17 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria Promoter is not transcribed, mostly control sequences; interact with polymerase Sigma Factor-

protein that recognize the promoter Inducible and negate and positively control Gene Regulation and Information Flow - Most gene expression is triggered by specific signals from the environment - DNA fails to mRNA o Transcriptional control where regulatory proteins affect RNA polymerases ability to bind to promoter and initiate transcription; efficiency and saves most energy for cells - mRNA fails to protein o translational control where regulatory molecules alter the length of time an mRNA survives or affect translation initation or elongation factors and other proteins; allows cell to make rapid changes in the relative amounts of different proteins - protein fails to activated protein o post translational control where proteins are in an inactive form - In order to use lactose, must transport the sugar into cell, enzyme Bglacosidase catalyze a reaction that breaks the sugar down into glucose and glactose; inducer- substrate in reaction, stimulates the expression of specific gene Identifying Genes under Regulatory Control - In order to find mutants associated with particular traits, generate a large number of individuals with mutations at random locations and screen mutants to find individuals with defects in the process o LacZ- cells cannot cleave indicator molecule even if lactose is present; no b glactosidase o lacY- cannot accumulate lactose; no membrane protein to import lactose o lacI- cleave indicator molecule even if lactose is absent as an inducer; constitutive expression Constitutive expression- produce product at all times - Date are close together, suggest both lacZ and lacY might be controlled by lacI Trickle with infrequent transcription; therefore have lacY produce channel protein for example but produced by lactose Endosome Mechanism of Negative Control - transcription can be regulated by a negative control (regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription) or positive control (binds to DNA and triggers transcription) - lacI produce repressor for lacZ and lacY

Normal product of lacI gene prevents the transcription of lacZ and lac Y when lactose is absent - Repressor is a protein encoded by lacI that binds to DNA and prevents transcription of lacZ, lacY and lacA; change tertiary, in a knot so cant be undone with a polymerase, change the points of promoter until inducer molecules occur - Allosteric regulation- small molecule binds directly to protein and causes it to change its shape and activity - Gene expression is regulated by physical contact between regulatory protein and specific regulatory sites in DNA Promoter and all the enhancers are not introns and they are not transducted. Mechanism of Positive Control- Catabolite Repression - Operons that encode catabolic enzymes are inhibited when the end product of the reactant is abundant; feedback inhibition - CAP and CAP binding site - Lac promoter is weak but CAP allows transcription to begin more frequently - CAP cant bind unless cAMP binds to the protein - If glucose concentration are high, cAMP concentrations are low -