Teacher's Course in Latin Composition

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
GIFT OF
Hilda Gray
TEACHERS' COURSE
IN
LATIN COMPOSITION
BY
H. C.
NUTTING
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
ALLYN AND BACON

BOSTON
ATLANTA
NEW YORK
SAN I-'RANCISCO
CHICAGO
COPYRIGHT, 1922
BY H.
C. NUTTING
?A
2,0*7
PREFATORY NOTE
has been the writer's privilege to teach all grades of Latin composition in college for a period
It
&
r-
of about twenty years. His first experience was with a freshman class so huge that it required division into four sections of about thirty students each.
^
_
j
->
raw instructor, the reader appointed him proved to be a man of untiring industry, who willingly compiled and presented weekly a list of "the mistakes most commonly made."
Happily
for the
to assist
These
full
lists
were
filed
away
at the time without

It
appreciation of their real value.

classes
was only
X.
i,
when subsequent
lists
developed
it
of
common
that
mistakes that
very similar was borne in upon
s^)
he was dealing with liability to error that could be very accurately defined.
the
writer
^
w.
on various grounds, e.g. combinations that certain are rarely the simple fact met with in the ordinary round. Thus most stuThis
liability to error rests
o t
dents are perfectly familiar with the general principle that the nominative and the accusative of a
neuter are identical in form; but
conclusion that
it is
somebody
will
make
a foregone a mistake in
272805
iv
Prefatory Note
if the class is assigned a the rendering ad oppidum flagrans. phrase requiring Or again, false analogy may be at the root of the
the form of the participle,
Every year a number of students will fail the spelling of the form cives, apparently for the moment conceiving the stem of the word as civit
trouble.
in
(or
is
there
contamination
from
Quirites?).
similar situation develops with the accusative sin-
gular feminine of salmis, which repeatedly
is
written
salutem.
More
curious
still
is
the substitution of
forms of nonus (or novem) for novus. But, whatever the cause, these mistakes recur in
regular waves, and
it is possible to bring them within the limits of a concrete scheme, where they may be
considered at leisure with a view to adopting measures for their correction.
Inasmuch as
it is
a more valuable service to preit
vent the formation of a bad habit than to correct
when formed,
rial
it
would seem
in the present connec-
tion to be of the first importance to bring this mate-
to the attention of the prospective teachers of
Latin composition. If they are forewarned as to the points where their pupils are likely to go astray,
a good deal of incipient trouble
may
be nipped
in
the bud.
The first place in the volume is given to a Grammatical Conspectus, in which the material gleaned
Prefatory Note
from experience with successive classes
in orderly sequence.
is arranged In this table the reader may
miss the fully rounded symmetry of an ideal a priori grammatical outline; but to the writer it has seemed
best to admit only those words and uses which have
been found to occasion trouble in actual class-room

practice.
Under the
caption, "Suggestions for
Use
of
Mate-
rial" directions are given in detail for the
conduct of
such a course for prospective teachers as will force a practical working acquaintance with the matters
included in the Grammatical Conspectus.
provide opportunity for necessary practice in writing, three short sets of English-Latin Exercises
To
In these the vocabulary employed are appended. is designedly confined to words in common use, anything unusual being given in a footnote.
pleteness a general vocabulary
of the volume.
is
For comin
added at the end
This should be consulted only
case of real need.
H. C. N.
January, 1922
PAGE
GRAMMATICAL CONSPECTUS
SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF MATERIAL

ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES
....
PART
26
PART
H
III
.
43 59
77
PART
VOCABULARY
TEACHERS' COURSE
IN
LATIN COMPOSITION
GRAMMATICAL CONSPECTUS
A.
I.
FORMS
VERBS
cognosce (perf. part.) cogo (perf. part.)
complector (perf. part.) creo (treated as of
conj.)
(a)
Verbs confused
audeo: audio
consisto: constituo
fugio: fugo iaceo: iacio
2d
mcrior: moror
nanciscor
part.)
:
cupio (pres. infin., imperf.

(perf.
nascor
subj.)
fero (gerundive)
fio
ordior: orior (perf. part.)

resistor restituo
(3d persons, espc. imperf.
siibj.)
vincio : vinco (perf.

part.)
and perf.
mitto (perf. and perf. part.)
morior
(perf.
audfut. parti-
ciples)
(b)
Mistakes in spelling
1
.
moveo
nolo
(perf. part.)
infin.,
(pres.
imperf.
.
General
subj.)
perf.
adiuvo
part.)
(perf.
and
progredior (perf. part.) utor (perf. part.)
adorior (perf. part.)
venio
(perf.
(perf.
and
fut. parti-
caedo and compounds
ciples)
and
perf. part.)
1
verto (perf. and perf. part.)
Latin Composition
2. Perfects 3.
Infinitives
audeo cedo and compounds comprehendo

decerno
dico (perhaps confused w.
dlco)
Pres. pass. 3d conj. Put. pass, all conjugations
(c)
1.
Mistakes in use
Transitive and intransitive
do duco
exstinguo
fugio
confused
auge'o vs. cresco
fundo incendo iubeo

lego and compounds
1
deduco vs. e.g. discedo (' withdraw ') incendo vs. ardeo or flagro
reddo
vs.
redeo
vs.
(espec.
maneo
ostendo
pello
M)
relinquo
('
discedo
('
and compounds
leave
')
pono
relinquo
reperio
spargo vs. discedo

ter')
scat-
Cf circumdo
.
vs.
circumeo
respondeo rumpo and compounds

sentio
sisto
2.
Passive
substitutes
ig-
nored
(compounds)
doceo
f acio
: :
soleo (and perhaps confusion with solv.o 2 )
disco (?)
fio
sterno
sto
perdo
pereo
and compounds
sino: licet
vivo
1
vendo veneo
:
Especially diligo (vs. deligo), intellego, neglego.
Sometimes
written.
active
form manufactured; sometimes solutus sum
Grammatical Conspectus
3.
Perfect
passive
parti-
memoro, commemoro
meniini
patior with of potior
for
ciple as active
4.
construction
Deponent
perfect parti-
ciple as passive
5.
proficiscor with infin.: for
contendo ('set out')

General
:
revertor:
as deponent in
for
coepi
(a)
neglected in fa-
perf.
vor of incepi
(6) act.
revoco
pass,
memini
or
where
recorder
servo with construction of
servio
utor:
required
coniungere
iungere dico with
for
se con-
negative:
for
sum 2
vertere
as pass, (for or usurper)

:
usui
nego
for se vertere
II.
NOUNS
(b)
1.
(a)
Nouns confused
aestas
:
Mistakes
in spelling
aetas
Accusative
neuter
singular
concilium
consul
:
consilium
caput
consulatus
equitatus
eques
iter
corpus
(iterum) iuvenis : iuventus

:
flumen
foedus
iter
liberi
libri
:
odium
vires
:
otium
TUB
pecus (-oris) and (-udis)

viri
tempus
vulgus
is
1 I.e. when the dependent infinitive Clamor exaudiri coeptus est. 2 ff odi and odio sum.
.
passive (not deponent), e.g.
Latin Composition
2.
Accusative singular
pater (ace. sing.)
proper names in -er,

e.g.
3.
Alexander
senex (oblique cases) telum (plu. as masc.)

(c)
Other forms
(as fern, sing.)
Mistakes in use
:
arma
aedes
sing. vs. plu.
castra (as fern. sing,

plu.)
and
form
copia: sing. vs. plu.

littera
vis
(lengthened
ace. plu.)
nemo
nom. and
locus (plu.)
sing. vs. plu. defective parts for nullus

:
:
lapis (gen. plu.)
ops: sing. vs. plu.
populus
vis
:
(even plu.)
(or omit)
for
miles (gen. plu.)
homines
munus
(plu. as masc.)
sing. vs. plu.
III. (a)
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

3. Comparison bonus
Pronouns and adjectives confused

:
novus
vs.
nonus and no-
vem
salvus:
celeber (superl.)
celeriter (superl.)
(salutem written
:
inferior
as ace. fern, sing.)

tot,
locuples
tantus
totus, tutus
magnus
malus
parvus pulcher (compar.)
salubris (superl. 2 )
similis, etc.,
(b)
1.
Mistakes in spelling
decl.
Third Third
part.
adjs.
abl.
sing.
2.
decl.
adjs.
and
and
vs.
other
pres.
1
neut. sing. ace.
adjs. in -lis
Irregular superl. manufactured
by student.
Properly
made on
the collateral form saluber.
4.
Neut.
sing. acc
now. and
1.
(c)
Mistakes in use
adjectives with
'
Feminine
alius
ille
. ,
masculine nouns in -a
2.
Masculine
adjectives
5.
General
with manus, domus, etc.

3.
is: dat. sing.
propior: with added r
tive >
4.
Reflexive for demonstraand vice versal
quendam,
with
totus,
etc.,
m for n
:
spelled
dat.
General
:
alii
vs. ceteri
:
and
reliqui
unus
gen.
and
certus
vs.
quidam
sing.
omnis:
IV.
vs. totus
OTHER FORMS
mille
:
duo
declension of
word
B.
I.
milia
SYNTAX
VERBS
feet subjunctive in
3
1.
Tenses
in
main
perfect
primary
clauses,
especially
and imperfect 2. Sequence

1
sequence (b) In purpose and resuit clauses

(c)
4
of tenses
(a) Proper use of per-
Sequence
of
perfect
The following is a convenient working rule: A reflexive normally But in certain subordinate refers to the subject of its own clause.
clauses
clause.
1.
it is
required in references to the subject of the governing

are:
3. 4.
These
Indirect discourse
Indirect question
5.
Purpose clause
2.
Complementary
infin.
Claune with verb of fearin?
The former
is
usually an adjective, the latter a noun (with
grnitive).
* 4
E.g. in sentence: "I
know what they

pros,
did."
subj. to be used.
Seldom anything but
and imperf.
Latin Composition
infinitive
in
indirect
dis-
finitive
and
infinitive
in
course
when
primary Sequence
governing
l
noun
(a)
uses 8
verb
(d)
is
Use
of subject ac-
of perfect
cusative
(b)
subjunctive representing 2 perfect indicative

(e) Proper use of secondary tenses of subjunc-
Confused with use
of future infinitive (the latter only in indirect dis-
course)
(c)
tive
in
conditions future
Regular use of pres-
from
past
(/)
3
point
in
the
ent tense with past tenses

of debeo, licet, oportet
and
(vs.
fect
Sequence of impersubjunctive used in

to
fact
possum
5.
Purpose clauses
present contrary conditions and wishes

3.
infinitive)
6.
Questions
Indirect question vs.
(especially
Gerundive vs. gerund with ad and
(a)
causa)
7.
relative clause
(6)
Double question
*
vs.
(ut vs.
8.
With verbs of ne non 9 )

in
fearing
single question
with alter*
Contrary to fact conindirect

dis-
native
4.
ditions
in-
Complementary
course
1 E.g. in sentence: "I the town."
know that they were recalled when leaving
E.g. in sentence: "I know where they went to meet him." E.g. in sentence: "I knew that they would come, if they
I.e.
could."
"Is
it
A or
(is it)
B?"
vs. "Is it (either)
A or B?"
For composition purposes, it has been found convenient to include under 'complementary' the infin. with such verbs as iubeo.
6
7
Not
indirect discourse.
E.g. in sentence: "I wished that they would go." E.g. in sentence: "I might have gone."
The
latter
when
the verb of fearing
itself is
negative.
(a)
(6)
9.
Form
Use
of apodosis
fin.;
2
and with quin and
of periphrasis
subjunct.
(c)
(a)
Other constructions dum with pres. inpast narration

inII.
postquam
3
vs.
cum
in
expressions of antece-
die, in
(b)
dence
non dubito with
NOUNS
5.
1.
Quality expressions
Case use with various

laedo
(a)
(6)
Need
of modifier
verbs
(a) iuvo,
(b)
When
modifier
is
* par or any adj. in -is absolute: 2. Ablative limitation of use
adorior, adiuvo, con-
servo, invenio, (c) interest

vs. dot.
(d)
oppugno
(impers.);
3.
Predicate nominative
with fio and the passive of verbs like appello 4. Case with impersonal
passives (including gerundive)
doceo
vs. peto
and
quaero
6.
amplius, plus, minus,

:
in video
longius parenthetical in numerical expressions 7. Appositive attracted

into relative clause
8.
7
noceo
pareo persuadeo
resisto
causa and gratia position with gerund and

:
gerundive
utor
1
The form -urus fuisse practically the only one in use. I.e. when the verb is passive or lacks supine stem and optional
;
elsewhere.
'
dicate
4 6
'
emphasized with cum, even where the English does not inbut the reverse with postquam, ubi, ut, etc. 5 Ablative then regularly chosen. True of both gen. and aW.
I.e.
it:
I.e. subject must not be referred to in main clause. " They came to Rome, a city which E.g. in sentence:
is
situated
on the Tiber" (quae urbs,
etc).
Latin Composition
III.
PRONOUNS
3.
1.
Possessive
(a)
(6)
frequency
order
2
with predicate noun * Forms with postpositive
cum
2.
Relative:
agreement
IV. ADVERBS, ETC.

1.
Postpositives
olim: semel
2.
Expressions confused
:
simul
6
statim
:
('
at once
')
8
cotidie
in dies
('
('
daily
6
')
umquam semper (' ever ')

3.
diu
longe
:
long
')
Use
of
ne
quidem
numquam nusquam
1
Much
''
less frequent than the corresponding words in English. Precede noun to translate his own,' her own,' etc.
' '
E.g. locus,
I.e.
quod Brundisium appellatur. the abl. of qui and the personal and reflex, pronouns.
indicating progression.
5 6 7
The latter Time and
space. " He was at once (simul) bravest E.g. in sentence: " He was ever E.g. (semper) the bravest."
and best."
SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF
MATERIAL
I.
PRELIMINARY STUDY
quite possible for a class to use this
While
will
it is
text without special preparation, in
most cases
it
a rapid surof in the constructions usually treated the Latin vey high school course.
first
be found very helpful to make
No time need
be spent, of course, on such elemen-
tary matters as subject and predicate, direct object, and the like, where English and Latin grammar are in substantial agreement. Rather, attention should
be given to constructions that require explanation, in other words, constructions that present a teaching
problem. Such are the double accusative with doceo, the dative with verbs like servio, and the apparent reversal of conjunctions in clauses dependent upon verbs of fearing.
Admitting rather
freely to
a*
place in the
list,
the
sum
total of points thus calling for consideration

far exceed ninety.
These are best brought into play by means of short English sentences which would not
the class
1
is
to render into Latin. 1

list,
In making these
with English sentences designed to test the typical points involved, may be found in the author's Supplementary Latin Composition.
10
renderings, the
Latin Composition
members
:
of the class should
aim not
merely at a correct version, but also should inwardly be facing the question "If I were teaching this con" could I best present it to my pupils? struction, If it happens that some of the persons enrolled have already had actual experience in teaching Latin
how
work
composition, this is an added advantage. For the will then take on the character of an open foall
rum, in which
sides of a subject
may
be thor-
oughly discussed. In any case, a half dozen periods devoted to work of this sort will be time well spent. The discussions
work out somewhat
in the following fashion
with quod and quia. Under this head, (a) " the time-honored tradition is The indicative is
:
Mood
used when the reason

speaker or writer."
until
is
on the authority of the
This rule usually serves well
some really thoughtful student begins to enough reason about it, and then trouble develops. Suppose the following sentence set for analysis Washington
' '
:
fell
back from Trentqn because supplies were low."

"
:
The good student argues thus

information at
first
The speaker
is
or
writer of this sentence could not have secured the
hand
therefore, since he
re-
porting another, the reason given is not on his authorHence he chooses the subjunctive mood. ity."
The
situation
is
:
wording, namely
saved by a very slight change of " The indicative is used when the
Suggestions
speaker, so far as in
11
him
lies,
vouches for the reason."
Even the
dullest student will see at once the differ-
ence between
"
Washington
fell
back because supplies
were low" and "Washington fell back on the ground that supplies were low," the latter calling for the
subjunctive. (6) The use of mea, tua, etc. with refert and interest.
1
to treatment
This mysterious combination yields easily when it is pointed out that, historically,
the ablative construction began with refert and spread to interest; further, that the first e of refert
is
long,
showing that we have to do here, not with
the prefix re-, but rather (in all probability) with a case-form of the noun res. While this explanation
not be exhaustive, still it goes far toward vindicating the reasonableness of the use of the ablative
may
singular feminine. (c) The case use with verbs like servio
and
opitulor.
In view of the English renderings commonly used, the dative with terbs of this class must seem to many
i A somewhat similar difficulty results from the careless phrasing used in discussing the implication of various interrogative particles; e.g. nonne is said to 'expect' an affirmative answer.
But the thoughtful student is again thrown off the track. When a mother induces a child to swallow something it probably will not relish, she may say: "Now, dear, wasn't that nice?" and unquestionably nonne is the word to use. But the mother cannot be said to expect an affirmative answer (probably she does not).
Rather, she selects a form that suggests an affirmative answer. These are two quite different things.
12
Latin Composition
young students an evidence of abnormal psychology on the part of the Romans. It is a simple matter to show that the English renderings are in many cases inexact, and that the real meaning of the Latin verbs
is quite in accord with the case chosen. Thus, in early Latin, servire is used to balance libertus esse
in the
same sentence, the former signifying

' '
'
to be a
'
slave,' the latter 'to be a freedman.' If servio, then,
means be a
(for),'
slave,'
it
why
should
be in bondage,' or even not govern the dative?
work
When
once this aspect of the case has been pointed out, it is surprising to find how often one of these mean-
where we have long been content with the rendering 'serve.' With opitulor the situation is somewhat different but the reason
ings shines out in passages
;
for the use of the dative
is
even more obvious.
For
manifestly a compound, and practically than the phrase opem fero, with which more nothing the use of the dative is taken as a matter of course.
the verb
is
II.
MASTERY OF THE GRAMMATICAL

CONSPECTUS
After completing the preliminary review above recommended, the next step is to become thoroughly familiar with the additional points enumerated in the
Grammatical Conspectus, which must be worked

through carefully, making sure that the exact bearing
Suggestions
of each item
is
13
understood. Then, omitting all explanatory matter, and reducing everything to the smallest
whole scheme should be abtwo large sheets of paper, so that the student may have his material in such form that anything
compass
possible, the
stracted on
can be located at a glance.

liminary to the
a necessary pretwo steps next to be taken. By writing in a small clear hand, it will be found possible to include all the material on two pages of
is
This
standard letter size. It is suggested that the pages be divided as follows, retaining the numbering and lettering used in the original
:
A.
I.
Forms
(a).
14
Latin Composition
After carefully examining and abstracting the
Grammatical Conspectus, the student may test his mastery of the same by using some of the EnglishLatin Exercises of this book.
It will be noted that
these Exercises are divided into three groups of about equal difficulty. In each Part the opening Exercises
and simple, with subsequent increase in length and complexity. Probably no class will need to write more than the Exercises of a single Part, and the book can therefore
are short
be used in successive years without repetition in this

particular.
classes
The
instructor
may
find
that some
have developed sufficient proficiency before completing a Part. In such cases it will be well to pass at once to the next phase of the work soon to be
described.
How the use of the Exercises makes for mastery of

the Grammatical
briefly
by consideration
:
Conspectus may be illustrated of such sentences as the
following
1.
Balbus ought to have set out with three thousand soldiers. Balbus cum tribus milibus militum proficisci
debuit.
Here three points are reviewed, namely
(1)
;
the
proper tense of the infinitive with debuit (2) the fact that milia is a noun, with genitive modifier and
;
(3)
the spelling of the genitive plural of miles.
Suggestions
2.
15
daily,
Our
forces increase in
number
and Caesar
will
soon return.
;
Copiae nostrae in dies numero crescunt ac Caesar brevi redibit.
Again three points are recalled

intransitive, hence crescunt
'
;
(1) 'increase' is
'
(2)
'
daily
'
marks prointransitive,
gression, hence in dies
(3)
return
is
hence redibit.
3.
He
says that "ships would have been sent, if the enemy had burned the other houses (domus)
fuisse ut
also.
Dicit futurum
naves mitterentur,
incendissent.
si
hostes ceteras quoque
domus
This sentence brings into play the following fac(1) contrary to fact in indirect discourse, with passive verb in apodosis, hence use of the periphrasis; (2) 'burn is transitive, hence incendissent;
tors
'
(3) spelling of
the perfect tense of incendo

alias; (5)
(4) 'the
other,'
hence not
agreement of
all
adj. (fern.)
with domus.
As intimated above, not
classes
make
equally
rapid progress in the mastery lined in the Grammatical Conspectus.
of the material out-
In no case
should the next process be attempted until the student is thoroughly familiar with everything there
involved.
16
Latin Composition
III.
WRITING OF ENGLISH-LATIN
EXERCISES
the most
difficult
it is
This
is
part of the course
but,
for the best students,
also the
most
is
The problem now
before the class
fascinating. to construct
simple passages of English that will test effectively the weak points in Latin composition.
The
shorter exercises in the three Parts of this
volume give a very fair idea of what should be aimed at under this head but probably some sug;
gestions as to details of procedure will be helpful.
The
text.
instructor
first selects
a suitable bit of Latin
This he assigns to the class as the basis for the next exercise, all to work upon the same passage.
Experience has demonstrated the desirability of giving the student some very specific instructions as
to
how
(1)
to go about his task, namely:
Make
it
allowing
(a)
to
a careful study of the Latin passage, lie under the eye for several days.
Note and underline in the text, as it stands, all the forms and constructions that seem worth incorporating in an exercise. Here should be taken into account, not only the Grammatical
Conspectus, but also the ground covered in the (The student will often be preliminary review.
surprised to find how much material for his purpose a random passage of Latin will provide.)
Suggestions
(6)
17
Consider how, by additions or by slight
changes, the text might be better adapted to the purpose in view. It matters little if liberties
are taken with the Latin story for
;
it is
not here
of
a question of writing history.

subject-matter is justified, composition exercise.
(c)
if it
Any change
makes
for a better
Mark
for elimination all rare
and doubtful
constructions.
(2)
Write out an English exercise based on the
Latin text.
(a)
Be
careful to
make a
clear
and coherent
if the story read the English to some person unacquainted with the Latin text. This will disclose at once any lack of clarity.
story. It will help a little to this end,

is
given a name.
Still better,
(6) Avoid all involved and complex structure. Rather short sentences are best and the exercises themselves should not exceed one hundred and
;
(Brevity will be found a hard virtue here; for the shorter the exercise, the more diffifty
words.
ficult it is to
bring in
all
the points desired, at the

of English
same time meeting the requirements

composition.)
(c)
Make discriminating use of footnotes, e.g. (a) To save a prospective user of the exer-
18
Latin Composition
rise
the trouble of looking up a rare
word.
(/3)
To suggest a literal rendering, where the English of the text is rather idiomatic. (This expedient makes for better
English in the text of the exercise.) To make sure that the prospective
user of the exercise will choose the Latin
(7)
word
in
essential to the test the writer has
mind.
'
E.g.
if it is
desired that the

'
phrase
order that no one

it is
be rendered
imperare ne quis,
necessary to sugin a footnote, for otherwise gest impero will choose iubeo, which calls for many
a different construction.
(d)
Underline the words and phrases that

(This
illus-
trate points to be tested.
makes
it
if
easy
for a writer to present his ideas rapidly,
called
upon
(3)
in
a class exercise.)
exact translation into Latin of the
Make an
English exercise.
(4)
(6)
Bring to class
(a)
the English exercise; and
the original Latin text (c) the Latin trans;
lation.
The
class
procedure
all
may
well take on seminar
the participants have been Though working upon the same Latin passage, no two of the
character.
Suggestions
19
English exercises will be alike and members of the class may be called upon in turn to present their con;
what is involved in them, and what extent they are based directly upon the original Latin or in what particulars they deviate from it. And the fact that the starting point is the same for all makes possible a lively and profitable discustributions, explaining
to
bringing out the varied possibilities of the Latin text.

sion,
********
;
tor will find

use.
Scattered through his general reading the instrucmany short Latin passages suited to this
In general, brief bits of narrative are to be preferred for passages abstract in thought are not easily
handled by a
lying parts of
single
class.
Cicero's speeches
Good material is abundant in and philosophical works, in the outCaesar's writings, and in Nepos. A
will suffice
:
example
Nepos, Han. 11. 4 ff.: Hannibalis praecepto

adoriuntur.
Horum in
universi
concursu Bithyni
Quorum vim
rex
navem Eumenis cum sustinere non
posset, fuga salutem petiit; quam consecutus non esset nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in
proximo
litore
erant
collocata.
Reliquae
Perga-
menae naves cum adversarios premerent

pente in eas vasa
fictilia,
acrius, re-
de quibus supra mentionem
Quae iacta initio risurn fecimus, conici coepta sunt. pugnantibus concitarunt neque quare id fieret poterat
intellegi.
Postquam autem naves suas oppletas
20
Latin Composition
conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic
consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis neque pari prudentia pepulit adversaries.
Hannibal
Aside from the routine of grammatical phenomena, this little passage twenty times or more illustrates
points included in the Grammatical Conspectus. the order of the text these are as follows
:
In
adoriuntur compound of
;
transitive
intellegi;
transitive
com-
ad-.
vim
vs. plu.
sustinere; transitive compound of sub-.
consecutus esset; transitive
pound of inter-; also form of pres. pass, infin. 3d conjug. autem postpositive. oppletas; transitive com;
compound
('
;
of con-.
vs.
pound
of ob-.
;
se
recepisset;
de-
conspexerunt
transitive
duco
Reliquae
conici
;
withdraw ').
vs. aliae.
compound
of
con-
also
tense with postquam.
transitive
of
comAlso
verterunt; spelling.
castra; vs. fern.
consilio
;
pound form of pres. 3d conjug.
con-.
pass, infin.
vs. concilio.
arma
copiis
vs. fern.
coepta sunt; passive because of conici.

fieret; form.
vs. sing.
pari
spelling of abl.
pepulit; spelling.
To
often
may
the points already involved in a text others be added by introducing slight changes.
in the
For example,
above passage
Suggestions
1.
'
.
21
Hannibalis praecepto adoriuntur; change Hannibal ordered (iubeo) that they should attack/ thus testing the tense of the infinitive (Hannibal
. .
to
iussit eos adoriri).

2.
navem Eumenis add

;
'alone' (solus), calling for

etc.
genitive
3.
form
solius.
;
quam consecutus non esset,

by
prefixing
throw into indirect

' '
discourse
will test also
'many people think that.' This the proper treatment of the word people
in such connections.
4. Quae iacta; substitute 'a thing (res) which,' calling for incorporation in the relative clause (quae res). 5. serpentibus; add 'so many,' giving a chance to
write the indeclinable
tot.
IV.
If
SUPPLEMENTARY WORK
time allows, the work of the course as aoove may well be supplemented by a study of Latin phrases and idioms. Without upholding the
outlined
procedure, we must all admit that the majority of Latin students acquire their knowledge of the lan-
guage a word at a time. From this it follows that many of them, having once paired an English word and a Latin word in their minds, are inclined to throw
one of the pair into the breach whenever its fellow appears. This sometimes makes sheer nonsense, and again very poor English.
Not
to mention such unbelievable (yet actual)
atrocities as
humi quod
for 'on the
ground
that,'
22
Latin Composition
t
sum
iens scribere for 'I
am
going to write/ and
cives in corpore for 'the citizens in a body,' the
ness of the
Grammatical Conspectus reveals less culpable weaksame general character e.g. the tendency
;
of students to render 'ever' uniformly
by umquam,
without noting that 'ever' sometimes medns 'always,' requiring then, of course, the translation semper.
Again,
many
students seem to have in mind but one

' '
word to render increase into Latin, thus

the error of using cresco when increase or augeo when it is intransitive.
It
is
' '
falling into
is
transitive,
extremely desirable that the prospective
teacher of Latin be forewarned as to this

failing
common
on the part of the secondary school student. little care and attention expended here will do
for the establishment of habits of clear think-
much
ing and exact expression.

culty in
ity
For there
of
is
no
diffi-
demonstrating to any class the utter

attempting
a,
futil-
on mere mechanical replacing of individual words by unvarying substitutes in another

of
the
work
translation
the basis of
language.
simple and convincing illustration
is
found
in
;
the two-word groups made up of noun and adjective and a case in point is incorporated in Miss Sabin's
Relation of Latin
to
Practical Life, page 28,
where
the adjective magnus is coupled with a great variety of nouns. At a glance it is manifest that any "stand-
Suggestions
23
ard" rendering of this adjective is worse than inadequate, and that the translation cannot be determined except by taking into account the other word
of the group, e.g. 'loud shouting,' 'careful considera'
tion,' 'intense pain,'
high price,' ''strong confidence,'
etc.
The same thing is true of the following familiar and usually mistranslated passage Cic. in Cat. i. 18: Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc
:
mihi timorem eripe:

falsus, ut
si
est verus,
ne opprimar;
sin
tandem aliquando timere desinam.

slip
Most students
tives.
ventional renderings
It is only
over this passage with the contrue and false for the adjec' '
'
'
when they take
into account the

is
noun timor that a proper translation 'well grounded' and 'groundless.'
achieved,
e.g.
Carrying this a little farther, there are many Latin combinations (in other words, phrases and idioms) that are well worth the attention of a class of prothat 'make a speech is orationem habere; but few are familiar with the
spective teachers.
All
legal
know
'
phrase causa cadere ('lose a

is
suit').
It
proposed, therefore, that, as supplementary
work
for the course here outlined, the
members
of
the class be directed to watch in their reading for Latin phrases that appear idiomatic and worth re-
membering.
As
rapidly as noted, these should be
listed alphabetically in
an inexpensive card catalogue.
24
The
Latin Composition
following form of entry has been found convenient

:
Attract attention
oculos movere, Cic. de Off.
1.
98.
A few
this
samples are appended, to show the scope of phase of the work

:
Abused, be (verbally): nobis indigna audire, Cic. de

Off. 1. 137.
Accept a bribe
(to
do a thing)
quaestum facere
ut,
Cic. p. Font. 17. According to the old proverb: ut est in vetere proverbio, Cic. Tusc. Disp. 2. 11.
Administration: during my administration, me obtinente, Cic. ad Att. 5. 21. 7. Advanced in years: iam affectus senectute, Cic. de
Orat.
3. 68.
Among other things: in

2. 61.
.
eis, Cic.
ad Att.
3. 6.
Apply the torch: faces admovere, Cic. Tusc. Disp.

As a matter
Disp.
2. 54.
of fact: si
verum quaerimus,
Cic. Tusc.
Quite aside from the intrinsic value of a well classified collection of this sort, such work tends to develop a closeness of observation that makes both for
an intimate acquaintance with the ways of the Latin language and for carefully considered and idiomatic
rendering into English.
Suggestions
For the proposed course as a whole,
that the methods here
it
25
may
be said
recommended have proved

;
very successful in bringing prospective teachers to a state of real efficiency in the subject and in some
cases even brief training of this sort has quite revolutionized ideas as to the utility
and (may
it
safely
be added?) the pleasures of Latin composition.
ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES
PART
Exercise
I
i
Cicero thinks that

sent into Asia,
Pompey would not have been
by him 1 But as a matter
had not the senate been persuaded that Pompey was the man 2 to be chosen.
of fact
3
the senators themselves were
willing that he should go, in order that their
own
power might be greater at Rome.

were now here to see to
wise
5 it 4
Would
that he
that his friends are in no

is
injured!
But though he
away, I do not
think that they will be driven out; for they appear in the forum daily with many of their relatives. 6
However,
in
if
they do go into
is
exile,
they
will
7
to a city in Sicily which
called Syracuse
proceed a town
which Dionysius reigned more than thirty years.

Exercise 2
In the army were
many men
of valor,
who
often
had not hesitated to risk 8 their lives for their coun9 try; but among them there is said to have been none
1
I.e.
6
Cicero.
Omit.
7
re
vera.
8
video.
Adv.
9
ace.
propinqui.
Plu. noun.
periclitor.
in
and
abl.
26
English-Latin Exercises
27
braver than Quintus Fabius, a man whom all posFor on one occasion, when terity should honor.
there
save
was no one who dared to cross a bridge to a wounded officer, 2 he ran forward boldly and
sustained the enemy's attack single-handed 3 until the officer was taken to a safe place. The story 4 of this exploit 5 was reported to the senate 6 at Rome,
and that body

Indeed
9
never rendered heartier thanks. 8
that a regular thanksgiving 10 would have been decreed in Fabius' name, if such
I
believe
an honor were ever given

individual
12
for saving
n the
life
of
an
citizen.
Exercise 3
When the general saw
the scouts 13 of the

14
enemy on
that the
the other side of the river, he ordered
cavalry should cross as quickly as possible, so that the enemy might have less opportunity to harass 15
the soldiers
water.
It
who had gone from
the
camp
to get
is said,
however, that the horsemen had
been demoralized 16 by previous 17 encounters, and hence 18 were now unwilling to obey such an order. 19
Therefore,
1
fearing that
7
some calamity might be

3
def endo.
10
defero ad.
'
legatus. concilium.
15
solus.
8
fama.
9
12
res.
gratias ago.
etiam.
1
supplicatio iusta.
14
u cum-clause.
quin unus.
17
explorator.
perior.
lacesso. iubeo. '"frango. 19 K ob earn causam. imperium.
su-
28
suffered,
if
Latin Composition
he insisted, 1 the commander withdrew his
hill.
forces to the nearest
There, calling a council,

there
he found
that
all
were anxious 3 to return to their
homes
in
Italy.
Indeed
were some who

;
4 thought that they ought to start that very night but these were finally persuaded that this was too
hasty.
Exercise 4
Though Clodius was trying

exile,
to drive Cicero into

6
Caesar and
Pompey
realized
what was being

7
done and yet were not willing to
interfere, judg8 ing that the security of the state was of more im9 portance than the safety of one citizen. Yet it is
10 thought by many people that Pompey did wrong 11 Cicero after in thus deserting having previously
12 promised him his aid. vated by the fact that
The
J3
situation
was aggra14
the old-time
forces of
Catiline, which Cicero had subdued a few years 15 a new before, and which had now chosen leader,
were ready 16 to aid Clodius. Thus the number of Cicero's enemies was daily increasing, and a general
1
17
uprising
18
began to be feared.
3
So, with the

6
persevere.
9
reperio.
of plus
volo.
Gerundive.
~
prae-
properus (note force of

8
prefix).
sentio.
10
'
intercede.
quies.
Forms
12
and sum.
13
pecco.
16
" Rela'
tive clause.
opera.
Lit.
15
it
was added that
(accedo
17
ut).
"pristinus.
18
deligo.
paratus.
Superl. of
magnus.
tumultus.
idea
1
29
of preserving
the peace of the state, Cicero
withdrew from Rome, and did not return 3 to the 4 5 city until he was recalled by a vote of the people.
Exercise 5
had been reported to 7 Curio in his camp, he at once called Balbus and others to a council, so that, through the advice of many, it might be more easily decided what was best to be done. When
6
When
this
all
had gathered, Balbus declared that without

8
;
9 not to leave they ought camp 11 sixty thousand Gauls were already under arms, and the Germans would soon be summoned 12 from
Caesar's order
for 10
homes 13 beyond the Rhine, a combination 14 which by no means could be resisted by a single However, believing that they ought to legion.
their
escape before the Germans should join the Gauls, Curio urged that camp be broken 15 at once, and
that they should not allow to slip 16 a chance to elude 17 the enemy. This view 18 finally prevailed 19
and they marched forth from camp, a move 20 21 which subsequently no one regretted more than
Curio himself.
1
causa,
10
conserve.
ubi.
7
'
revertor.
*
plebiscitum.
defero ad.
16
iniussu.
priusquam. " Gerun12
dive.
13 18
nam
14
(indirect discourse).
u
ie
21
in.
arcesso.
17
sedes.
coniunctio.
19
moveo.
20
dimitto.
paenitet.
fallo.
sententia.
supero.
res.
30
Latin Composition
Exercise 6
Cleomenes,
in
who regarded
similar
himself as a second
2
Verres, very whole days on the shore. But once it was suddenly announced to him that a ship of alarming 4 appearance was approaching the coast. The other officers
5
fashion
would drink
wanted to
fight
of his
men would
but thinking that he and all 6 presently be murdered by pirates,

;
Cleomenes at once boarded

where he gave orders
8
his
sails
largest
vessel,
set,
9
that the
should be
and commanded that the other

as quickly as possible.
vessels follow
him
However, they were small,
and not to be compared in speed with the leader's So the latter 10 escaped very easily, while ship.
the other officers were captured lost in the sea. There are some
by the
pirates or
who judge
that
if
Cleomenes had not fled so hastily, he without doubt would have saved n all his and driven the
ships
his
pi-
rates
from the harbor.

12
For
own
vessel
was
13
so
strong
others.
that
it
could easily have protected

Exercise 7
the
The worst people are sometimes prosperous, while the best are often most unfortunate. 14 Con1
alter.
similiter
8
(superl.).
7
poto.
terribilis.
9
praepositus.
ille.
brevi.
12
10
"conserve.
conscendo. 8 iubeo. Lit. 'of such strength.'
facio.
13
Use
praesidium. H miser.
31
sequently, as a noted philosopher used to say, it makes no difference 1 what sort of person 2 you are
and how you have lived for there is no reward of And when this same man had returned 3 virtue. from Egypt to Athens, a city which is very famous
;
for its temples, a certain friend said to him,

4
you never seen the votive tablets many people through their vows escaped the force of the tempest and arrived safely in port?" "But," 5 replied he, "you do not take into account the great
"Have and realized how
number
8
of
men who made vows 7 and

9
yet were not
10 in spared by the gods, but were swallowed up the sea." And he frequently warned his friends
unnoticed n by the gods. 12 that They, however, thought there was no doubt 1S did he was wrong , and they not hesitate to tell 14
that
human
affairs are
him
so.
Exercise 8
After
15
Philo had withdrawn to Sparta on the
16 ground that his life was in great danger, he often led the enemy against his own countrymen, in order
that the latter might realize more fully
17
how
great
18
a general they had

1
lost.
-
Under
3
his leadership
4
the
Use
interest.
qualis.
gen.},
revertor.
rationem habeo (and

conserve.
'multitude.
I0
tabula picta. 7 voveo.

Il
"Lit. 'and.'
13
submerge.
>
12
Use non dubium.

postquam.
18
erro.
I6
quod.
plane.
neglego. confirmo (with dat.}. 18 Use dux.
32
Spartans
l
Latin Composition
won
many
a victory
and there are

3
some who
Athens
4
believe that they
would have taken

filled
itself,
had they not been
with sus;
5 of their leader picion regarding the sincerity for they feared that he might be seeking some op6 portunity to betray them to the Athenians.
7 to Therefore, thinking it best leave, Philo did 8 not hesitate to flee even to the Persians 9 among
,
whom
he remained until he was recalled by his citizens to help them against the Spartans a thing
all
which he had
happen.
14 12 13
along
10
realized said
In fact
it is
n would ultimately that no one was ever
welcomed
joy
home with
greater manifestations of
than he.
Exercise g
rendered to the
After this defeat, 15 fearing that he would be surRomans (which I think surely would
have happened, 16 had he remained in Asia at that 17 betook himself to a large time), the Carthaginian
town
found
in the island
18
of Crete.
There too he soon

;
that he was in great danger
for
he was car-
rying with him a huge

1
sum
of
19
money, and the

3
4
Lacedaemonii.
6
incertus.
fides.
Use pario or reporto. potior. 7 Reflex. Lit. 'the best (thing)

"Persae.
13
to do.'
12
"refugio.
16
1D
10
semper.
" sentio.
Lit. 'be' (fio is defective).
15
18
clades.
sentio.
Lit.
u acclamatio. reduce. 'would have been' (sum). 17 Poenus.
grandis.
33
1 townspeople were not to be trusted. Accordingly 2 a 3 he devised plan of the following sort. Collect4 5 but coving many jars, he filled them with lead,
ered
the tops
with gold and

8
9
silver.
These
jars
he ostentatiously
for safekeeping.
10
a public temple deposited this means the townspeople By

in
all his wealth was in their power, and they guarded the temple not so much X1 from others as from him, fearing that in some way he
were persuaded that
might get possession of his own money. Saving his property in this manner, the Carthaginian made his way to an influential 14 king in Pontus. Surely
12
13
there never was a
man more
resourceful
15
than he.
Exercise 10
Certain people brought to 16 will 17 of a very rich forged
Rome from Greece the man and to make this

;
hold good 18 the more easily, they had enrolled 19 as 20 heirs with themselves two men of great distinction, 21
Marcus
Crassus
20
and
it
Quintus
Hortensius.
22
For
these latter,
though
was commonly
thought
that they were upright men, had not hesitated to

1
Use fidem habeo.

operio.
10
7
ineo.
is.
amphora.
8
>2
plumbum.
colloco.
Use
adj.
summus.
" tarn.
18
palam.
potior.
13
conserve.
18
2l
(gerundive). 15 caUidus. "potens.
custodio
falsus.
17
testa-
mentum.
20
'make
hold good,' obtineo.
19
scribo.
Omit.
nobilitas insignis.
vulgo.
34
intimate
l
Latin Composition
that they were not unwilling to accept 2 Thus the real 3 heir gained only the gift.
such a
dead man, while the property was pos4 5 not sessed by others. ought Leading citizens 7 6 that to have acted thus, and it was not right
of the
name
the real heir should in this

inheritance.
8
For
if
way be deprived of his one does not protect from
9 n if 10 is as injury when he can, the wrong great as 12 the injury were actually Yet inflicted by him. there are some people, who, thinking that right 13
one thing and expediency another, are ready 14 to do without hesitation whatever seems advantais
l5 a proceeding 16 which is geous to themselves, 17 the source of the worst crimes and disgraces.
But
18
if
some
really
good
man
should have the
power by a mere 15 wish to become heir of the he would not embrace 20 the opportunity, rich, even if he were sure 21 that it could be done without the knowledge of any.
1
19
22
significo.
?
munus.
verus.
7
principes civitatis.
culpa.
5 8
oportet.
se
13
gerere.
aequus
10
hereditas.
12
iniuriam defendo.
'right
ipse.
.
(with infin.}. " tarn . . .

. .
quam.
utile.
ultro.
expediency,'
17
honestum
18
14
volo.
15
2I
16
res.
fons.
at.
19
22
posLit.
sum.
20
utor.
exploratum esse (with
dat.).
'no one knowing'.
35
Exercise
Ten years ago it is related that Diomedes came near to being l despoiled of all the most valuable 2 possessions he had. For though he was a man of influence
and
distinction, Yerres
3
summoned him
to
Syracuse (which is the capital of Sicily), demanding that he display to him certain statues of remarkable
4
beauty which
it
was rumored
he had at
home.
if
Perceiving that his statues would be stolen,
Verres once caught sight of 6 them, Diomedes invented the fiction 7 that they had lately been sent to
8
;
a friend of his at Malta
and, shortly afterward,
by which n had countrymen previously eluded many 12 Verres, he quietly left Syracuse and took refuge
adopting
a device
10
very similar to that
of his
at
Rome. S Thereupon the
father of Verres wrote
13
a letter from
Rome
to his son, warning

15
him that
unless he took care, 14 on his return
home he would
be put on
trial 16 for his

17
seemed very likely, Rome who doubted that Verres was guilty of the
greatest wrongs
1
crimes (a thing wilich for there was now no one at
many
18
).
Frightened by this
;
letter,
Ver-
Use paene.
1
pretiosus
6
'
attract into
rel.
clause.
caput.
mirabilis.
9
tior.
Melita.
6 7 emenImpcrf. tense. aspicio. " fallo. 12 consilium. utor. re-
fugio.
do.
17
u caveo.
16
cum-clause.
18
16
reum
facio
(and gen.).
veri similis.
scelus in se admittere.
36
res recalled
1
Latin Composition
Diomedes, assuring him that nothing would be taken 2 from him, even though it should
3
appear
that he was richer than any

all 5
other in-
habitant of
Sicily.
Exercise 12
Once a very poor

of the king's flocks.
8
;
farmer was made shepherd
He was
long most faithful and
but one day, as he was passing through upright the woods, he noticed a chasm 9 in the earth which
had been opened 10 by very heavy u rains, and, moved by curiosity, 12 descended into it. There he found 13 the body of a dead man of remarkable 14 size with 15 a gold ring on his 16 finger. Quickly appropriating
17
this,
home
But
the shepherd climbed out and returned to tell the other shepherds what he had seen.
as he
came
into their assembly, he

19
to turn the setting
of
happened the ring toward his palm,
18
and discovered 20 to his great astonishment that he had become invisible 21 whereas, 22 as soon as he
;
turned
it
see him.
1
16 proper position, everyone could Therefore he informed no one of his ex-
to
its
reduce.
7
eripio.
6
11
pauper.
pastor.
4 8 totus. reperio (pass.). quivis. 9 10 efficio. hiatus. probatus.

l2
SuperL
19
of
magnus.
18
cupiditas videndi.
16
21
13
reperio.
18
14
mirabilis.
Lit. 'and.'
20
Omit.
17
arripio.
Use
casu.
(cerno)
pala.
sentio.
22
Lit. 'that
he could be seen
by no
one.'
Direct disc.
perience;
1
37
but,
2
making use
of
the opportunity
afforded
made
those
it is
by the ring, he met 3 the queen secretly, a plot against the king, and killed off all
whom
he thought it unsafe 5 to spare. Thus said that in a short time he made himall
self 6
king not only of one city, but of
Lydia.
There are some who would not have acted thus, even if the reward had been twice as great 7
.
Exercise 13
Verres once desired that a certain statue at Syracuse should be removed and carried away to adorn
his
own
gardens, though the Sicilian

10
priests all
declared that the thing was impossible because the statue was of remarkable 11 antiquity and no one could touch it without sin. 12 Finding that nothing
could be accomplished by words, Verres finally ordered 13 that the high priest should be arrested 14 for
to do what had been asked. Everyone thought that the poor man would merely be sent to prison 16 for they had not yet realized 17 what
refusing
15
sort
1
of
person
'
18
Verres
was.
This
2
'
excellent
19
More
'of.'
lit.
3
of
what had happened.'

4
afforded by,'
'I.e.
10
lit.
'
convenio.
7
ineo.
became'.
notabilis.
bis tantus.
I2
periculosus. Use ipse. Siculus.

17
is.
11
noxa.
18
l3
iubeo.
M in vincula conicio.
intellego.
16
18
cum-clausc.
in
custodiam trado.
Omit.
Supcrl. of bonus.
272805
38
Latin Composition
it
was winter and the weather 1 an equestrian statue in the very cold, selected centre of the forum, and ordered his soldiers to strip the high priest of his garments and place the man upon it and bind him fast. Thus a man of repu-
Roman, though
tation
among the
Sicilians,
who
held
the high-
est office in their state,
was
left
exposed in the
snow
4
and
until
cold.
And
priest
the torture was not terminated
the
people
in a
was nearly dead. Then the 5 came to the senate-house, debody
manding that Verres be given the ancient statue which he asked, and crying out that the gods themselves would surely avenge their own wrongs. Thus it was that Verres gained his desire. 6
Exercise 14
was engaged with 7 these matters, my slave announced that a Sicilian official wished to see 8 me. Though I was busy, 9 I ordered that
While
I
be admitted, not wishing that the Sicilians should have any occasion to accuse me
the
man
should
of negligence.
And
am
not sorry
11
10
that I acted
12
thus
1
for, as I
afterward found out,

2
this stranger
*
8
tempestas.
'
'
deligo.
literally,
6
an end of
Use praeditus. the torture was not made.'

3
More
curia.
Lit.
8
12
convenio.
ignotus.
7 arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' ago. " 9 open intentus. 10 paenitet. reperio.
was a man
elected
1
39
lately been
of distinction,
who had
2
priest of Jupiter,
very highly. come to urge me to go with him to the senate-house at Syracuse, saying that the inhabitants of that
prize
of every right unless should help them. On hearing such a complaint 4 I at once set out with him for Syracuse. When we
I
Sicilians
an honor which the Moreover, he had
city would- soon be deprived
arrived there and
had taken
seats
in the senate,
a senator eighty years of age began to speak, point6 were ing out that the people of Syracuse ag7 that in the other cities in Sicily I had grieved told 8 the senate and people what to do to maintain 9 their rights, while at Syracuse I had done
10 nothing of the sort. Whereupon I said in reply n and that that I was willing to do all in my power,
12 of all 13 having undertaken the defense Sicily, I would not allow the people of Syracuse to be injured, if I could prevent it.
Exercise 15
14 people desired years ago some devout 15 should be painted, that a very beautiful picture
Many
1
creo.
Forms
5
of facio
6
and multus.
7
spolio.
Syracusani. querimonia. 10 8 obtineo. doceo. respondeo. (with infin.). " 13 II causam suscipio. totus. Lit. 'that I could.'
14
sedeo.
moleste fero
religiosus.
16
tabula.
40
Latin Composition
that they might have a gift worthy 1 to be placed And so, in the temple 2 of Juno at Tarentum.
3 though it was thought that many Italian paint4 ers were competent to produce such a work of 5 6 art, messengers were sent to Greece to engage
the most famous artist
that they could find there.

8
On
his arrival at
Tarentum, the
began at once to be invited

until this
illustrious painter to other cities also

;
but he declared that he would not leave Tarentum
work was
finished.
^Accordingly he at
9
once had an interview with

10
the leaders in the
and decided to paint a likeness n of Helen, city In order to as being 12 the fairest of all women. 13 out this more he asked to see 14 carry plan easily, the handsomest girls living in the city, wishing to
copy
their
beauty in
16
15
the picture.
Then
it is
re-
lated that the townspeople escorted the
man
18
to the
gymnasium
17
and there showed him boys

exercising.
of rare
and great strength beauty these," said they, "you can

their sisters are."
"From
infer how handsome But when the painter urged his

19
request even more earnestly,

1
they called a council

4
opus. venio.
14
3 aedes. dignus. Imperf. tense. ' * adhibeo. arcesso. opifex.

2
idoneus.
Use conut.
1B 13
10
lit.
civitas.
'
"simulacrum.
see.'
12
ille.
More
that he be allowed to
Lit.
18
'
by
'
16 17 Use praeditus. (with imitor). palaestra. 19 acrius insto. clause; exerceo requires object.
Rel.
41
from their homes.

five,
and decided that the maidens should be summoned Of these the artist selected l
thinking that every charm could not be found one individual 3 and in this way
;
in the person 2 of
he produced a picture fairer than any one of the

five girls.
Exercise 16
When
rants for
his native city
had been oppressed by ty-
more
than
6
secretly to Argos,
possible forces.
Altorius proceeded where he gathered 7 the largest 8 Returning with these, he took
fifty years,
the city, killed the tyrant then ruling, and freed the
9 long servitude. He also repeople from their 10 stored three thousand exiles, men of wealth and
and while he did not doubt that these u to be reimbursed 12 for 13 the losses which ought 14 had he gave orders 15 nevertheless suffered, they that no one of them should try to recover his propstanding
;
by force from those who had bought it up 16 after it was confiscated. 17 Then, seeing that money was the thing 9 needed 18 to adjust matters, 19 he
erty
proceeded to Alexandria in Egypt, a country which was then ruled by Ptolemy. This rich king was
1
deligo.
7
corpus.
8
I2
Omit.
9
patria.
10
13
amplius.
Argi.
15
colligo.
potior.
Omit.
pro.
in patriam
reduce.
facio.
"
oportet.
16
satisfacio.
I7
M
18
damnum
Use opus,
impero.
coemo.
publico.
'rem
const! tuo.
42
easily
Latin Composition
persuaded that Altorius and his countryx to be assisted with a large sum of 2
men ought
3 money. Receiving the same, Altorius returned 4 there never was a and home, greater benefactor than he. For it is said that he satisfied everyone,
giving
money
to
some
in place of
their lost pos6
sessions,
and restoring the property

7
of
others
after persuading the holders
to
sell
at a high price.
4
'Gerundive.
6
pro.
grandis. res ipsa (sing.).
3 7
Lit. 'it.'
auctor rerum.
possessor.
PART H
Exercise 17
It
is
said that the Gauls, being
men
of wealth,
find
then asked what they were to do in case they should anyone lying in wait 1 on the road. "If you
meet brigands 2 there," said the consul, "do not try to pass. For in the country there is no one who can
help you. at Rome,
But if you return at once to the senate we will send to many houses in the city
and summon slaves to escort you."

Gauls heard
this,
When
the
in
they said that they were

to do,
if
still
doubt
what was best

left
would have
home,
and that they never 4 had they thought that the
roads were so dangerous.

Exercise 18
Caesar had stopped a few days near this town to get in 5 supplies, he hurried to Fabius at Vesontio.
When
There
it is
said that
many
inhabitants
of
the town tried to frighten the Romans, telling 7 them how brave the Germans were. And there was
no one who doubted that they spoke the truth.

1
insidior.
7
latro.
dubito.
sentio.
compare.
incola.
doceo.
43
44
Latin Composition
l might be he did not his suffered, men, Caesar encourage 2 called an assembly and said, "All of us know that
Fearing, therefore, that some reverse

if
no
soldiers are braver
than the Germans.
But do
not forget that this tribe which we are about to meet in battle is the very one 3 which Fabius defeated on his
march
through Gaul
last year."
Exercise 19
When the Germans led out their forces, many of our

men
at once hurried forward, 5 so that no one might
6 But others, say that any were bolder thao they. to leave on the the remained hill, unwilling camp
behind 7 the breastworks; 8 and it is thought by many 9 people that this circumstance was the salvation of
For the Germans have a wonderful phyand they are by no means 11 easily frightened. Thus it happened that when our men drew near, they were at once driven back indeed they fled in
our army.
sique,
10
;
haste through the valley to their friends in the camp. A little later, after 12 these facts had become known, 13
many more
ing that
of
14
the
Germans
crossed the river, hop-
all of
15
the
Romans would soon be

2
expelled
from their
1
lands.
contio.
7 3
detrimentum.
6
idem.
cum-clause.
9
6 10
12
procurro.
Lit. 'are of
ipse.
14
intra.
munitiones.
size of body.'
15
salus.
wonderful (mirabilis)
Sing.
ubi.
13
cognosce.
Use frequens.
The Germans'.
Exercise 20
45
set forth to
"Conscript fathers," said Cicero, "I shall now you why I returned l to Rome. Avoid2
ing Brundisium for good cause,

ust
1
had come on Aug-
to Syracuse,
a town which could not detain
than one night, although the towns5 that I should remain. But, to being unwilling delay, fearing that I should thus 6 some opportunity to sail, I took 7 ship, and lose
people were anxious
me more 4
had not proceeded

adverse winds.
far
when
was driven back by
lius Valerius,
"After stopping one night at the home of 9 Puba man of courage and discretion, I
learned that the Gallic provinces would be given up 10 by Antony, and that he was now willing to admit
Hearthat the laws of the state must n be obeyed. to Brunto at once I did not hesitate return ing this,
disium."
Exercise 21
Men
of old
;
12
did not hesitate to ask
13
many things
gift
14
of the gods
and yet no one ever vowed a

15
to
Hercules on condition that

wise man.
1
he should be made a
Although
2
it
is
said that,
on discover-
revertor.
6
Lit. 'not
6
amplius.
13
volo.
dimitto.
without reason.' 3 Plu. noun. 7 conscendo. 8 Pass, of
proveho.
quus.
"apud.
posco.
10
confiteor.
"Gerundive.
15
12
anti-
u munus.
si.
46
ing
Latin Composition
l 2 something new in his studies, Pyro sacrificed a bull to the Muses but few have believed this,
;
inasmuch as he was unwilling to sacrifice a victim 3 even to Apollo, fearing that he would stain 4 the
altar with blood.
5 But, to return to my subject, all of us are persuaded that only good 6 fortune is to be asked 7 of
the gods, and that wisdom must be gained by our own efforts. 8 And so, while we dedicate shrines
to
Mens, Virtus, and Fides, there

6
is
no one who
does not realize that the attainment of these attributes rests with us, 9 and
of the gods.
'not
upon the beneficence
Exercise 22
Fellow
citizens, I recall
10
that a certain Sicilian, 11

of distinction,
a friend of mine and a
man
once
told me that he had been robbed 12 of a golden 13 14 cup of great weight, which it was his custom 15 to use on state occasions. "As 16 I was sitting at home with my wife and
children," said he, "a slave of the praetor ran up,
saying that his master

1
17
had directed
3
18
that I should
6
cum-clause.
'
immolo.
7
hostia.
8
aspergo.
'
res
omit
9
my.'
Omit.
peto.
Lit.
ourselves.'
10
13
Lit. 'these things lie (situs esse) in us.'
memini
grandis. 18 iubeo.
(with pres. infin.). 14 15 soleo. dies festi.
n Siculus.
16
spolio.
dum.
" dominus.
at once bring to
47
some
dered
evil
1
Fearing that were not befall, done, I orthe cup to be brought out and conveyed with
him that golden cup.

if
would
this
me
to the praetor's house.

arrival 2 there, I soon
"On my
tended
4
saw
that he in-
to keep the
cup
and
two
of his slaves that three

if
promised thousand sesterces would
I therefore
be given them,
ter to return
it
they should persuade their massafe to me. However, they began
to complain that they could
do nothing
and so
returned
home
sadly
without
my cup."
Exercise 23
Then
which
to
9 is
said Cicero
"On Corcyra
in
there
is
a city a town
to enit
the fairest spot 7 in all 8

10
Greece
which rich Romans often come

a more healthful
said that there once
summer
joy
is
climate. 11
In this city
was a very large temple 12 to
Juno, into which many foreigners 13 brought splendid gifts. These 14 gifts were long untouched I5 but one day when the fleet of king Masinissa had come
;
into that port, its
commander
16
seized
two golden
statues of great
1
17
beauty and carried them away to

*
2 3 iubeo. Not abstract noun. intellego. 6 Tevertor. animo habeo (with infin.). Use
7
in
adj.
locus.
totus.
utor.
I0
salubris.
1S
u caelum.
inviolatus.
12
aedes.
13
advena.
17
u Direct discourse.
'praefectus.
insignis.
48
Latin Composition
his king in Africa.

gift
but gladly statues had come,

;
The latter at first received the when he learned 2 whence the

3
he ordered
that they should
at once be restored, not wishing to keep what be5 longed to another. Many good deeds 6 of Masinissa are recorded,
and nothing more just than

Exercise 24
this."
Once a
certain lieutenant
9
of the governor
8
lo
set
out from Syracuse
with the greatest parade
to
drive off the very numerous pirates 11

spoiling
who were
ships
12
boasted
that the
on every hand. But though he enemy would be put to flight 13 by

14
his approach, he did not care
to risk
of battle, but
16
fled at full speed,

17
the dangers almost before the
15
pirates
began to be sighted
in the distance.
18 more escape the odium of this action easily, he afterward accused of cowardice 19 the bravest
To
men he had commanded 20
in the
army.
And
this
he did with the greatest For one of these men, a captain 22 of integrity and fortitude, had not seen the disgraceful 23 flight in fact ^ he
recklessness. 21
;
munus.
8
intellego.
Lit. 'were.'
7
iubeo.
g
Use
Plu.
alienus.
noun.
14
19
10
15
recte factum. " ostentatio.
legatus.
l2
praetor.
pirata.
glorior.
u fugo.
18
nolo.
subeo.
20
22
ignavia.
duco
21
audacia.
res. Lit. 'and'. conspicio. attract the superl. into the rel. clause. ; 23 24 foedus. quin etiam. praef ectus.
16
17
49
did not even leave Syracuse with the others, being detained there by a serious affection l of the eyes. Gentlemen of the jury, 2 rest assured 3 that if this
sort of thing
4
continues to be done
in the prov-
inces, there will soon be no one
who
cares
to be
called a friend of the
Roman
people.
Exercise 25
"Fellow
citizens," cried he,
"it thus
happened
that an excellent friend of mine was robbed by Yerres a man who richly deserves 7 your hatred and that of
all
posterity.
For he
treats
;
Roman
citi-
zens as though they were slaves in fact it is said by reliable witnesses 9 that he was not deterred from 10
n of putting to death a certain man even by the cry 12 'I am a Roman citizen.' 13 I the victim, recall,
too,
14
that
when
his forces
pirates and
his lieutenant
had been defeated by wanted to put the blame

1S
upon
15
the others, Verres did not hesitate to allow the

16
Sicilian
killed.
1
officers 17 to
be imprisoned
and even
19
morbus
gravis.
*
B
iudices.
Lit.
8
'
scio
(what tense?).
6
4 7
tails
(neut. plu.).
(siiperl.).
dignus
done ago cum.

is
longer.'
volo.
verus
12
testis.
'"deterreo
13
memini.
quominus. M porro.
17
" vox.
16
ille
miser.
" Siculus.
13
culpam confero in (and ace.). 18 in vincula conicio. praepositus.
atque vero.
50 "Thus who had

ing
Latin Composition
there
was arrested a man of Heraclea 1 served faithfully 2 and had done noth-
3 orders. This person of note, contrary to 4 that he must wrote a defense of his die, realizing
people how many ships and sailors he had at the time of sail8 from ing Syracuse, and how afterward the ships
case,
5
in 6
which he shows
to all
were scattered by Verres' lieutenant. Of course 9 this defense did not help him at all. But it was a
splendid effort,
all
10 and there is no one throughout n who has not read it and been stirred with Sicily
anger as he learns of Verres' wickedness."

Exercise 26
Nations
differ
much among themselves

it is
in
customs
a
and opinions. In Africa

god.
thought by the Egyptians

is
that a certain monster, 12 which
called Apis, 13
is
On
the other hand, the Persians hold that
the likeness of the gods ought not to be represented 14 even by images in human form. 15 And it is said
that Xerxes burned the most beautiful temples that Greece possessed for the reason that he thought it not right 16 that the gods, whose home is the whole
1
Heracliensis.
4 9
fidem servo.
6
verb).
8
12
Gerundive.
bestia.
13
causa.
10
Lit.
cum-clause.
nefas.
scilicet.
opus.
14
contra atque (and 7 doceo. by.' " Place where

'
(to-
tus).
16
Masc.
effingo.
* humanus.
universe,
l
51
These
3
should be inclosed
by
walls.
shrines the Greeks
have never even planned
to re-
store, preferring that

rial 4
to
they should ever be a Persian wickedness.
memo-
7 how many But, to return to my 6 subject, nations and tribes have believed that it is very ac8 human ceptable to the immortal gods to sacrifice than which I can think of nothing more beings
revolting
And
there are even

live
some who hold

12
10
that
it
is
n to right
we Romans, people
of justice
by plundering and piety, do not
while
al-
low the Gauls to plant the olive and the vine, in order that our own olive gardens 13 and vineyards 14
may
be more valuable!
15
Exercise 27
was so discourteous 17 that one could see clearly that he was simply con19 how he could most 20 us. sidering readily insult 21 to of show the However, wishing myself worthy honor which the senate had conferred 22 in electing 23
the governor
18
At that time
16
me
1
to look into Sicilian affairs,24 I
went at once to
4
mundus.
*
2
'
intercludo.
3
7
constituo.
8
documen9
tum.
10
Lit.
of.'
12
Omit.
16
res.
13
immolo.
foedus.
duco.
" ius.
latrocinor.
olivetum.
17
16
Use form
confero.
of plus.
23
praetor.
"vinetum. inhumanus. '" Not

24
possum,
22
"cogito.
20
contumelias impono.
cum-clausc (deligo).
praesto. res investigo.
21
52
the
Latin Composition
that he send to their homes
man and demanded many inhabitants l of
neighboring islands whom he had long kept in confinement. 2 Thereupon he became very angry, and declared
that they should never return while he was alive ; in 3 he had fact, as we afterward learned, already is-
sued an order
that no one should
me
even where the

I
make known to men were imprisoned. And so,
though
to
did not fear that the senate and the

ratify
5
Roman
7
people would not
whatever I did,
6
I decided
wait
until
a more thorough
investigation
should be made. By this means my purpose was 8 for three days later two slaves accomplished were found who, though unwilling to speak openly,
;
were induced by a promise

ces to
of
five
thousand
sesterlo
come
to
me secretly and tell

Exercise 28
the whole story.
Fellow citizens, it is reported that after Tiro committed n many cruel deeds in Asia he was warned by
several people that these crimes would shortly be 12 his 13 countrymen at Sparta. Learnreported to 15 his 14 this and thinking that it much concerned ing
1
incola.
Lit.
'
chains.'
6
reperio.
7
hnpero.
8
quaestio. arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' 12 n in se admittere. 10 res. defero ad.
14
ratum and habeo.
accuratus.
Lit.
'
Not
13
lit.
Omit.
cognosce
(abl. abs.).
lf>
maxime
interest.
safety, Tiro
53
l begged one of the Persian satraps to 2 3 how mercigive him a testimonial, setting forth 4 he had conducted the war. The fully satrap did
not dare to refuse, fearing that he would not lightly be pardoned, 6 if he did not write.
Tiro had read the production 7 with much 8 pleasure and while it was being sealed, the satrap 9 another document 10 of stealthily substituted
like size
When
and appearance,
in
in
which
ll
ll
he had recorded
truly the acts of Tiro.
The
which
latter
home made a speech

honesty
12
on returning he maintained his
and uprightness, and as 13 a testimonial 14 the document written by the satrap. presented After Tiro had withdrawn, the magistrates read the book privately, 15 then sent it back 16 to him 17
to read. 18
Thus
his
it
happened that Tiro unwittingly

21
19
became
20
own
accuser.
Exercise 29
an open question 22 whether we should put confidence 23 in dreams or not. When Socrates was
It is in prison 24 at
1
Athens,
it is
said that he
3
dreamed he
Omit.
8
satrapes, -ae, masc.

5
2
6
testimonium.
ignosco.
prop.
7
Use
humanitas.
9
facile.
haec.
signo.
subicio.
loco.
10
liber.
15
"No
secreto.
2n fio.
12
fidem defendo.
ipse.
22
11
porrigo.
-4
"do.
2I
17
dive,
est.
- 3
'"imprudens.
confido.
ipse suus.
^Gerunincerum
in custodia teneo (pass.).
54
saw a woman
Latin Composition
of august mien, 1
who announced
that
he would be executed in a few days. And in this he was not deceived 2 for shortly afterward he was
;
3 compelled to drain the deadly cup. Furthermore, can there anywhere be found a
more
reliable
5
witness than Aristotle?
And
yet
this prince
of philosophers relates that a certain
friend of his
on a journey 6 to Macedonia came to Pharsalus in Thessaly (a town which afterward became very famous 7 because of the battle fought 8
there)
.
Here
the friend
10
became
12
so
ill
u that
all
of the doctors gave
However, one night up. the man dreamed that a youth of more than human 13 stood before him saying that he would beauty
get well
14
him
shortly, that the tyrant
Alexander would
soon be
killed,
home
after
and that he himself 15 would return five years. The first two things 16 hapway.
19 17
pened just as had been predicted, the third in a
somewhat
different
And
so,
supported
18
by such
1
facts (as these),
there are
some who did
2 Lit. this thing did not deceive insignis dignitas. 6 4 6 3 exitialis. certus. cumprinceps. (fallo) him.'
'
clause.
10
celeber.
committo.
Direct discourse.
Use
ille.
12
" Lit.
'fell
illness.'
diffido
(incido) into such severe (gravis) 13 Lit. 'more beauti(no object).

16
ful
16
than a man.'
the friend.
lt
I.e.
convalesce (supine stem lacking). 17 Neut. adj. (not res). aliquanto

fretus.
19
diversius (adv.}.
18
Omit.
55
not hesitate to assert (their conviction) 1 that there can be no doubt 2 that through dreams the gods
often disclose to
men coming
events.
Exercise 30
After
Cleomenes had
fled
with his ship, the
pirates very easily
4 But, although he 5 aster, Cleomenes did not hesitate to put the blame 6 Sicila most of a his, distinguished captain upon
put to flight the other forces. had been the cause of the dis-
and a person of character and reputation, fearing that Verres would not forgive him, if he should In fact 8 Cleomenes himonce learn the truth. 7
ian
self
hastened to Syracuse in
else.
Sicily,
the disaster should be reported to
not wishing that Verres by any-
one
To
inspire greater confidence
10
in his story, 11
he
brought with him the three most wicked and untruthful 12 soldiers he could find, promising that they
would be thanked
if
13
in
money
as well as
14
in words,
by
their testimony Verres should be persuaded

15
that his
ice of
1
forces
had been
lost
through the coward-
Sicilian.
2
Omit.
Use dubito.
10
postquam.
7
ipse.
culpam
"
confero in (and ace.), defero ad. etiam.

12
"nobilis.
res ipsa.
quin
fidem
facio.
" Lit. 'words.'
etc.
13 mendax. gratias ago u Verres'.
(pass.).
u Use non solum,
56
Latin Composition
when
Conscript fathers, I hope the time will soon coine officials in the provinces will not dare to do
such wrongs 1 even to allies. As it is now, the innocent are prosecuted 2 and condemned just as 3 Let us not, though law and right did not exist.
4 For there is no one who however, lose heart. does not see that daily the number is increasing of
those
who
love justice
more
is
whose judgment no reward of all good men.
than power, and in greater than the praise
Exercise 31
two very noteworthy 6 dreams, which are often mentioned by Greek 7 writers. be more wonderful Surely nothing could than the following 8 story. For it is related that a
I of
must now speak
philosopher once found the body of a dead citizen on the shore and buried it and that, when afterward he was about to take ship, the shade of the
;
dead
appeared in his warn him that he would be

time.
man
sleep,
10
and seemed to
12
lost, if
he sailed at that
to his
The n philosopher
therefore returned
sailed
home, while the other people who

lost in the sea.
1
then were
iniurias infero
4
(and
dat.}.
reum
6
facio
nullus esse.
6
plus.
nobilis.
animo deficio. 7 Not subj.

disc.
12
Forms
9
(pass.). of facio and

10
hic.
Omit.
in
somnis.
" Direct
revertor.
Again,
1
57
two youths once came to Megara in at the house of a friend, and 3 it seemed to him that the other the night during 4 an 5 (who had taken quarters with innkeeper ) stood before 6 him, saying that he had been murdered
Sicily.
One put up 2
at the inn. 7
The young man
arose
much
disturbed,
but thinking that no confidence should be placed 8 Once more in in a dream, was soon asleep again.
dream 9 he saw the same thing. Then, thoroughly 10 that his frightened, he went to the inn and found n dead. These facts becoming friend was indeed
his
the magistrates ordered 14 keeper should pay the penalty.
known,
12
13
that the inn-
Exercise 32
But passing over 15 fables, to come to actual fact, 16 when Marcus Regulus was captured in Africa by 17 sent him to Rome Hamilcar, the Carthaginians on condition that 18 he should himself return to 19 Carthage, in case the senate was not persuaded by him to return to their fatherland certain Carthaginian prisoners of distinction. There is no one
1
atque.
2 6
in hospitio
sum.
7
noctu.
10
deverto ad.
8
caupo.
adsum.
adv. ace.).
deversorium.
in somnis.
14
Gerundive
(confido and
vera.
18
13 12 iubeo. cognosce. 18 " Poeni. ita res facta.
poenas
.
u re reperio. 15 do. omitto.

19
ut.
si.
58
Latin Composition
that
it
who doubts
forget his promise
was expedient l for Regulus to and to remain securely 2 at home. But being a man of noteworthy honor 3 and cour4 Indeed he used age, he had no such thought.
5 every means to persuade the senators that the captives were men who ought to be retained, saying
that
was to the state's interest 6 to keep them, inasmuch as they were young men and good leaders, And while he himself was now broken 7 by age. when this at length had been decreed by the senate,
it
he set out cheerfully
for Carthage, although
he
knew that a very

there awaited
9
cruel
him.
enemy and harsh tortures Surely the renown of no
one can be compared with the glory of that dis10 act n tinguished man. For though we sometimes
as though
perior
to
12
we
believed expediency
13
13
to be su-
14
right,
15
superiority
yet everyone recognizes the of right when they see it in the con16
duct of others.
1
utilis.
tuto.
probitas insignis.
less.'
5
Lit.
'
he
6 omnia facio. inthought (cogito) nothing 10 7 8 conf ectus. animo. "maneo. interest. aequo n se 13 12 ita utile ter dum. quasi. gerere. hone stum. M Lit. of more value than.' 16 praestantia.
. . .
'
14
Lit.
'
in others'.
PART
Exercise 33
Hearing this, the soldiers willingly advanced to an elevated l spot on the plateau. 2 And after 3 they had stopped there not more 4 than six hours to
recover
5
their strength, Curio ordered
that they
should be led out of

so that the river
camp during
the third watch,

less
might be crossed with For the king was still 7 lingering near,
losing
danger.
fearful of 8
some opportunity
to
;
attack the Romans.
However, he wasted his time 9 for who is shrewder 10 than Curio? Before the enemy were roused by
drawn
the sound of the trumpet, the Romans had withall of their forces across the river, and it is
said that even the horses were all taken over safely.
Exercise 34
certain Greek general, who had lived at Sparta more than twenty years, began to try to persuade the Persians 11 that they 12 ought 13 to march
for
6 repostquam. amplius. 7 8 adhuc. Lit. 'feariubeo. ficio (use cawsa-clause). 10 u Persae. 9 callidus. operam perdo. ing that.'
1
editus.
planities.
12
ipse.
13
Gerundive.
59
60
Latin Composition
into Greece. Learning that his plans were discovered,

it is
related that he set out in haste from
home,
1 thinking that he could take refuge in a shrine of 2 Minerva, and that no one would dare to molest him.
But
his citizens hastened to the spot, and, not wish3 4
upon a man at the altar they blocked up 5 the doors with stones, and tore off 6 the roof of the temple, so that he thus might pering to lay hands
more quickly under the open 7 sky. Indeed 8 there are some who say that his mother, a woman
ish
of remarkable spirit, 9
on learning of the crime of

in. 10
her son, herself brought a stone to wall him

Exercise 35
When
their
they heard this, the Gauls withdrew to camp in the woods. There they began to
boats, so that they might
12
build
more
the
easily cross
the river and find out whether
Romans had
burned their crops 13 in the valley. But it is said that the Romans had been so terrified by sudden 14
attacks that they were could not be persuaded
in that territory. 15
1
now
retreating rapidly
and
be-
by Yet there
2
anyone to linger longer

are those
3
who
6
in
fanum
4
refugio.
Lit.
'
injure.'
5
manus
10
infero
and
7
11
dat.
8
altaria,
-him, N.
9
obstruo.
14
detraho.
claudo.
Omit.
fines.
quin etiam.
12
fortitude mirabilis.
(plu.}.
instituo.
num.
13
frumentum
repentinus.
11
lieve that
61
not been so far away.

derful influence,
l
they would have remained, if Caesar had For Caesar is a man of won-
and some people think that there never was a better leader than he. Fortune cer-
tainly gave
him an opportunity
to
show
his skill.
Exercise 36
When
the
river
this,
enemy
Caesar arrived here, he began to try to cut off 4 from water. The descent to the
was difficult for the townspeople. Noting Caesar stationed guards wherever he thought
try to descend.
They, therefore, were able to use only the water of a single spring 5 about four hundred feet from the river. To reach
Caesar dug tunnels, 6 and in this off drew the water. Thinking then that the way enemy would be obliged to surrender in a few days,
this with less risk,
the
enemy would
he
felt
that he ought not to waste

in unnecessary
8
the strength
of his
army
assaults.
Accordingly
he kept his
men
in
camp and no one was allowed to
Learning this, the without any hope of safety, 9 townspeople, sent ambassadors to Caesar to beg him to spare them.
fortifications.
left
1
go outside the
hibeo.
2 3 4 facultas. sollertia. auctoritas insignis. pro' 6 8 6 detero. cuniculus. non necesfons.
sarius.
Lit. 'destitute of all
hope of
safety.'
62
Latin Composition
Exercise 37
It is said that there
was once a very famous
Greek general who loved nothing better than plots 2 and conspiracies. Accordingly 3 he used to send
4 5 at messengers frequently to a Persian satrap 6 that the barbarian would Sardis, thinking very easily be persuaded to send an army into Greece.
But
there were
some people who began
to notice
that no messenger sent to the satrap ever returned home, and no one could tell why this was so. 8 Finally the general chose
9
a lad of unusual
intelli-
to carry a letter to Sardis. Fearing that the letter contained something written about himn and broke the seal. 12 self, the boy loosed the string
gence
10
When
the
the general had ordered

satrap,
if
the letter was opened, he discovered 13 that 14 that he should be killed by

letter
16
he brought the This had been done that no news
through. might ever come
15
back about the plans and plots of the general.

Exercise 38
When Hanno's
1
fleet
arrived at Malta, 17 an island
which the Greeks had abandoned three years before,

nobilis.
2
dolus.
6
Direct discourse.
Persicus.
6 8
Use praetor.
res ita se habet.
laxo.
12
Sardes,
9
-ium,
10
F.
deligo.
sollertia insignis.
13 17
animadverto. " li14
num
i5
perfero.
16
signum novum,
detraho.
-i,
reperio.
iubeo.
N.
Melita.
it is
63
reported that many of the soldiers desired to 1 proceed at once to Tarentum on the mainland.
But thinking that

his forces should
this
would be dangerous and that
the admiral
be spared 2 as much as possible, decided to wait for the other ships,

his resolution. 4
and he could not be moved from

Learning
5 this, the enemy set out secretly from and never did any triremes sail faster Syracuse, than those and if some of their number had not wandered 6 from the course, many people think that Hanno would have been driven back to Africa.
;
Yet he was a leader of marvellous skill, 7 and in his fleet were many men of valor. Consequently I do not believe that the Carthaginians 8 had any occasion to fear that he could not defend their interests, 9
even
if
he should be attacked by enemies however

Exercise 39
10
strong.
Fellow citizens," said Cicero," you recall, 11 per12 in Sicily the haps, that during my quaestorship
13 tomb of Archimedes was discovered long forgotten an event that in the neighborhood 14 of Syracuse
"
happened on
1
this wise
2
The people
3
of Syracuse
4
15
sententia depello. 8 mirabilis. Poeni.

15
de praef ectus. parco (gerundive). 7 6 erro. prudentia cognosce. " memini 'res. '"quamvis. 13 u ad. I2 cum-clause. neglectus. (with pres. infin.).
continens.
Syracusani.
64
Latin Composition
declared that they had never heard of the tomb, and could scarcely be persuaded that it would be
But I had come into poscity. some verses which it was said had been inscribed long before on his monument, and which stated that on top of the tomb were placed a sphere 2 and cylinder. 3 And so, when I and a few of the inhabitants had come through the city to the gates, I looked about and at once saw 4 the sphere arid 5 cylinder. Everything was choked with briers 6
found near their
l
session of
and, in order to
men
came
approach easier, were sent in to cut them down. 8 Thus we

to the
make
the
way
of
the verses
monument, finding upon it traces 9 of and the name of Archimedes. Conse10
quently
it
seems quite likely
that a very distin-
n city would have wholly 12 forgotten the guished tomb of its most illustrious 13 citizen, had not the
people been instructed
it."
u by
Roman how
to find
Exercise 40
had been away more than five 15 to Athens 16 with the other years, he returned And though these all had tried equally 17 generals.
Altorius
1
When
nanciscor.
6
sphaera.
7
oppletus. n nobilis. 12 veri simile (superl.). plane. 14 18 16 I.e. 'taught.' Plu. noun. revertor.
10
dumus.
4 animadverto. cylindrus. 8 9 aditus. excido. vestigium.
13
celeber.
"
aeque.
to save
1
65
Altorius only,2
the state, the citizens ran to the ship of as though the victory had been
won
by
his valor alone. 4
For
all
were persuaded
that there never had been a greater general than he, and they had no doubt 5 that their 6 armies had
often been defeated in earlier times
7
for the rea-
son that
man
;
of
9 they had not hesitated to banish a such 10 noteworthy valor. And it seems
that they did not think thus without good 1! reason 12 for as soon as 13 Altorius had been put in 14 of an army, the glory of Athens steadily charge
increased.
On
15
this
landed from
;
the ship, he
people and there that the Athenians would never be conquered, they should always have generals like him.
Exercise 41
when Altorius had made a speech to 16 the was no one who did not believe
occasion,
if
After
17
he had gained possession 18 of the town,
Agesilaus warned the Spartans that other forces would be sent at once from Asia into Greece, unless
the Persians 19 should be attacked without delay in Alarmed by these words, the their own country.
1
conserve.
6
Adv.
7
pario.
8
"
dubito.
10
16
19
suus.
antea.
tarn.
u Omit.
I2
causa.
13
quod. simul atque.

17
B Masc. Use non 9 in exsilium pello.
14
praeficio.
18
egredior ex. Persae.
16
apud.
postquam.
potior.
66
Latin Composition
l
Spartans adopted
Agesilaus in
orders
4
the following
3
plan
They put
with
command
all
of all
their forces,
to sail as quickly as possible to Asia.
So
7
the latter, collecting

plied
5
the ships he could find, sup6
them with
8
provisions,
9
and put on board
the bravest
sailors
he could secure.
Before this
began to be generally
fearing that in some
tion
10
known, Agesilaus set sail, way the news of the expediThis,

of
might reach Asia before him.
course,
n was the
best plan to follow
no reason to 13 regret 14 his on his arrival he caught 15 the Persians unpre16 and it is pared, reported that no one ever
gained
17
and he had haste afterward. For

12
;
an
easier victory than he.
Exercise 42
Fellow
soldiers,
18
Roman
general
had long
when a
besieged in vain a very large town on a lofty hill, certain one of the soldiers who daily left to camp get water noticed that some goats were
19 from feeding on the side of the mountain farthest the Romans. Thinking that he, too, perhaps could
1
ineo.
Use
tails.
praeficio.
7 9
'
struo.
8
commeatus
(sing.).
Not noun. B inescendere iubeo.

10
Attract into rel. clause. " scilicet. 12 tionis. Lit.
fama profecvulgo. 13 best thing to do.' Use

16
causa cur.
17
14 18
paenitet.
opprimo.
Rel. clause.
18
incautus.
reporto.
commilito.
19
67
climb up by this same route, 1 the man essayed 2 the 3 ascent, using rocks and old roots of trees as footholds. 4
hill,
In this
way he
finally
came
to the top of the at a
and there found
all
of the
enemy massed
point where the Romans usually made their assaults. Therefore, without being seen by anyone, 5 he de-
scended quickly, and returning to
camp informed
the general what he had discovered, urging him not to let slip 6 such an opportunity to stampede 7
Hearing this, the commander seenemy. 8 a few men and sent them with trumpets to lected scale the hill from behind, 9 ordering that they
the
should wait in hiding 10 until a signal was heard from the camp then each man was to sound n his
;
trumpet.
This arrangement made, the other forces
simultaneously a fierce assault; and when the trumpets sounded, it is said that the enemy
began
12
fled panicstricken in
every direction, thinking that on all sides by the Romans. surrounded were they
Exercise 43
At Syracuse, a
city that once

for
a certain king had reigned
was very famous, 13 more than two years.
And now
1
a noble Athenian, a
2
man
4
of intelligence,
nitor,
8
Omit. with
tempto.
"I.e.
8
3
'
aridus.
'using as footholds,'
abl.
7
dimitto.
11
fugo. cano, with abl.
having been seen by no one.' 9 Use aversus. 10 insidiae. deligo. u celeber. 13 facio.
68
Latin Composition
to Sicily a few years before, entered a plan of the following 2 sort to kill the tyHe warned the king that many inhabitants 3
who had come

upon
rant:
1
were hostile to him, and that he surely would be assassinated, unless he should appoint 4 someone to act as a spy. 5 "This role 6 I am willing
of Sicily
6 said I will prehe. myself to undertake," tend to be your enemy, and then everyone will tell
"
me freely what they are planning 7 against you." On the approval of this plan, the man armed himwithout exciting 8 the suspicion of the king, and on the next holiday selected certain youths
self
9 huge stature, and sent them to the house 10 where the king had gone to take his siesta. 11 Ad-
of
mitted there because sent by the Athenian, they very easily killed the king in his bed. There are
some who think, however, that if the king had been more popular, 12 the soldiers who were on guard 13 would have rushed in and saved his life.
Exercise 44
After 14 Epaminondas had returned 15 to Thebes, 16 he and the men who had been made his colleagues 17
1
ineo.
is.
7
incola.
8
eligo.
9
12
suscipio.
molior.
Omit.
15
speculor. partes mirabilis magnitude
corporis.
10
aedes.
14
n meridio.
ubi.
populo cams.
16
13
in
statione
17
sum.
revertor.
Thebae.
collega.
were brought to
retained their
trial
l
69
on the ground that they had

authorization
2 3
commands without
4
of
the people.
Thinking that the others ought

possible,
5
to
Epaminondas urged them to upon him only, and to declare that they never would have ventured to disregard 6 the laws, if they had not been persuaded by him. 7 them, 8 they Thus, though no one defended were all acquitted 9 and there were some who thought that Epaminondas would not even attempt But when the day of trial n to clear 10 himself.
be spared,
all
if
cast
the blame
12 in came, he made a speech before the jurors, which he declared that he was not unwilling to die,
but that he begged one thing

that they would inscribe
of them,
namely,
upon
his
tomb
14
13
:
"Epami1G
nondas was condemned to deatli

pelled the
because he com-
Thebans
15
to conquer the Spartans
and because he rescued Greece from servitude." When this was heard, a laugh broke out, 17 and no
one dared to cast a vote
18
in regard to him.
It is
19
;
reported that the Thebans were remarkably dull

1
in iudicium voco.
T
2 6
iniussu.
Gerundive.
Lit.
'
if
it
6
could be done.'
resisto.
culpam conferre (in and ace.). 8 9 Abl. abs. (active). Omit. absolve.
12
10
14 17
purge.
capitis exorior.
'
"iudicium.
iudices.
damno.
18
15
Thebani.
suffragium fero.
sepulchrum. Lacedaemonii. "Lit. 'of remarkable

16
13
dullness
(stoliditas).
70
but
it
Latin Composition
seems that on this occasion they very easily l 2 appreciated Epaminondas' witty remark.
Exercise 45
During an
son-in-law
5
illness s of
Dionysius the Elder,
his
Dion asked the physicians whether 6 they thought the king would die. This Dion did because he wished that Dionysius the Younger 7 should share 8 the kingdom with his own son, and
hoped that the king could be persuaded to make this arrangement 9 before he died. These words
the doctors ventured
;
10
to report to
12
11
the younger
that Dion might find Dionysius and he, in fear some opportunity to influence 13 his 14 father, compelled the doctors to administer a sleeping potion
15
which caused the king's death.
Then, realizing
that he was surpassed in ability 16 by Dion, he provided the latter 17 with a ship in which to sail to
1S of Corinth, saying that this was done for the sake 14 fear both, in order that they might not (have to)
one another. 19
idea
1
Some months Dion was gathering an army

18
later,
learning that
in
Greece with the
of attacking him,
2
he gave Dion's wife in
intellego.
6
facete dictum.
7
gener.
num.
audeo. Omit.
19
stituo.
10
14
3 cum-clause. 4 maior. 8 9 minor. ita rem conpartior. n defero ad. 12 Not noun. 13 im-
pello.
11
1B
sopor.
16
ingenium.
17
ille.
causa.
inter se.
71
l marriage to another, and purposely taught his son the worst vices.2 When finally Dion returned
and drove out the tyrant, it is said that the son was so ruined 3 that he could not
to his fatherland
reform,
part of
and cast himself down from the upper the house 6 and so perished.
Exercise 46
7 But, to come back to my subject," 8 said An9 Themistocles was. tonius, "I am not as stoical as
"
For
chose 11 to practice the art of forgetting rather than that of memory, on the ground that there are more evils than
it is
12 13 part prefer to remember 14 there are which everything, though experiences
related that he actually
10
joys in
life.
I for
my
are hard to bear
15
which causes pain.

the
and the very 16 recollection of So I feel under obligation 17 to
man who
19
organizing
have been the pioneer 18 in the science 20 of memory. He was a

is
said to
poet; and the story runs that once when he had gone
to Larissa in Thessaly, he dined at the house of a
1
21
de industria.
4
dedecus (with
8
adj.
'
magnus).
6
de-
pravatus. 6 aedes.
(duritia) of
13
vitae
modum commute.
res.
10
9
superior.
Omit.
as.'
Lit.
of
such hardness
12
mind
u
20
ultro.
" malo.
exerceo.
16
'
equidem.
Lit. 'things.'
Ift
u
19
17
gratiam habeo.
princeps.
21
perpetior. ipse. Lit. of organizing

'
(constituo).
ars.
quidam.
72
Latin Composition
While
1
very rich man.
poem
host,
2 4
which he had written

it
5
he was there reciting a in honor of 3 the
was announced to him that two youths
were standing outside

the poet.
no one, 6
who wished to speak with once went forth, and, finding was about to return, when the house sudThe
latter at
7 In 8 this accident the owner 9 denly collapsed. of the guests 10 were killed, the bodies of all being so mangled n that no one could tell them
and many
apart,
12
until the poet,

13
who
the
recalled
difficulty
where each
14
had
reclined,
15
solved
an ex-
which taught him that a science of memperience 1G ory might be developed."

Exercise 47
Gentlemen of the jury, 17 both my brother and I remember that an atrocious murder was once committed 1S in a forest in Sicily, and that the case of those who were accused of the crime was put in the hands of 19 Gaius Laelius, a man of distinction and an excellent orator. The latter tried to acquaint
himself with the facts 20 as soon as possible,
making
and ace. Means.
use of the testimony of

1
all
the poorest 21 witnesses

dico.
7 3
Direct disc.
5
carmen
&
facio in
4 9
hospes.
ante fores.
10
I4
18
Abl. abs.
15
concido.
12
dominus.
iudices.
conviva.
19
n lacero.
res.
20
internosco.
16
u cubo.
17
omnia expedio.
fio.
constituo.
21
defero ad.
resfactae.
levis.
73
an imprudence which he subsequently regretted. For though he spoke eloquently 1 at the trial, the jurymen were by no means persuaded that the defendants
2
were innocent.
Laelius
now
desired
that the matter should be postponed 3 a few days, in order that he might secure stronger evidence; 4
But when and postponement 5 was not refused. he had pleaded 6 the case a second time and with
no
better
8
success,
thinking that
it
could
be
handled
speaker,
more advantageously by a very

he advised
incisive 9
the defendants to engage 10 another advocate, adding however that he would

if it had been possible n any way to win the case himself. So, having thanked Laelius, the defendants went to Servius Galba, and urged him to speak in their be-
not have taken this course,
for
him
in
Galba hesitated long on the ground that the case had already been pleaded by so able an orator, but finally consented, and at the trial spoke
half. 12
with such force and impressivenes's 13 that the defendants were acquitted with the full approval 14
of everyone.
1
copiose.
6
ll
reus.
7
differo.
feliciter.
12
indicium maius.
8
dilatio.
dico.
Use
tracto.
acer.
10
adhibeo.
obtiaeo.
pro.
13
auctoritas.
u ad-
sensus.
74
Latin Composition
Exercise 48
egg of remarkable
r
it
farmer one day dreamed that he had found an size in his field and a sooth;
it was thus insayer gave dicated that gold and silver would be discovered there, these two metals being indicated by the colors
as his opinion
that
two parts of an egg. Strangely enough, 3 gold and silver were found there, just as had been There are some, however, who think predicted. that the story would have been more convincing, 4 if it had been shown also that the dream of no one else about an egg had ever failed to 5 lead to hidden
of the
treasure;
for surely
many
people have had
such
a dream.
At the same
related that,
time,
is
we must admit
8
that the story
told of Alexander
most marvellous.
For
it
is
a sick friend, he dreamed that a serpent brought him a tiny branch 9 in its mouth, 10 and told him where it had been
sitting beside
when
n assuring him that this was the best remhad ever been found for the condition 12 which edy into which his friend had fallen. Then, aroused from sleep, Alexander sent a man on horseback to the
plucked,
1
coniector.
2
6
respondeo.
9
Lit.
'
probabilis.
8
Use non simply.

ramulus.
10
strange to relate.' 7 fathesaurus.
cio.
12
assideo.
Means.
"
decerpo.
Lit. 'disease.'
75
place indicated, in order that the remedy might be brought more quickly. Thus the friend was restored to health. 1
However, although we do not
venture to say that this story is not true, let us not pass judgment 2 on the subject 3 of dreams
until
we hear
the rest of the arguments.

-
sauo.
iudico.
quaestio.
VOCABULARY
added to
English words in parentheses, unless in heavy face, are limit the range of application of the words defined.
Figures in parentheses indicate the Exercise in which a
particular rendering
dbl., ablative. is
appropriate.
n.,
noun.
ace.,
accusative.
neg., negative.
adj., adjective.
pass., passive,
per/., perfect.
adv.,
adverb.
corn-par.,
eon;.,
comparative, conjunction.
plu., plural.
prep., preposition.
reflex., reflexive.
rel.,
dat., dative.
demon., demonstrative.
foil.,
relative.
following.
subj., subjunctive.
gen., genitive.
infin., infinitive.
inter.,
superl., superlative.
v.,
verb.
interrogative.
accuser, accusator.
an,
a,
usually
untranslated;
acquaint self with, cognosco. acquit, absolve.

across, trans. act, n., facinus.
act., v., facio; se gerere.
rarely quidam. abandon, relinquo.

able, egregius. able, be,
possum,
action, res.
about, adv., fere, about, prep., de and abl.

accept, accipio.
actual fact, res facta.

actually, ultro.
add, with foil, neg., nego.

administer, do.
admiral, pracfectus.
acceptable, gratus.
accident, casus.
accomplish,
accuse,
efficio.
admit, introduce, intromitto;

confiteor.
(device)
accordingly, quare.
accuso;
imputo and adopt

77
utor;
(plan)
dat. (14).
ineo.
78
adorn, adorno.
Vocabulary
although,
utilis.
quamquam,
etsi.
advance, progredior.
Altorius, Altorius.
advantageous,
always, semper,
advantageously, bene. adverse, adversus.

advice, consilium.
advise, suadeo.
ambassador, legatus. among, apud and ace.;

abl.; inter
in
and
and
ace.
ancient, vetus.
advocate, patronus.
affairs, res (plu.).
and,
et,
-que,
ac
(atque),
autem.
Africa, Africa.
after, adv., post.
after,
con/.,
postquam,
ubi,
and he, she, it, rel. pro. and never, neque umquam. and no, nee (neque); neque
ullus.
cum.
afterward, postea.
again, iterum; atque (31). against, in and contra with ace. age, aetas.
and no one, nee quisquam. and not, nee (neque). and nothing, nee quidquam. and so, quare, quam ob
rem, itaque.
Agesilaus, Agesilaus. aggrieved, be, moleste fero. ago, abhinc.

aid, n., opera,
aid,
v.,
and that not, neve, and then, quare (43). and yet not, nee (neque).
anger,
ira.
adiuvo.
alarm, commoveo. Alexander, Alexander. Alexandria, Alexandrea. alive, vivus.

all,
announce, muntio.
another, alius; (a second) alter; see
one thing
another thing,
antiquity, antiquitas.
omnis, totus.
all (of),
omnes.
Antonius, Antony, Antonius.

anxious, be, volo. any, ullus.
allies, socii.
allow, patior.
allowed, be, licet. allow to slip, dimitto.
anyone
(after si), quis; (in
some
almost, paene.
alone, solus.
negative connections') quisquam; ullus (15).
already, iam.
also,
anyone else, quivis anywhere, usquam.

Apis, Apis.
Apollo, Apollo.
alius.
quoque, etiam.
altar, altaria (plu.).
Vocabulary
appear, appareo,
(pass.)
;
79
r e
e r
prodeo.
ascent, ascensus. Asia, Asia. ask, peto, posco, postulo, rogo.

asleep, be, quiesco. assassinate, occido.
assault, impetus, pugna.
appearance, species,
appoint, eligo.
appreciate, intellego.
approach,
n.,
v.,
adventus.
appropinquo. approve, probo. Archimedes, Archimedes.

Argos, Argi.
approach,
assembly, concilium.
assert
(ivith foil, neg.),
nego.
assist, adiuvo.
assure, confirmo, affirmo.
argument, argumentum.
arise, surgo.
astonished, greatly, obstupefactus.

at,
Aristotle, Aristoteles.
in
arm, armo. arms, anna, army, exercitus. aroused from sleep, be, expergiscor.
and abl.; (motion) and ace.

first,
in
at at
primo.
of,
house
apud and
ace.
at length, postremo. at once, statim, continue. at at that time, turn,
arrangement, res. arrest, in custodiam trado, in

vincula conicio.
arrive, pervenio.
art, ars.
artist, opifex.
Tarentum, Tarentinus. quo quitempore.
dem
at the
same
time, tamen.
Athenian, Atheniensis. Athenians, the, Athenienses.

ut.
as,
dum, cum,
See so Athens, Athenae.

as.
much
as,
and such
.
.
atrocious, atrox.
attack, n., impetus,
as ... as, tarn as as
...
quam.
possible,
attack,
v.,
adorior, oppugno.
quam and
superl.
attempt, conor.
as a matter of fact, re vera. as much as possible, quam
avenge, ulciscor.
avoid, vito.
maxime.
as soon as, simul ac (atque),
away, be, absum.
cum primum.
as soon as possible,
B
bad, malus. Balbus, Balbus.
banish, in exsilium pcllo.
quam
quasi.
primum.
as though,
(ita)
.
80
barbarian, barbarus.
battle,
Vocabulary
board, conscendo.
of
proelium;
gerund
boat, navis.
pugno. be, sum. be custom, soleo. be far from, longe absum.
body, corpus, bold, audax.

boldly, audacter.
both, uterque.
be now,
(res) se
habere.
boy, puer.
beautiful, pulcher.
brave, fortis.
beauty, pulchritude, venustas, forma.
break (camp), moveo.

breastwork, munitio.
bridge, pons.
bring, adduco, adfero, defero,
fero.
because, quod,
because
of,
fio.
propter.
ira incendo
become,
become angry,
(pass.).
bring out, promo,

brother, frater.
become known,
(pass.).
cognosce Brundisium, Brundisium.

bull, taurus.
bed, lectus.
befall, accido.
burn, incendo.
bury, sepelio.
but, sed, autem, at, tamen. but if, sin autem.
by, a (ab) and abl. by this means, sic.
before, adv., ante. before, conj., priusquam. before, prep., ante,

ace.
apud and
beg, oro, posco.
begin
(per/,
tenses),
coepi;
(attack), facio.
Caesar, Caesar.
calamity,
call,
believe, credo, puto, reor.
incommodum.
belonging to another, alienus.

beneficence, beneficentia. besiege, obsideo.
appello; advoco, convoco. camp, castra.
can, possum.
captain, legatus, praefectus.
captive, captivus.
betake
self, se conferre.
betray, prodo. beyond the Rhine, Transrhe-
capture, capio.
care, volo.
carry, fero, porto.
nanus.
bind, alligo.
blame, culpa
blood, sanguis.
carry away, aufero;

fero.
(to),
de-
Vocabulary
carry out, perficio.
81
Carthage, Carthago. Carthaginian, Poenus.

Carthaginians, the, Poeni. case, causa,
cast down, deicio. Catiline, Catilina.
command, command,
(24).
coming events, futura. n., imperium.

v.,
impero; duco
commander, imperator, praefectus.
commonly, vulgo.
compare, comparo. compel, cogo.
complain, queror.
concerns,
it,
cause, causa.
cause (pain), adfero. cause death of, neco.

cavalry, equites.
interest.
centre
of,
medius.
condemn, condemno.
certain,
a certain, a certain
condemn
damno.
to death, capitis
one, quidam.
certainly, profecto.
chain, vinculum. chance, occasio.
conduct (war), gero. conquer, vinco.

conscript fathers, patres conscripti.
charm, venustas.
children, liberi.
consent, concedo.
choose, deligo, malo.

Cicero, Cicero,
consequently,
quare.
itaque,
igitur,
circumstance,
citizen, civis.
city, urbs.
res.
conspiracy, coniuratio. consul, consul.

contain, habeo.
clearly, plane.
convey, fero.
Cleomenes, Cleomenes. copy, imitor. climb out, climb up, escendo. Corcyra, Corcyra.
Clodius, Clodius.
coast,
lit
Corinth, Corinthus.
could, possum; potential subj. council, concilium,
us.
cold, very, adj., perfrigidus. cold, n., frigus.

collect, colligo.
country,
regio,
fines;
rus;
(their) patria.
color, color.
countryman,
pervenio;
(to)
civis.
come, venio,
courage, virtus,
course, cursus; see take this course,
adeo; (time), sum.
come back,
redeo; pass, of
refero (37).
cowardice, ignavia.
82
Crassus, Crassus. Crete, Greta.
crime, facinus, scelus.
cross, transeo.
cruel, crudelis.
cry,
Vocabulary
descendj descendo.
descent, descensus. desert, desero. desire, volo.
despoil, spolio. destitute, destitutus.
inquam.
cry out, clamo. cup, poculum. Curio, Curio,
detain, retineo. device, consilium.

die, morior; see
differ, differo.
difficult, difficilis.
custom, mos.
devise (plan), ineo. dead.
daily, cotidie; in dies,
danger, periculum.
dig (tunnel), facio. dine, ceno.
dangerous, periculosus, infe- Diomedes, Diomedes. stus. Dion, Dion.

dare, audeo. day, dies; see one day.
Dionysius, Dionysius.
direct, iubeo.
dead, mortuus. dead, be, interficio (pass.). dead man, mortuus.

deceive, fallo.
disaster,
detrimentum.
invenio,
reperio,
disclose, aperio.
discover,
decide, constituo, decerno. decided, constitutus.

declare, with foil, neg., decree, decerno.
eruo, patefacio, video.
sentio,
disease, morbus.
disgrace, dedecus.
display, ostendo.
distant, be,
nego.
dedicate, dedico.
absum.
nobilis,
illu-
deed, facinus.
defeat, vinco, devinco.
distinction, nobilitas.
distinguished,
stris.
defend, defendo.
defendant, reus.
defense, causa, defensio.
delay, n., mora. delay,
v.,
disturb,
commoveo.
do, facio.
moror.
do not, noli, nolite. doctor, medicus.

document,
done, be,
door, fores.
liber.
fio.
demand, posco, postulo. deposit, colloco.

deprive, spolio.
Vocabulary.
doubt,
n.,
83
escape, effugio, evado. dubito escort, comitor, deduco. (pass.). essay, tempto. doubt, v., dubito. even, etiam, vero; after neg., ne drain, haurio. quidem; see draw near, propius accedo. never even,
dubium.
there
doubt,
be,
draw
dream, dream,
off,
averto.
event, res.
ever,
n.,
v.,
somnium.
somnio.
umquam; semper,
every, omnis.
drive (out), eicio, expello. drive back, reicio, pello. drive

off,
everyone, omnes. everything, omnia.

evidence, indicium,
evil,
depello.
drive out, expello.
detrimentum, malum.
bonus.
excellent, egregius; superl. of
each, quisque.
earth, terra,
easily, facile,
execute, morte afficio. exercise, se exercere.

exile, exsul; exsilium.
easy, facilis.
egg,
expediency,
expedient,
utile.
ovum.
utilis.
Egypt, Aegyptus.
Egyptians, the, Aegyptii.
eighty, octoginta.
elect, deligo.
expel, expello.
exploit, res.
exposed, nudus.
eye, oculus.
see
else,
alter
else.
(48);
anyone
Fabius, Fabius.
fable, fabula.
fact,
elude, fallo.
embrace
(opportunity), utor.
encounter, proelium.
res;
often
included
in
encourage, cohortor.
end,
finis,
neut. pro. or adj.

fair,
pulcher.
enemy,
hostis.
faithful, fidelis.
fall (into), incido.
engage, adhilxx).
enjoy, utor. enter upon (plan), ineo.
famous,
nobilis, cole her.
far, longo.
Epaminondas, Epaminondas.
equestrian, equester.
farmer, agricola.
fast, coleriter; artc (Ki).
84
father, pater,
Vocabulary
forest, silva.
fatherland, patria.
fear,
forget, obliviscor.
metuo, timeo, vereor.
forgetting, oblivio.
forgive, ignosco.
fortification,
feed, pascor. feel, censeo.

feel
munitio.
under
obligation, gra-
fortune, fortuna.
tiam habeo.
fellow citizens, Quirites. fellow soldier, commilito.
forum, forum. four hundred, quadringenti.

free, libero.
few, a few, pauci. Fides, Fides,

field, ager.
freely, libere.
frequently, saepe.
friend,
amicus;
see
their
fierce, acer.
fifty,
fill,
friends.
frighten,
quinquaginta. compleo.
commoveo,
terreo.
finally,
postremo.
invenio,
reperio;
from, e (ex), a <ab), de and abl.; with verbal in -ing,

cofull,
find,
quominus.
gnosce, sentio.
find out, reperio.
finger, digitus.
finish, perficio.
first,
summus;
of
(speed), superl.
magnus.
fully, plane,
furthermore, quid (29).

(of
primus; Kalendae.
quinque.
month),
gain,
adipiscor,
five,
assequor;
flee, fugio, refugio.

fleet, classis.
flight, fuga.
(victory) pario, reporto.
flock, pecus.
gain possession of, potior. Gaius, Gaius; abbreviated C. Galba, Galba.

Gallic, Gallicus.
is,
follow, sequor.
following, the,
foot, pes.
for, conj., narn, for, prep., pro.
hie.
garden, hortus.
garments,
enim.
vestis.
gate, porta.
and
abl.
gather, colligo, cogo; convenio.
for the reason that, quod. for the sake of, causa.
force, vis.
Gaul, Gallia.
Gauls, the, Galli.
general, imperator, dux.
forces, copiae.
Germans, Germani.
85
get possession
of, potior.
Hanno, Hanno.
happen, accido,
harass, lacesso.
fio,
get water, aquor.

gift,
girl,
sum.
munus, donum.
puella, virgo.
give,
do,
praebeo;
(honor),
harbor, portus. hard, durus.
habeo. harsh, asper. give in marriage, in matri- haste, celeritas. monium do. hasten, propero.
give orders, iubeo, impero. give up, trado.
gladly, libenter.
glory, gloria.
hastily, celeriter.
hatred, odium.
have, habeo.
he,
proficiscor,
is,
ille,
ipse;
reflex,
sui.
go,
eo,
abeo,
se
Mostly
rel.
untranslated;
at
conferre, venio; (outside),
beginning of sentence, the

often
prodeo.
may
be used.
go forth, exeo.
goat, caper,
hear, audio.
hearty (thanks), magnus.

heir, heres.
god, deus.
gold, adj., aureus.
Helen, Helena,
help,
gold, n.,
aurum.
adiuvo,
auxilio
sum,
golden, aureus. good, bonus.
,auxilio
fero.
venio,
auxilium
governor, praetor,
great,
magnus;
(beauty,
etc.),
Hercules, Hercules, here, ubi (12).

here, be, adsum.
herself, ipsa; reflex., sui.
insignis; (weight), grandis.
greatest,
summus.
Greece, Graecia. Greek, Graecus. Greeks, the, Graeci.

guard, custodio.
guards, custodiae.
hesitate, dubito, cunctor.
hesitation, cunctatio.
hidden, reconditus.
high
(price),
magnus.
highest,
summus.
H
had
not, nisi.
high priest, pontifex maxi-
mus.
hill, collis.
Hamilcar. Hamilcar.
himself, ipse;
his,
reflex., sui.
hand, manus.
eius;
reflex.,
suus;
often
handsome, pulcher, formosus.
untranslated.
86
his
Vocabulary
men,
reflex., sui.
his own, ipsius; reflex., suus in emphatic position; suus

ipsius (45).
image, imago, immortal, immortalis.

impossible, be, fieri non posse, imprison, in vincula conicio.
his property, reflex., sua. hold, censeo. holiday, dies festus.
Imprisoned, be, in vinculis
habeo (pass.). imprudence, temeritas.

in,
home, domus, domicilium.

honor, honor,
n.,
v.,
in
honor.
and abl.; and ace.
(motion),
in
honorem
tribuo.
in a body, uni versus.
hope,
hope,
n., spes.
v.,
spero.
in a short time, brevi. in behalf of, pro and abl.

in case, si. in every direction, in partes. in fact, quin etiam, re vera. in haste, celeriter. in
horse, equus.
horseman, eques.
Hortensius, Hortensius.
hostile, inimicus.
omnes
house, aedes, domus.
how,
(degree) quam; (manner) quo modo.
no wise, in
neg.
clause,
how great, quantus. how many, quot.

however, sed, autem, tamen;
ac (47).
quid (1). hi order that, with following

comparative, quo.
in order that not, ne. in order to, ut; with follow-
however if, sin autem. human, humanus. human being, homo,

hurry, propero.
ing comparative, quo. in place of, pro and abl. in regard to, de and abl.
in the city, urbanus. in the distance, procul.
in this
manner, in
this way,
I,
ego; often untranslated. idea, causa in purpose clause.

if, si.
ita, sic.
in vain, frustra.
as,
See but
if
and however inasmuch
cum, quod,
if.
incisive, acer.
if
ill,
not, nisi,
increase, cresco.
aeger.
indeed, quin etiam, re vera.

indicate,
illness,
morbus.
monstro,
significo,
illustrious, clarus.
patefacio.
Vocabulary
induce, persuadeo.
infer, iudico.
inflict, infero.
87
just as, ut, perinde ut.
just
as
though,
perinde
quasi,
justice, iustitia.
inform, certiorem facio.

inhabitant, incola. inheritance, hereditas.
injure, noceo.
injury, iniuria.
inn, deversorium.
keep, retineo, habeo, contineo.

kill, interficio,
occido.
kill off, interficio.
innkeeper, caupo. innocent, insons, innocens.

inscribe, inscribe,
interests, res (plu.). into, in and ace.
king, rex.
kingdom, regnum. know, scio; cognosce known, notus.
(41).
into
it,
(beginning sentence),
(12).
quo
lad, adulescens.
into which, quo. invite, arcesso.

island, insula.
Laelius, Laelius.
land, egredior ex lands, fines.
large,
and
abl.
issue order, impero.

it,
magnus.
its; see
he and
his.
Larissa, Larissa.
last,
Italian, Italicus.
Italy, Italia,
itself,
proximus.
nuper.
the,
lately,
reflex., sui.
ipsum;
later, post.
latter,
ille;
beginning
sentence, sometimes qui.

jar,
amphora.
coniungere
laugh, risus.
join, se
abl.
cum and
law, lex.
lead, duco; (to) adduce,
journey, iter facio.

joy,
lead out, educo.

leader, dux; princeps.
learn,
gaudium.
judge, existimo.
cognosce,
of,
intellego,
judgment, iudicum. Juno, luno.

Jupiter, lupiter.
juror,
reperio.
learn
cognosce.
leave, relinquo, desero; abco,
juryman, iudcx.
aequus.
just, adj.,
discedo, proficiscor, egredior (ex and abl.).
88
legion, legio.
let slip, dimitto.
letter, litterae.
Vocabulary
Malta, Melita.
man, homo,
vir; is;
sometimes
untranslated.
lieutenant, legatus.
life,
man,
many,
the,
ille;
beginning
vita,
sentence, sometimes qui.
like, similis.
many
more,
a,
many
multo
of,
likely, veri similis.
multi.
likeness, simulacrum, similitude.

linger,
many
march,
fre-.
quentiores.
iter facio.
little, adj.,
moror, maneo. parvus.
march
forth, proficiscor.
little, adv.,
parum.
paulo post,
Marcus, Marcus, abbreviated
little later, a,
M.
live, vivo,
sum.
live
by plundering,
marriage, matrimonium. latro- marvellous, mirabilis, mirandus.
cinor.
lofty, editus.
Masinissa, Masinissa.
long, adj., diutinus. long, adv., diu.
mass, cogo. master, dominus.

matter, res; sometimes included in neut. pro. or
adj.
long before, multo ante. look about, circumspicio.

lose, amitto, dimitto.
lost, be, pereo.
loss,
damnum.
means, modus; means,

gredior
see
by
this
love more, pluris facio.
meet, convenio, offendo; con-
Lydia, Lydia.
cum and abl.
(18).
M
Macedonia, Macedonia,
magistrate, magistratus.
Megara, Megara (Jem. and neut. plu.). memory, memoria. Mens, Mens.
r
sing.
maiden, puella.
mention, commemoro.
make (arrangement), constituo. mercy, humanitas. make known, expono. mere, ipse. make speech, orationem merely, tantum.
habeo.
messenger, nuntius.
metal, metallum.
conferre.
make use of, utor. make way (to), se
might, possum.
Vocabulary
mind, animus. Minerva, Minerva, money, pecunia. month, mensis. never even, ne
.
.
89
.
quidem
umquam
(26).
nevertheless, tamen.
monument, monumentum.
more,
magis;
amplius;
see
new, novus. news, novum.

next, proximus.
night, nox; see
love more,
one night,
moreover, porro. most, maxime. mother, mater, mountain, mons. mouth, os. move, incendo (12).
no, adj. nullus.
no one, nemo; see and no one and that no one.

no, adv. ace., nihil. noble, notus.
none, nemo.
not,
much,
adj..
magnus, multus,
vehementer; with
;
non; (hortatory) ne; see
amplus.
had
see
not.
much,
adv.,
maxime interest, more and most,

murder, murder,
n.,
v.,
not at all, nullo modo. not care, nolo. not even, ne not only
.
. . .
caedes.
neco.
solum
not
quidem. but also, non sed etiam.

.
.
Muses, Musae.
must, gerundive. my, meus; often untranslated.
myself, oblique cases of ego;
intensive, ipse.
to, ne.
not true, falsus. not wish, nolo.
not yet, nondum.

note, animadverto.
noted, nobilis.
N
name, nomen.
nation, gens,
noteworthy, insignis, nobilis.

nothing, nihil; see
and nothing,
notice, animadverto.
near, prope, haud procul; see draw near,

nearest, proximus.
nearly, paene.
now, nunc, iam. number, numerus. numerous, multi.
negligence, neglegentia.
neighboring, finitimus.
never, numquam; never.
see
obey, pareo.
and
obligation;
see
feel
under
obligation.
90
oblige, cogo.
Vocabulary
on, in
occasio,
tern pus;
occasion,
sion.
causa; see
on
this occa-
odium, odium,
of,
(
e (ex);
= 'from') a (ab); = 'concerning de and abl.

( ')
of age, use natus. of Athens, Atheniensis.

of August, Sextilis.
of character, probus. ol courage, fortis. of course, scilicet. of discretion, prudens. of

distinction,
bilis.
and abl.; (motion), in and ace. ; ( = concerning ) de and abl. on all sides, undique. on condition that, si. on every hand, undique. on horseback, equo vectus. on one occasion, olim. on the ground that, quod. on the other hand, autem. on the other side of, trans. on this occasion, turn. on this wise, ita.
'
'
once, olim,
quondam; semel.
clarus,
no-
of fortitude, fortis. of his, reflex., suus.

of influence, potens. of integrity, fidelis.
once more, rursus. one, unus, quidam; (of two), sometimes transalter;
lated by indefinite second
singular. one day. olim.
of intelligence, prudens. of justice, aequus.

of mine, meus. of note, nobilis. of piety, sanctus. of reputation, nobilis, clarus. of Sicily, Siciliensis. of standing, nobilis. of the king's, regius.
one one
night, noctu.
thing
another
.
thing, aliud only, adj., solus,

only, adv., solum,
aliud.
tantum.
open
(letter),
solvo
openly, palam. opinion, sententia.

opportunity, facultas, occasio,
of the sort, eius modi. of valor, fortis.

of wealth, dives, locuples.
office,
opportunitas.
oppress, opprimo. or, aut.
honor,
praepositus,
legatus;
or not, necne.
orator, orator,
officer,
magistratus.
often, saepe.
olive, oliva.
order, n., imperium. order,

v.,
iubeo, impero.
other, alius.
Vocabulary
other, the, ceteri;
alter.
91
(of two)
Pharsalus, Pharsalus.
Philo, Philo.
others,
alii,
others, the, ceteri.
philosopher, philosophus. physician, medicus.

picture, tabula, pictura.
pirate, pirata.
n., locus.
v.,
ought, gerundive; oportet.

our, noster.
our men, nostri. place, our own, noster in emphatic place,

position.
loco,
pono.
plan, n., consilium.
out
ourselves, oblique cases ofnos. of, e (ex) and abl.

outside, extra
plan,
v.,
const it uo.
plant, sero.
and
ace.
own, gen. of own, etc.
ipse.
plead (case), dico. See his pleasure, voluptas.

plot,
consilium, dolus.
poet, poeta.
point, locus.
pain, molestia, dolor.

paint, pingo.
point out, dico.
Pompey, Pompeius.
Pontus, Pontus.
poor, pauper; miser.
port, portus.
painter, pictor.
palm, palma.
panicstricken, perterritus.
part, pars.
position, locus.
pass
(by), praetereo; (through)
possess, habeo, possideo.
iter facio.
peace, quies.
people,
possible,
possessions, res (plu.), bona. quam with superl. of

adj. (16).
populus;
homines;
(of
often
untranslated;
possible for, be, use possum,
town) oppidani. posterity, posteritas. people of Syracuse, Syracu- power, auctoritas, potestas.
sani.
praetor, praetor,
praise, laus.
perceive, sentio.
perhaps, fortasse.
perish, pereo. Persian, Persicus.
predict, praedico.
prefer, malo.
presently, brevi.
Persians, the, Persae.

person, homo,
vir.
preserve, conservo. pretend, simulo.

prevail, supero.
persuade, persuadeo.
92
prevent, prohibeo.
previous, superior,
Vocabulary
Quintus,
Quintus,
abbrevi-
ated Q.
quite, plane.
previously, antea, prius. price, omitted in translation.

priest, pontifex, sacerdos.
prison; sec send to prison

prisoner, captivus.
rain, imber.
rapidly, celeriter.
rare, singularis.
ratify,
proceed, proveho (pass.), proficiscor.
proceeding, res.
produce, promise, promise,
efficio.
.,
reach, pervenio with ace.

read, lego.
readily, facile.
plu.).
ratum habeo. ad and
in
promissum.
polliceor.
v.,
property, res (sing,
and
ready, paratus.
prosperous,
felix.
ready be, volo.

real, verus.
protection, praesidium.
provide, praebeo.
realize, sentio,
really, vere.
intellego.
province, provincia.
Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus.
public, publicus.
reason,
recall,
causa;
that.
see
for
the
re-
reason
abbreviated
Publius,
P.
Publius,
memini, recorder;
voco.
purpose,
causa charge
in
purpose receive, accipio.

recklessness, audacia.
clause.
put
in
(command), recognize, agnosco.

recollection, recordatio.
of,
praeficio.
put in hands
defero ad record,
commemoro, expono.
and ace.
put to death, interficio. put to flight, fugo.
Pyro, Pyro.
recover, recipio. refuse, nolo, recuso.
regard, habeo. regarding, de and abl.

regret, paenitet.
Regulus, Regulus.
quaestor, quaestor,
reign, regno.
relate, dico, narro, trado, fero.
queen, regina.
quickly, celeriter.
quietly, clam.
remain,
moror,
maneo,
re-
in aneo.
Vocabulary
remarkable,
bilis.
93
mirabilis,
nota-
remedy, remedium. remember, memini.

remove, removeo. render thanks, gratias ago. renown, laus. reply, inquam.
report, dico, trado; defero (ad).
run forward, procurro. run up, accurro. rush in, inrumpo.
sacrifice,
immolo.
sadly, maestus.
safe, incolumis, tutus.
safely, use incolumis.
rescue, libero.
resist, resisto.
safety, salus.
sail, n.,
velum.
rest of, the, reliquus.

restore, restituo, reficio.
retain, retineo.
retreat, se recipere.
sail, v.,
navigo, navem solvo, navem conscendo, veho

(pass.); see set sail,
sailor,
nauta.
return, re vert or, redeo; reddo, remitto.
sake, causa in purpose clause.
reverse, detrimentum.
same, the, idem. Sardis, Sardes (plu.).

satisfy, satisfacio.
reward, praemium.
rich, locuples, dives,
satrap, satrapes, praetor,
right, adj.,
aequus.
save, conservo.
say, dico, trado,
scale, ascendo.
right, n., ius,
honestum.
inquam.
ring, anulus.
river, flumen.
scarcely, vix.
scatter, dispergo.
road,
iter, via.
rob, spolio.
science, ars.
scout, explorator.
rock, saxum.
Roman, adj. and n., Romanus. sea, mare, second, a, alter. Romans, the, Romani. second time, a, iterum. Rome, Roma,
roof,
tectum.
secretly, clam,
root, radix,
secure, reperio, invcnio.

securely, tuto.
see,
sentio,
rouse, excito.
route, via.
rule, rego; regno.
video,
intellego,
cerno,
animadverto;
rumored, be, dico (pass.). run (to), advolo; see story runs.
convenio.
seek, quacro.
94
seem, videor.
seize, arripio.
select, deligo.
sell,
Vocabulary
side, pars.
signal,
silver,
signum. argentum.
vendo.
similar, similis.
senate, senatus.
simply, tantum.
senate-house, curia.
senator, senator.
simultaneously, simul. single, a, unus.

sister, soror.
sit,
send, mitto, dimitto (27). send in, immitto.
sedeo.
send
to prison, in
custodiam
situated, situs.
six, sex.
trado.
serpent, serpens.
sixty, sexaginta.
size,
servitude, servitus.
magnitude.
prudentia.
Servius,
Ser.
Servius,
abbreviated
skill, sollertia,
sesterce, sestertius. set forth, expono.
sky, caelum. slave, servus.
small, parvus.
set out, proficiscor. set sail, navem solvo.

set the sails, vela facio.
several, complures.
snow,
so
.
nix.
so, adv., ita, sic; (degree) tarn,
much
. .
...
as,
tarn
quam.
shade, umbra,
ship, navis.
so, conj., itaque, igitur, quare.
so that, with following cornpar., quo. so that no one, ne quis. Socrates, Socrates.
shore, litus.
shortly, brevi.
shortly
post.
afterward,
paulo
soldier, miles.
should, debeo; often translated some, quidam, aliquot; after
by gerundive or infin.
si,
ne,
etc.,
shorter
form of
show,
doceo, ostendo.
demonstro,
aliquis; usually omitted in
such phrases as 'there are
shrine, delubrum. Sicilian, adj., Siculus.

Sicilian, n.,
some who.'
some
alii.
others,
alii
...
quis.
homo
Siculus.
Sicilians, the, Siculi.

Sicily, Sicilia.
someone,
etc.,
after
si,
ne,
etc.,
something, aliquid; after si, ne,

quid.
sick, aeger.
Vocabulary
sometimes, nnn numquam.
son,
fill
95
fama,
est. res.
story, fabula,
us.
story runs, the,
memoriae
soon, brevi, mox.

sorry, be, paenitet. sort, modus: see this sort of.
traditum
strange, mirabilis.
strength, vires,
strip,
sound,
sound,
n.,
v.,
sonus.
nudo.
cano.
strong, validus.
sow, sero.
spare, parco, conserve.
study, studium. subdue, vinco.

subject, res.
Sparta, Sparta.
Spartans, monii.
the,
Lacedae- subsequently, postea.

such, adj.,
talis,
tantus.
speak, dico, loquor, colloquor,
inquam,
speech,
dissero.
such a, talis. such ... as, tantus

quantus.
such, adv., tarn,
speaker, orator.
oratio;
see
make
speech.
speed, celeritas.
splendid,
praeclarus,
superl.
suddenly, subito.
suffer
(loss),
facio;
(reverse)
accipio.
of bonus,
spoil, spolio.
spot, locus,
summer, summon,
suffered, be, use accido. aestas.

arcesso, evoco.
spring, fons.
superb, superl. of bonus,

supplies, copiae.
surely, profecto, sine dubio.
stand, sto.
stand before, adsum.

start, proficiscor.
surpass, supero.
state, n., civitas. state,

v.,
surrender,
trado;
in
dedi-
confirmo.
tionem venio.
surround, circumvenio.
suspicion, suspicio. sustain, sustineo.
station, colloco.
statue, statua.
steadily, semper, usque,
steal, :u if oro.
Syracuse, Syracusae.
stealthily, clam,
still,
iam.
incendo.
take,
potior;
stir,
(from)
eripio:
stone, saxum.
stop, moror.
(ship) conscendo.
take over, traduco.
96
Vocabulary
their country, patria. their friends, reflex., sui.
take ship, conscendo. take this course, se

gerere.
ita
their own, reflex., suus in
Tarentum, Tarentum.
taught, be, use disco, teach, doceo.
tell,
emphatic position.
them;
ex-
see they.
Themistocles, Themistocles.
dico,
doceo,
narro,
themselves,
there,
ibi,
ipsi; reflex., sui.
pono, aperio. tempest, tempestas.

temple, aedes, templum.
ten,
then, turn, deinde.

(motion)
eo;
at
beginning of sentence, often

ubi, (motion) quo.
decem.
terrify, terreo.
therefore, itaque, igitur, quare,
testimony, testimonium.
than,
quam ob
rem.
quam;
abl.
often
translated
thereupon, turn.
Thessaly, Thessalia.
they,
often
by
thank, gratias ago.

thanks, gratiae; thanks,
that,
con/.,
untranslated;
at
see
render
beginning of sentence, sometimes qui; ei, illi, ipsi;
with verb of reflex., sui. with non thing, things, often included in neut. pro. or adj.; res. dubito, quin. that no news, ne quid novi thing(s) which, id quod, ea
ut;
fearing,
ne;
(37).
quae.
quis.
that
no one, ne
.
think,
verb
puto,
arbitror,
sentio,
existi-
that
not,
with
mo,
think
reor,
credo,
of fearing, ut.
that,
cogito,
ille,
habeo.
demon,
pro.,
is;
of, cogito.
often translated by
rel.
at
third, tertius.
thirty, triginta.
this,
sentence; of beginning omitted in phrase 'that of.

'
hie,
is,
ille;
at
beginoften
that, rel. pro., qui, quae,
quod,
is,
ning
qui.
of
sentence,
the,
usually untranslated;
ille.
this latter,
ille.
Thebans, the, Thebani. Thebes, Thebae.

their,
this
same, idem,
this sort of, talis.
often
omitted;
eorum; thoroughly, plane,

those; see that; omitted in such
reflex, .suus.
Vocabulary
phrases as
who.'
'
97
there are those
truth, the, vera (neut. plu.).

try,
conor.
though,
si;
quamquam,
see
as
cum, turn, converto. though and twenty, viginti.

etsi,
just as though,
two, duo.
tyrant, tyrannus.
thousand (s), milia.

three, tres.
through, per and ace.

thus,
ita,
sic;
quo
see
itaque.
time, tempus; time.

Tiro, Tiro.
to,
modo, ultimately, postremo. under, sub and abl. second undertake, suscipio.
unfortunate, miser.
unless,
nisi.
conj., ut;
with
rel.
foil,
corn-
until,
dum, donee;
insignis.
after nega-
quo; supine in
par.,
with subj.;
tive,
priusquam.
-um;
causa unusual,
with gen.
to, prep.,
unwilling, be, nolo.
to the
'
ad and in with ace. house of, ad and ace.

interest
of,
upon, in and abl.; (motion) in
and ace.
to
the
be,
upon
interest.
it, beginning sentence, ubi (39).
too,
tomb, sepulchrum. quoque.

of,
upper, superior.
upright, probus, probatus.
top
summus.
torture, cruciatus.
touch, tango,
uprightness, probitas. urge, hortor, oro. use, utor.
toward, ad and ace. town, oppidurn.
used, be, soleo. usually; use soleo.
townspeople, oppidani. treasure, thesaurus,

tree, arbor,
trial,
Valerius, Valerius.
valley, valles.
iudicium.
tribe, natio, gens,
valor, virtus.
trireme, trircmis.
true,
.set
value; omitted in translation.
not true,
truly, vere.
venture, audeo. Verres, Verrcs.

verse, versus.
trumpet, tuba.
Vocabulary
very, the, adj., ipse.
very one, the, idem, very, adv., vehementer.

Vesontio, Vesontio.
vessel, navis. victim, hostia. victory, victoria,
whether, num; utrum. which, rel., qui.

while,
dum,
cum;
autem;
etsi.
who, who,
inter., quis.
rel.,
.
qui.
. .
view, sententia.
vine, vitis. Virtus, Virtus.
not, quin (30). whole, the whole, totus.
who
why, cur.
wicked, mains.
vow, vow,
n.,
v.,
votum.
voveo.
wickedness, improbitas, scelus.
W
wait, exspecto, moror.
wife, uxor.
will,
testamentum.
willing, be, volo.

willingly, libenter.
wait
for, exspecto.
wall, paries,
win, pario, reporto.
want, volo. war, bellum.
wind, ventus. winter, hiems.
warn, moneo. watch, vigilia.

water, aqua,
wisdom, sapientia.
sapiens. Cf. on this wise, and in no wise, wish, n., voluntas.
wise,
way, modus,
wealth, opes,
weight, pondus.
wish,
with,
rel.,
v.,
volo.
abl.
of,
cum and
what,
quae.
compound
inter.,
(ea)
with the idea

reduco.
causa,
withdraw, discedo, se recipere;

quid; quantus.
sort of, qualis.
what,
what
without, sine and abl. witness, testis.
whatever, quicumque.
woman, mulier. when, cum, postquam, ubi. wonderful, mirabilis, whence, unde. where, ubi; (=' whence'), unde; woods, silva. = 'whither'), quo. word, verbum. ( work, opus, whereas, autem.
whereupon, turn, wherever, omnibus
locis ubi.
insignis.
worthy, dignus. would that, utinam.
Vocabulary
wound, vulnero.
write, scribo; (letter) do.
writer, scriptor.
99
year, annus.
yet,
tamen,
at, sed.
wrong, iniuria.
you, tu; often untranslated.
young man,
iuvenis.
X
Xerxes, Xerxes.
younger, minor.
your, vester. youth, adulescens, iuvenis.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

This book
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY is DUE on the last date stamped below
AUG 171942
* JAN 10 1972
CD
Form L-9-15m-2,'36
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
T.OS
AT ANGELES
r
ooi

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Teacher&#39;s Course in Latin Composition

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

ALLYN AND BACON

at the time without

appreciation of their real value.

very similar was borne in upon

the form of the participle,

similar situation develops with the accusative sin-

gular feminine of salmis, which repeatedly

considered at leisure with a view to adopting measures for their correction.

a more valuable service to preit

vent the formation of a bad habit than to correct

in the present connec-

tion to be of the first importance to bring this mate-

to the attention of the prospective teachers of

been found to occasion trouble in actual class-room

caption, "Suggestions for

rial" directions are given in detail for the

added at the end

This should be consulted only

case of real need.

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF MATERIAL

cupio (pres. infin., imperf.

ordior: orior (perf. part.)

(3d persons, espc. imperf.

vincio : vinco (perf.

mitto (perf. and perf. part.)

progredior (perf. part.) utor (perf. part.)

adorior (perf. part.)

caedo and compounds

verto (perf. and perf. part.)

audeo cedo and compounds comprehendo

Pres. pass. 3d conj. Put. pass, all conjugations

Transitive and intransitive

auge'o vs. cresco

fundo incendo iubeo

spargo vs. discedo

respondeo rumpo and compounds

soleo (and perhaps confusion with solv.o 2 )

Especially diligo (vs. deligo), intellego, neglego.

form manufactured; sometimes solutus sum

proficiscor with infin.: for

contendo ('set out')

as pass, (for or usurper)

(iterum) iuvenis : iuventus

pecus (-oris) and (-udis)

passive (not deponent), e.g.

pater (ace. sing.)

proper names in -er,

senex (oblique cases) telum (plu. as masc.)

sing. vs. plu.

castra (as fern. sing,

copia: sing. vs. plu.

sing. vs. plu. defective parts for nullus

lapis (gen. plu.)

ops: sing. vs. plu.

miles (gen. plu.)

sing. vs. plu.

PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

Pronouns and adjectives confused

nonus and no-

as ace. fern, sing.)

neut. sing. ace.

Irregular superl. manufactured

Teacher's Course in Latin Composition

Teacher's Course in Latin Composition