5 (1
0.5
1
wD
Ddj
Ddj
pD
p
t
t
G
n
j
................................... (13)
[ ]
[ ]
0) (
) exp(- ) (1 ) (1
) exp( 1 ) (1
2
p
t p p p
t p - - p -
G
wD
n
1 j
Ddj wD wD wD
Ddj wD wD
pD
(14)
13
Dimensionless Cumulative Production Versus Dimensionless Time: (p
wD
= 0.1)
Fig. 5 - Dimensionless cumulative gas production versus dimensionless decline time for a
commingled well produced at various constant wellbore pressures (p
wD
= (p
wf
/z
wf
)/
(p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1), with k
1
/k
2
varying from 1x10
0
to 1x10
3
.
For Eqs. 1-3, and Eqs. 7-14, the index and layer counters are given by:
j = layer index
n = number of layers
Definitions of Dimensionless Variables:
In addition to the dimensionless rate and pressure solutions, the following dimen-
sionless definitions are used:
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
2
1
- ln 1 -
2
1
1
0.00634
2 2
wa
e
wa
e
wa ti ij j
j
Ddj
r
r
r
r
r c
t k
t
..........................(15)
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
2
1
- ln 1 -
2
1
1
r c
0.00634
2 2
wa
e
wa
e
wa ti i
Dd
r
r
r
r
t k
t
..............................(16)
14
n
j
h
j
n
j
h
j
k
j
k
1
1
...................................................................................(17)
n
j
h
j
n
j
h
j j
1
1
...................................................................................(18)
) (
) (
i i
wf wf
wD
/z p
/z p
p
.................................................................................(19)
) (
) (
i i
D
/z p
p/z
p
.......................................................................................(20)
Pseudosteady-State Flow Equation:
[ ] ) / ( - ) / (
2 2
wf wf j gj
z p z p C q ..........................................................(21)
where:
ref
t
wa
e
j j
j
p
p
z
r
r
T
h k
C
1
]
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
c
4
3
- ln 1.4232
.......................................(22)
Rate and Cumulative Production Relations:
Total gas production rate: (q
g,t
)
1
n
j
gj g,t
q q
.......................................................................................(23)
Cumulative gas production for each layer: (G
p,n
)
) (
1
t q G G
gj p,n- p,n
+
.................................................................(24)
Cumulative gas production for the total (multilayer) system (G
p,t
)
1
n
j
pj t , p
G G
................................................................................(25)
(p/z)
2
(p
wf
/z
wf
)
2
Versus Gas Production Rate
: (p
wD
= 0.1)
15
Fig. 6 - (p/z)
2
- (p
wf
/z
wf
)
2
versus gas production rate for a commingled well produced at
various constant wellbore pressures (p
wD
= (p
wf
/z
wf
)/(p
i
/z
i
) = 0.1), with k
1
/k
2
varying
from 1x10
0
to 1x10
3
.
2. Construction of generalized plots/type curves for layered reservoirs using Eqs. 114.
The following plots are included for reference: (variations and extensions of these
plots will be provided in the dissertation)
Fig. 1: p/z versus Total Cumulative Gas Production (p
wD
= 0.1 case)
Fig. 2: Total Cumulative Gas Production versus Production Time (p
wD
= 0.1 case)
Fig. 3: Dimensionless p/z difference function versus Dimensionless Total
Cumulative Gas Production function (p
wD
= 0.1 to 0.5)
Fig. 4: Type Curve Layered (No Crossflow) Gas Reservoir (p
wD
= 0.1 to 0.5)
Fig. 5: Dimensionless Cumulative Production Dimensionless Time (p
wD
= 0.1)
Fig. 6: (p/z)
2
(p
wf
/z
wf
)
2
Versus Gas Production Rate (p
wD
= 0.1)
3. Application of the analytical liquid flow solutions and the quasi-analytical gas flow
solutions as mechanisms for characterizing the performance of layered gas reser-voirs
in particular, cases of commingled production (no crossflow in the reservoir).
16
The properties to be estimated include:
Decline Type Curve Analysis:
The total original gas-in-place (G).
The permeability ratio (2-layer case).
The total flow capacity (kh product).
Specialized Analysis: (p/z versus G
p
multilayer analysis plots)
The total original gas-in-place (G).
The permeability ratio (2-layer case).
The moveable (or recoverable) reserves in each layer.
Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) Analysis: (q
g
versus G
p
plots)
The moveable (or recoverable) reserves in each layer (EUR
j
).
4. To investigate the sensitivity of individual layer properties on the depletion perfor-
mance of layered reservoirs. The reservoir properties to be investigated include:
The permeability ratio (2-layer case),
Skin factors for individual layers,
Reservoir layer volumes, and
The effect of drawdown (i.e., the magnitude of the wellbore flowing pressure).
This investigation will include the use of synthetic data (derived using numerical
simulation), as well as a variety of field data.
5. Analysis, interpretation, and correlation of gas well performance data taken from the
Hugoton Field, Kansas, USA. The following data are required.
Production rates and wellhead pressures (on a monthly basis).
Shut-in bottomhole pressures.
Fluid properties.
Reservoir layer properties (porosity, thickness, etc.).
A complete database of "parent" and "infill" wells.
We will use these data to create a systematic analysis and interpretation of the
reservoir, and in particular, we will attempt to characterize the "dominant" and
"subordinate" layer systems. Specifically, we will perform the following subtasks:
a. p/z versus G
p
analysis for each well where a sufficient data are available.
Standard p/z versus G
p
analysis (straight-line approach).
17
Multilayer p/z versus G
p
analysis, use of the quasi-analytical solution to
analysis the total p/z versus G
p
performance. Regression and (possibly) type
curve methods will be used.
b. New rate decline type curve analysis approach for the analysis of rate-time data
from layered (no crossflow) gas reservoir systems. This will require new type
curves specifically constructed for multilayered reservoir systems.
c. Direct extrapolation technique for the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR).
d. Correlation of results using areal mapping of the results.
6. Apply these results of this study for the purpose of reservoir managementsuch as
infill drilling, well stimulation, optimizing production practices, future reservoir
performance etc.
Organization of the Research
The outline of the proposed research dissertation is as follows:
18
1. Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Background of Analysis Layered Gas Reservoir
1.2 Research objectives
1.3 Summary of results layered gas reservoirs
1.3.1 p/z analysis
1.3.2 Decline type curve analysis
1.3.3 EUR analysis
1.4 Organization of the dissertation
2. Chapter II Literature Review
2.1 Analysis of gas reservoir performance using material balance
2.2 Decline type curve analysis (single-layer reservoir)
2.3 Depletion performance of a layered gas reservoir
3. Chapter III Development of Semi-Analytical Solutions for the Analysis of Reser-
voir Performance Data from a Layered Gas Reservoir
3.1 Summary
3.2 Description of the reservoir model
3.3 Development of solutions for a multilayer gas reservoir
3.3.1 Gas productivity/stabilized flow equation (rigorous model)
3.3.2 (p/z)
2
gas flow equation (proposed model)
3.3.3 p/z analysis for layered gas reservoir
3.3.4 Dimensionless variables/parameters for a new rate decline type curve for
layered gas reservoir systems
3.4 Discussion
4. Chapter IV Development of Decline Type Curve Analysis Techniques for Layered
Gas Reservoir Systems
4.1 Decline Type Curve Analysis
4.1.1 Plotting functions for decline type curve analysis (general approach)
4.1.2 Decline type curve model for a layered gas reservoir
4.1.3 Orientation/methodology for decline type analysis techniques applied to
layered gas reservoir systems
4.2 Illustrative applications of the new rate decline type curve for layered gas reser-
voir systems
4.3 Discussion
19
5. Chapter V Validation and Application of the New Production Performance Type
Curve for a Layered Gas Reservoir
5.1 Summary
5.2 Numerical Simulation Case
5.2.1 p/z Performance Analysis
5.2.2 Decline type curve analysis
5.2.3 EUR analysis
5.3 Application Field Case (Hugoton Gas Field, Kansas, USA)
5.3.1 p/z Performance Analysis
5.3.2 Decline type curve analysis
5.3.3 EUR analysis
5.3 Discussion
6. Chapter VI Summary and Conclusions
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Recommendations for Future Work
7. Nomenclature
8. References
9. Appendices:
Appendix A Derivation of the Gas Well Productivity Index and Derivation of
the Gas Material Balance Equation for Layered Reservoirs.
Appendix B Derivation of an Approximate Relation for Gas Flow Behavior at
a Constant Bottomhole Pressure (Pseudosteady-State Flow
Conditions).
Appendix C Derivation of the Dimensionless Solutions for Production Rate
and Average Reservoir Pressure Behavior in a Multilayer Gas
Reservoir.
Appendix D Summary of Field Case Analyses Hugoton Gas Field, Kan-
sas, USA
20
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the 1973 SPE Annual Conference and Technical Exhibition, Sept. 30 Oct. 3, 1973, 1-28.
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21
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22