Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.

com by - Anju Pal

Control and Coordination

Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of some nerve cells ( Reseptors). Ear- hearing Nose (olfactory receptors) - detect smell Tongue (gustatory receptors) detect taste Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. A general scheme of how nervous impulses travel in the body. a) Information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell , sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. b) This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. c) At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. d) These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. Test your self Identify the parts of a neuron (i) Where information is acquired__________, (ii) Through which information travels as an electrical impulse___________, and (iii) Where this impulse must be converted into a chemical signal for onward transmission___________.

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Nerve fibres

Sensory

Motor

( afferent)

(efferent)

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Reflex action Reflex Action is Autonomous, Sudden and Involuntary action immediate response of spinal cord. The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called the Reflex Arc.

Reflex arc

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HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

HUMAN BRAIN

The brain sits inside a bony box (Cranium). Inside the box, the brain is contained in a fluid-filled (Cerebrospinal fluid) balloon which provides further shock absorption. The vertebral column or backbone protects the spinal cord.

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Human Brain

Fore brain

Mid brain

Hind brain

Two Hemi cerebrum

Pons

Medulla

Cerebellum

Frontal loab

parietal loab

Temporal loab

Occipitl loab

Fore brain- main thinking part

Hind brain : a ) Medulla- involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation and vomiting b) Cerebellum- precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body

Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

How does the Nervous Tissue cause Action?

When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, the muscle fibre move. Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.

Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

Peripheral Nervous System

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Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal Hormones in Animals

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Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal Coordination in plants

Movement in Plants

Turgor movement

Tropic movement

Positive tropic movements

Turgour / Nastic movements Induced by stimuli like heat, light, touch etc Dependent on growth Independent of direction of the stimulus

Negative tropic movements

Mimosa pudica ( Sensitive plant)

Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shapes. Tropic Movement Movement is related to the direction of stimulus known as Tropism. Tropism can be Positive or Negative Independent of growth Types of Tropism Phototropism- stem Geotropism- root Hydrotropism-root

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Chemotropism- pollen tube Thigmotropism- tendril

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Tendril in contact of support shows less growth ( less auxin at the side of contact) More growth on other side ( more auxin on side away from the support)

PHYTOHORMONES- Plant hormones Plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment. They are synthesized at places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action.

Phytohormones

Growth promoters

Growth inhibitors

Auxin

Cytokinin

Gibberellin

Ethylene

Abscisic acid

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Limitations of Nervous coordination They will reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue. once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the cell will take some time to reset Its mechanisms before it can generate and transmit a new impulse Advantages of Chemical coordination Hormones diffuse all around the original cell. If other cells around have the means to detect this compound using special molecules on their surfaces, then they would be able to recognise information, and even transmit it. It can be done steadily and persistently A feedback mechanism The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms.

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Blog: Scienceworkplace.blogspot.com by - Anju Pal

For example, if the sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

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