Queer Studies in the House of Anthropology Author(s): Tom Boellstorff Source: Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 36 (2007), pp.

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Queer Studies in theHouse of Anthropology

Tom Boellstorff
Department ofAnthropology, University of California, Irvine,California 92697; email: tboellst@uci.edu

Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2007.36:17-35 First published online as a Review inAdvance on April 4, 2007 The Annual Review of Anthropologyis online at anthro.annualreviews.org This article's doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.36.081406.094421 Copyright (c) 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 0084-65 70/07/1021 -0017$2 0.00

Key Words
gay, lesbian, homosexuality, sexuality, gender

Abstract
This review examines

lished inEnglish since 1993, focusing on work addressing lesbian

women,

anthropological

research

on

sexuality as on

pub

of history, linguistics,and geography in such research. Reviewing

the emergence of regional and research on literatures, of globalization thropological of questions the nation it investigates how questions to the forefront of an have moved

gay men,

and

transgendered

persons,

as well

the use

of sexuality. The essay asks how and difference have inclusion, intersectionality, shaped the emergence or critical of a queer of anthropology anthropology questions special reference to the relationship between sexuality

sexuality, with and gender.

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ON THE ANAME

IMPOSSIBILITY

OF

than resolvedby additional identity categories and "the affective appeal of acronyms" (Kulick
2000, p. 244). To the need but add "B" for "bisexual" "T" only highlights der," and is soon to add for "transgen

Weston
House

In 1993, theAnnual Review ofAnthropology published a groundbreaking article by Kath entitled "Lesbian/Gay Studies in the
Weston noted that inclusion move" "an institu represented for an "emergent domain of Anthropology."

the temporary by

compromised

stability of "LGBT" "I" for "intersexed,"

the essay's tionalizing

so forth.

In titling thisreview "Queer Studies in the

House of Anthropology," I have chosen a par simonious the essay known as that situates handle terminological toWeston in relation while index

Weston's p. 340). Appearing 14 years after article, this review could be taken to signify
the further consolidation field. Yet Weston's Once concerns of a once-emergent remain pertinent. theoriz

of inquiry" with a longbut largely hidden his tory and its share of debate (Weston 1993,

ing the impact of the growing body ofwork

"queer studies," some of it produced and by anthropologists. Many anthropologists it others do not like the term queer "because reminds them so strongly of homophobia and

ing (Lyons& Lyons 2004), sexualitydeserves

a less marginal with it occupies today in of topics anthropological regard terest to from ranging global postcoloniality to ization, from embodiment technology. is no more There symptomatic, produc place to tive, and vexing starting point for this dis than

at the center of anthropological

1998, p. 106). However, (Graham oppression" even those who it must reject acknowledge the influence of queer studies on "lesbian and

gay anthropology,"even iftheydisagreewith that influence. Another workable titlemight be "The Critical Anthropology of Sexuality,"
but I fear such a title casts its referential net

cussion than the impossibilityof naming the

very subject

This
horizon

impossibilityconstitutesnot a problem
but a kind of syntax error or event

of study

this review

addresses.

too broadly, implyingan deeper engagement

with feminist this article An anthropology allows. concern than the scope chosen of

to be solved

the complexity of the sub reflecting a is under consideration. This of question ject as much as matter: For disciplinarity subject non so-called instance, when talking about Western sexualities, we are often talking about in the American of recognition the politics university at the same time. Work on the an

additional be that

with my

ti

tle could and men, ences

it lumps

experi thereby passing un It is true that ostensibly of women. uses of "man"?more gendered specifically, in the past, and "gay"?have overgeneralized can and does occur with overgeneralization some uses of for two rea "queer." However, as a sons I find this concern unconvincing the space it is on to discuss them here?focused range of queer insist the sit

together over the

women

thropologyof sexuality isnow often enrolled

into forms of queer iniscent of how politics in a manner rem the anthropology of women

general principle. First, although I do not

have as anthropology?a and queer-of-color of "queer" practices

politics a began tobe used informsof feminist

generation culation pological ago. The

Weston employed by
(for instance, Association's

phrase

"lesbian

in 1993, remains in cir

the American Society Anthro and of Lesbian

and gay,"

feminisms on

critiques beyond of gay white

the relevance knowledge

uated

men

Gay Anthropologists), but many within and

beyond the academy categories in now important originates end of identity. This about feel the phrase omits concern intersection

(e.g., Ferguson 2003, Johnson & Henderson 2005, Rodriguez 2003). A second reason, one
that strikes nundrum "queer" at the heart at hand, originate of the theoretical rejections disavowal Ac co of of is that some in an implicit in social

ality,inclusion,and differencediscussed at the

of this article, questions deferred rather

key questions

categories analysis. overarching to what I term a logic of enumeration, cording

18

Boellstorff

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political

and theoretical

efficacy category

each naming through or women, experience: persons;

can exist only of selfhood

just ethnocartography, enumeration? Concerns ness how

but

also

the

logic

of

logic of enumeration (parodied in the titleof Weston 1996) ispart of the conceptual frame
work to name this impossible review's is not question subject of study. The a to which just the degree piece of particular a uni is inclusive, but how assuming research structures theoretical linear scale of inclusion that makes it agendas. This toward analogous

men, transgendered gender, race, class, sexuality, disabil a etc. The failure to enumerate becomes ity; I suggest that this de facto sin of omission.

about the validity and inclusive of "queer" reflect not just conflicts over or that to interpret this piece of ethno data, but generational approaches

graphic of

to academic disciplinarity and the politics

recognition in the American

and the wider world. This

Wiegman's sations about interest in "the feminism's

recalls Robyn
conver trans

academy

agonized

mission" (Wiegman 2004, p. 164),particularly

of the anthropology laid many gender of of the conditions for an anthro possibility of sexuality. It did so not just pology analyt because

generational

thus points logic of enumeration a frontier for research further to the project of transcending of

ically (through feministtheory,for instance), but also by creating institutionalconditions

of possibility where

ethnocartography?"looking same-sex and sexuality in 'other more societies'" a decade than

for evidence gendered 1993,

ambiguity p. 341)? of felt "eth as a kind

ality and/or anthropologistswho identifyas

bisexual, imagine transgendered, a future for themselves or queer in the

anthropologists

of sexu

(Weston

gay, lesbian, could

nocartography,"

ago. Weston which she saw

university (Newton 2000). That

versations much are about institutional explains as the fieldsite

these con
contexts as

was sexual it cartography, limiting because in a originated impulse where documentary re "the researcher's theoretical perspectives main embedded from in apparently straightforward the field. In effect, the absence the submersion of theory" itworks It presumes entities and is the social acts of rep and activist

reports

the why naming is so difficult: It includes "us," subject of study as the anthropologists, knowledge producers as well as embodied individuals.

of theory becomes ation is that,

(p. 344).The problemwith a logic of enumer

like ethnocartography,

also a bit of a thanklessjob: I cannot please all

possible sure or only audiences, nor can I claim This limitations any clo fact is not the and comprehensiveness. of my own because character

Writing

this review

is a great

honor

but

theorization. through deferring name that concepts preexisting relations, produced resentation, representation. one can see empiricism," that although less demands rather and than asking how sustained through

protean

sion, but because

of the subject under the current Annual format strict

discus Review limits on

including scholarly In place of ethnocartography, a "critical encouraging signs of an I mean which by approach not "data" neverthe fetishizing that theorizations be account

places ofAnthropology word count and references. This

ful concision but imposes painful choices on

which works to cite. To make these choices as

forces a help

systematicas possible, I employ the following

rubric, with

able to their subjects of study. To those in the

academy who wish to

lives of persons embodied in specifichistori

and material contexts, this critical of adequa the discur Could a asks after the relations any theorization it claims to and

speak

about

the actual

difficultdecision has been to include only works published inEnglish. I would, for in
stance, dearly like to cite many but there of fairness scholars writ ing in Indonesian, with any pretense to locate is no way on a global to do so scale.

only minor

exceptions.

The

most

cal, cultural, empiricism tion between sive realities

The danger thisposes is that it can easily be

taken cal innovation theoretical and methodologi in the world, Anglo-American House of Queer Studies in the Anthropology

critical empiricismhelp move us beyond not

interpret.

www.annualreviews.org

19

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save

for those

"non-Western"

scholars

who

Adam

can publish inEnglish (and oftenfrom cen

ters of academic

United States). Other difficultdecisions in

clude not

production

located

in the

2006; Besnier 2002; Bunzl 2004; Campbell 2004; Carrier 1995; Carrington 2002; Carrillo 2002, Donham 1998; Essig 1999; Girman 2004; Hawkeswood 1997;

in Weston's
review

citing

(1993) review orMorris's (1995)

"All Made Up: Performance

any work

already

referenced

essay,

Theory and theNew Anthropology of Sex

and Gender." published ested since I cite almost 1993, exclusively works inter referring readers to the review es references

Kaplan 2003; Levine 1998; Lumsden 1996; Manalansan 2003; McLelland 2000, 2005; Parker Rofel 2002; 1999; 1999;Rofes Murray

1996; Shokeid 1995). Since 1993, however, anthropologicalwork has increased on female
sexualities identifying ion), forms of transgenderism, on women and men work on (including as "lesbian" in some fash and the critical

nonnormative women

Weston andMorris (and also Davis says by & Whitten 1987, Fitzgerald 1977,Gutmann 1997, Visweswaran 1997). Although I cite a
number

in pre-1993

study of normative sexualities (including

work identifying Not as "het erosexual" in some fashion). all authors

works by anthro ethnographically informed I When cite pologists. only one work possible
not name all the by any author and do impor a tant contributions within edited particular volume. My issues research touches on many in this review, but with two excep examined tions I will not cite my own work, encouraging on sex readers to refer tomy two monographs Even with these

of nonanthropologists,

I emphasize

of this work frame their research in feminist terms,butmany link their research explicitly
to feminism. The rise of feminist networks

since 1993 (for instance, those enabled by the

important but contentious Conference United Nations held Fourth World on Women,

inBeijing in 1995) has facilitated the growth

of this research,

uality in Indonesia (Boellstorff2005, 2007).

a list of creating has been a frustrating is to spur and humbling goal experience. My to engage debate and encourage readers the conditions, roughly 150 references the subset discussed in this review article.1

the HIV/AIDS
of research significant

epidemic aided in the growth

(and only to women). later turned

just

as the global

response

to

on men attention

fromwhich I draw growing body of literature

The publication of Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America (Lewin 1996) and Female Desires (Blackwood & Wieringa 1999)marked
a new phase nonnormative tributed how in the anthropology of female sexualities. Such work has con of understandings con cultural by and also how embodiment, shaped agency, desire, various and com of contexts to

OF FEMALE ANTHROPOLOGIES DESIRE, TRANSGENDERISM, AND NORMATIVITY

What

enormously are sexualities of female of female take

ceptions notions munity

thropology remains dominated by work on

homosexuality this work men, and transgenderism. dominated men although research In turn, remains on by research as identifying "gay" in the universe of the total amount

I very

heuristically

term

queer

an

form under

domination (and not simply the domination of men), ranging from ideologies of mar
riage and motherhood beyond and a number a range to patterns contributions of violence. to these two

particularly in some fashion,

However, volumes across

of articles and edited 1996), female

scattered volumes

of such work remains small (Bereket &

anthropological

of journals 2002, Marin on

(e.g., Kantsa

few ethno nonnorma

graphic monographs tive sexualities have 1 Owing to these limitations, Iwill not discuss archaeology here. A forthcoming ARA review by Barbara L. Voss will address this topic. 20

2002, Green
2004). Because

1997,Kirtsoglou 2004, Sinnott

such monographs are a main

appeared

(e.g., Chalmers

stay of anthropological prestige (and rightly

Boellstorff

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so, given

sightsofferedby sustained ethnographic en

their lack is a cause for concern.

that they render most

visible

the in

Schifter 1999, Sinnott 2004,Teh 2002, Young 2000). This theoretically informed ethno
graphic search how work in has begun to engage and beyond with re anthropology of transgenderism notions trouble the female/male sexuality that remains dominant at that asks and inter

Weston's (1993) observation that"particularly

lacking eroticism States" are data on homosexuality outside among women (p. 345) remains accurate. and homo the United

gagement),

binarism epis

to attribute this lack of It is not sufficient

ethnographic ibility" because of such work worldwide, public monographs there to "lesbian a relative invis lack remains

even on gay men. women face barriers space

It is true that in accessing con nonnorma

temological, and political levels throughout much of the world, despite its instability, poor link to any variability,and surprisingly "foundation" supposed biological (Bagemihl 1999,Chase 1998,Halberstam 1998,Kessler 1998, Roughgarden 2004, Towle & Morgan
In addition to these growing sexualities critical literatures and trans anthropo in

ontological,

and private

away from male on female

trol, making

research

tive sexualities difficult. However,

portant Most alities As not to discount on female institutional nonnormative by research continues

it is im
contexts. sexu women.

2002,Valentine 2003a).
on female nonnormative genderisms, logical work has appeared, a

to be conducted these women

specifically on normative much

heterosexualities from,

graduate sure not to

students

face pres sexu enjoys the job as "nar and bur

study female the cache

nonnormative queer be studies On

alities, in some market row," once

despite quarters

of the academy. may

their work

classified

spired by, or in collaboration with feminist anthropological work. Although addressing this research in any detail is impossible in thisbrief review, ithas helped destabilize and
localize ity. Such dominant research understandings has addressed of sexual topics rang

of it drawing

they face difficulties tenured

gaining

tenure, service

they may dens owing to administrative drives context of the relative in the parity women at senior levels. Although

face heavy

for gender paucity of further ex

ploration of these issues is beyond the scope

of this review, tions nal emphasizing are of disciplinary politics to the questions programmatic these institutional 1993 it bears that ques not exter this article

ingfrom romantic love (Ahern 2001, Collier 1997, Kelsky 2001), masculinity (Gutmann Tuzin 1997), 1996,Ortner 1997,Peletz 1996,
sexualized female-male relations at work

and

addresses. Given realities it is in a no

and home (Allison 1994,Carrillo 2002, Frank 2002, Wilson 2004), to articulations with nationalism (Borneman 1992, Dwyer 2000). This research is joined bywork that strivesto
examine

teresting table increase

that since in

there has been work

of transgenderism,although very littleof it by transgender-identified ethnographers (for an exception, seeWilchins 1997). This re search has provided important insights into
the hopelessly contexts, broad category "transgen with how

ethnographic

on forms

persons aswell) within a erosexually identified lens (Bunzl 2004, Carillo single ethnographic Faiman-Silva Weismantel 2002, 2004, 2001).

gay men

and lesbians

(and often, het

GLOBALIZATION

AND NATION

der" is lived in particular historical and cul

tural range to and how it articulates a of domains?from from economy political to it religion gender

While forms of ethnocartography persist, often linked to forms of identity politics, anthropologicalwork on sexual subjectivities has been furtherrefined theoretically. This
traces addresses its origins issues to Freudian of pleasure, thought desire, and work

the nation,

self (Besnier 2002, Blackwood 1998, Cohen 1995, Elliston 1999,Graham 2003, Johnson 1997,Kulick 1998,Prieur 1998,Reddy 2005,

and love, including the instability of the binarism (Blackwood 1998, identity/behavior
21

House of www.annualreviews.org? Queer Studies in the Anthropology

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Cameron & Kulick 2003, Cohen 1995, Elliston 1995, Herdt 1999, Johnson 1997, Kulick 1998, Povinelli 2006). In association
with this focus on self-identity and inter subjective have meaning-making, toward anthropologists the role

moved

of political and economic forces in the

construction one of of sexuality. significant In this regard, the most developments

investigating

vative research (Engelke 1999, Miller & Vance 2004,Teunis & Herdt 2006).
Also graphic of consequence analysis of has how been the the ethno nation-state

and trafficking repre prostitution area of since 1993, significant growth to broader of human connecting questions are also an area of inno important rights that sents a

search

on

since 1993 has been the growth in ethno

of persons outside the West who graphies as "lesbian" see themselves or in some "gay" sense of these terms (Bereket & transformed

shapes dynamics of globalization (Babb 2003, Chalmers 2002, McLelland 2000, Manalansan 2003, Sinnott 2004). Such work
demonstrates to how globalization does not lead the withering away of the nation-state constitute form; instead, national imaginarles delocalized reworked these ter of sexuality become

Adam 2006, Blackwood 1998, Carrier 1995,

Carrillo 2002, Cruz-Malav? & Manalansan

1999, 1999, Essig Johnson 1997,Knauft 2003, Lumsden 1996, Manalansan 2003,McLelland 2000, Morris 1997, Murray 2002, Parker 1999,Rofel 1999, Sinnott 2004, Sullivan & Jackson 1999,Tan Wilson 2004, 1995, Wright 2004). This body of scholarship takesup anthro
traditional but focus on non-Western

2002,

Donham 1998, Elliston 1999, Girman 2004, Herdt

a key spatial scale throughwhich apparently

conceptions in contexts. That specific cultural are often national contexts in charac as a corrective to the focus on

serves

a remains locality which persis stubbornly tent and theoretical, polit methodological, quiry. It also adds most nation-states to our make

ical presupposition for anthropological in

understanding of how norma underwriting to their practices of belonging ideologies

pology's cultures

the epistemology of challenges difference that traditional focus It implied: does not necessarily frame its subject of study in terms of the Other, nor does it necessar the subject of study into a static past ily place time. This for nos research has little patience women that dismiss lesbian talgic approaches and

tive heterosexuality of governance and

central

(Bunzl 2004,Wekker
process

2006) and how in the

help people and desires. con

The growth of ethnographic work on HIV/AIDS that criticallyaddresses questions

of sexuality these has provided new ways and to engage belong questions of governance

they inadvertently sexualities jure "alternative"

nated by the foreign,to seek instead ritualized

forms of transgender colonial tolerance. or homosexual

gay men

outside

the West

as contami

that supposedly reveal regimes of idyllicpre

This newer lesbian research subjectivities takes as gay and

practices

non-Western

ing (Dowsett 1996, Junge 2002, Levine 1998, Lyttleton 2000, Manalansan 2003, Renaud 1997,Rofes 1996, tenBrummelhuis & Herdt Wilson 1995; see Parker 2001 for fur 1995,
ther discussion). However,

legitimateformsof selfhood and addresses the

role of mass media, and consumerism, a range ethnicity, factors religion, class, of other

(Donham 1998,Yue Martin & Berry 2003). This literaturelinksup with research on sex work and trafficking, including the political
economy of sexual relations

demic's horrific worldwide impact since 1993 and the comparatively large (although still level of fundingfor so woefully insufficient) cial scientific research on HIV
treatment, clearly and needed

given

the

epi

prevention

and AIDS

seen as prostitution (Chapkis 1997, Flowers 1998, Frank 2002, Kempadoo 2004, Kulick 1998, Lindquist 2004, O'Connell Davidson Wekker 2006). Such re 1997,Renaud 1997,

that may

not

be

the limitsof the dichotomy between applied

theoretical work, such research can lead tomore appropriate a better prevention understanding and treatment of cultural

research is continuing in this area. By transcending

protocols;

22

Boellstorff

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conceptions nity; and also with which

of risk, and commu self-efficacy, a set of incisive theoretical tools to interrogate contemporary dy

various formsinto thepresent. Since 1993 this has broadened in various interdisciplinarity
ranging from science studies (Lancaster ways,

the academy,

a state of affairs that continues

in

namics of embodied neoliberalism.

the growing corpus of ethno Comparing on how articulations of glob research graphic alization with and nation recent some subjectivities on scholarship gay/lesbian activism and tourism (Massad This scholar shape sexual

2003) to cybersociality (Campbell 2004). Al though trackingall these linkages liesbeyond the scope of this review, I here brieflydis
cuss intersections with history, linguistics, and

transnational

2002, Puar 2002) demonstrates the impor

tance of a critical

geography. cen of history have Questions long been of sexuality, tral to anthropologies particularly

shiphas provided importantinsights into the

unequal

empiricism.

figured,are still fundamentalto the dynamics

of globalizing

power

relations

that, however

recon

given the influence of the work ofMichel Foucault. Since 1993, historical work that with a looks criticallyat questions of sexuality with topics rang stantially,linking sexuality from and ing urbanity modernity to the colo nial encounter (Beemyn 1997, Bleys 1995,
specifically ethnographic eye has grown sub

ison withmore ethnographicallyinformedre

such work often presumes that persons connected mobile, to and

processes.

However,

in compar

search,

West outside the

or gay are nongovernmental ultimately These nial

terming themselves lesbian

wealthy, from organizations,

inauthentic:

estranged

their own

cultures.

tenets of assumptions postcolo ignore and queer how non theory concerning subjectivities They the entangle thereby contingent with domi discourses. leave us unable processes not by

normative nant

to understand

which inequality is challenged throughforms

of reverse travel discourse that may appear in brochures, web or organizational bylaws, ev in but the kinds of sites,

practice of anthropology itself (Kulick & Willson 1995; Lewin & Leap 1996, 2002; Lyons & Lyons 2004;Markowitz & Ashkenazi

Chauncey 1994,Epprecht2004, Garcia 1996, Green 1999,Jackson 1999,McClintock 1995, Proschan2002, Stoler 2002,Terry 1999).This has includedwork reflectingon the central ity of sexuality to the history and present

1999; Robertson 2004; Roscoe 1995; Rubin 2002; Seizer 1995). A slate of ethnographic
has also woven historical research into

works

their analyses (Blackwood 2005, Bunzl 2004, company common sense to of Levine McLelland 2005, Parker 1999, 1998, eryday reconfigurations which ethnographic inquiry addresses itself. Reddy 2005, Sinnott 2004, Tan 1995; see to segregate Efforts from the also Lancaster & di Leonardo 1997).This di ethnography
moment a of critical trend inquiry are obviated insisting continuing toward work cosituation by on achronic ticular sensibility importance or has given proven to be of par novelty the relative

the

tive and theoreticalknowledge.

interdisciplinary

of substan

of subjectivitiesusing transformed notions of

"lesbian"

LANGUAGE, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY

From its beginnings, queer anthropological work has drawn from a range of disciplines
in the as well social as sciences, activism. humanities, This and arts, interdisciplinarity

A historical understanding has helped clar how such apparentlyunprecedented cate ify gories of selfhood are in factshaped by specific
historical A to contexts. pattern and can be seen with regard in in similar

"gay"

inmany

parts of the world:

language dates language work in

An geography. back to the earliest

interest research

gay and new ex

lesbian

originates in both the history of anthropol

ogy more

and anthropology, this area continues

clusion of lesbian and gay anthropologyfrom

generally

and

the longstanding

(Campbell-Kibler et al. 2002; Gaudio 1994; Leap 1996a,b; Leap & Boellstorff2004; Livia
House of Queer Studies in the Anthropology 23

important to appear

www.annualreviews.org

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& Hall
overviews).

1997; see Kulick 1999 and 2000 for

Another attending cases not "normal" development to how prima has been linguistic distin forms, some

locales" (Johnson Jackson & Herdt 2000, p. Wilson 361; see also Boellstorff 2007, Ch. 7;
2006). As noted at the outset, such work destabilizes production, scholarship, decentered, the current hierarchy which and and valorizes could robust forge place of academic

the rise of work forms, guishable in some from

facie

become emically deployed in cultural logics

of nonnormative of the most desire. As work a result, on compelling language

linguistic

Anglo-American a more diverse, for queer stud

is integrated into broader ethnographic 1999, analyses (Besnier 2002, Elliston Johnson 1997, Kulick 1998, Manalansan 2003, Valentine 2003b). Similarly,a growing critical geography of sexuality (Airman 2001, Bell & Valentine 1995, Binnie 2004, Boone et al. 2000, Ingram Bouthillette & Retter 1997) is now reflected in a geographically
sensitive literature within anthropol

ies in anthropology.That potential is lim ited here by the fact I am citing only work published in English. The field has a great
need genre even for more works in the review article of lan that address research in a range

guages (Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, French,

Indonesian, Portuguese, regional Russian, etc.). such as In this regard, in Thailand, "global" always States or seem conferences

the 2005 AsiaPacifiQueer

may conferences prove and

conference, held
effective than

more

ogy

(Faiman-Silva
2003,

2004, Johnson
1999,

1997,

Kuntsman

Wdson 2003, Shokeid 1995,

has focused ethnographic shapes how place and place-making desire, for instance, meaning irrelevant. of cultural

Leap

Manalansan

that organizations to end up anchored in the United

2004). This work

attention on how of conceptions

With
eratures,

Europe. the

regard to emerging regional lit

two areas that have gener

community,

belonging. than

It shows, the place

globalization rather

resignifies making

REGIONAL
In her that have ing 1993 "when studied in a

STUDIES
review only one article, Weston or two or noted investigators

homosexuality region,

in which the lone anthropologist becomes Prieur 1998, Schifter 1999, Weismantel 2001, Wilson for Wekker 'his/her 2006, 1995, Wright 2004). responsible describing people'" remains Although the range of topics addressed in (p. 345). Although this stateof affairs
unchanged seen have tures. This retrenchment studies" within in some parts of the world, we each sive, For male of one these can regional detect questions have on Southeast literature literatures variations of been the in is expan of regional the beginnings litera seen to represent the could be of an ethnocartographic that seeks areas, essential but cultural "area traits ex emphasis. state and fe for the in

particular

transgender it creates a situation

ated the broadest body of scholarship are Southeast Asia (Blackwood 1998, Butt 2005, Dwyer 2000, Graham 2003, Jackson& Cook 1999, Johnson 1997, Marin 1996, Morris 1997, Peletz 1996, Sears 1996, Sinnott 2004, Sullivan & Jackson 1999, Tan 1995, Teh 2002, Wieringa 2002, Wilson 2004) and Latin America/theCaribbean (Alexander 2006, Babb 2003, Carrier 1995,Carrillo 2002, Girman 2004, Kempadoo 2004, Kulick 1998, Lumsden 1996,Murray 2002, Parker 1999,

instance, sexuality American

characteristic Asia, evinces whereas interest

framework supposed

the literature Latin

there

criti ist encouraging emergent signs a that "provides cal regionality vantage point to naive and uncriti from which problematize on enables and... cal writing globalization... are made and in

of an

questions and class.

of male-to-female Expanding

literatures

transgenderism can also be

us to think about [how] gender and sexual

ity experienced particular

found for Europe (Borneman 1992, Bunzl 2004, Collier 1997,Essig 1999,Kantsa 2002, Kirtsoglou 2004, Kulick 2003, Young 2000), East Asia (Allison 1994,1996; Chalmers 2002;

24

Boellstorff

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McLelland 2000, 2005; Robertson 1998; Rofel 1999), SouthAsia (Ahearn 2001, Cohen 1995, Reddy 2005, Vanita 2002), the Pa cific (Besnier 2002, Elliston 1999, Herdt 1999,Jolly& Manderson 1997,Knauft 2003, Tuzin 1997, Wardlow 2006), and the Mid dle East and Africa (Aarmo 1999; Donham 1998;Kaplan 2003; Kuntsman 2003;Morgan & Wieringa 2005; Murray & Roscoe 1997, Whitaker 2006). 1998; Renaud 1997;
Given tional focus American on non-U.S. Americans, anthropology's cultures as well as save the tradi those his

hope this review has helped highlight con

tributions sionally since 1993 to what I could term a queer anthropology provi or criti

cal anthropology of sexuality.I stillhave no of amore simple solution to the impossibility

definitive name.

solutionwill emerge graduallyfrom theoreti cally engaged ethnographicwork rather than from a detached spark of philosophical bril
liance.

My

suspicion

is that such

the question of the impossibilityof naming

this review's ture discussed, of a name around, In light of the litera subject. out I suggest that if a pathway it is

In this concluding

section,

I return

to

of Native

torical importance of work in the United

States for lesbian and gay

of the impasse signaled by the impossibility

not through, probably of inclu questions intersectionality, we reached a sion, and difference. Have point exists, exhaustion with intersection as our analyti and difference

continued growth of work in the United

States such has been as heartening, addressing kinship, and issues par race community youth, formation,

anthropology,

the

of paradigmatic ality, inclusion, of enumeration

(Carrington 2002, Faiman-Silva 2004, Gray 1999, Hawkeswood 1997, Jacobs Thomas & Lang 1997, Levine 1998, Lewin 1998, Luibheid & Cantu 2005,Manalansan 2003, Newton 2000, Povinelli 2006, Rofes 1996, Shokeid 1995, Stein 2001, Sullivan 2004,
Weston ing body thropologists 1996). of Allied research but with to this work is a grow nonan sen produced by an ethnographic crucial

enting,

religion,

migration,

cal goals and ethnocartographyand the logic

as our means toward those

goals?
These

graphic investigationbecause they are lived

out social in everyday relation, The of subjectivity and practices are but such everyday practices of concept formation and artic question and of the relationship "gender" be is the pivotal

questions

are

amenable

to ethno

also matters ulation. tween

sibility,often focused on theUnited States,

which continues to provide insights 2000, Eng into sexuality (Constantine-Simms

issue.At thebeginning of this review,I noted

how the objection that "queer" unacceptably women is unsustain and men lumps together to create overar if all attempts able because

"sexuality"

& Horn

1998, Gopinath 2005, Halberstam 1998, Johnson & Henderson 2005, Mu?oz 1999). Much of this work focuses on mi
ethnic States, the idea while and racial formations in the to un struggling productively that "America" is a monolithic also acknowledging area where anthropology. their imbri

noritized United pack

terms create hierarchies that drown out ching the voices of the less powerful, then the only seems to be a alternative of enumeration logic whose be the individual nam endpoint would an age tionalized of atomistic individualism. This ten

entity,

cationwithUnited States privilege. This work

represents another to queer studies can contribute

ingof each person discussed, a fittinglogic for

the logic of enumeration in, for instance, where what of "Women's is institu prac

sion over

the naming

tices of departments

and Gender

INTERSECTIONALITY, INCLUSION, AND DIFFERENCE

Although I have moved through a dizzying
range of topics and omitted authors and sub

is taken to be a particular are with category general juxtaposed, out one in favor of either. That deciding rarely of Christian and Re finds, say, departments Studies," and a

jects I would have dearly liked to discuss, I

ligious Studies, or Latino and Ethnic Stud

ies, points to something special about how

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House of Queer Studies in the Anthropology

25

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anthropologists ity and gender. Anthropologists forefront edness become kinship Although ual piece erature) lesbians, tion but of

and

others

approach been

sexual

scores ciplinary

how

debates are

over also

the

scope

of dis over the

interest

debates

have

long

at

the

politics of inclusion and recognition in the

university.

of showing tools

the cultural

construct that

taken-for-granted for theoretical religion often arise

concepts

The

inability to definitivelyfuse or sepa

and gender seems to be a special be the consequences

to race, from concerns of research discusses

analysis?from to nationalism. that an individ

rate

sexuality

gay men

(or an entire body of lit but fails tomention but fails tomen or discusses less common to include (despite and race are but

or discusses

lesbians

persons, transgendered fails to mention class, concerns about or

has been institutionalizedin thehumanities in the formof a division between feminismand

queer portant could play an im theory, anthropology role in unasking? ethnographically rather than theoretically ques solving?the

of this might for understanding cultural logics of embod and intersubjectivity? To the iment, desire, this juxtaposition-without-resolution degree

case. What

parallel of

failures gravity

terflies, or mitosis, the ethnography and

the rise technol

of science

ogy as an anthropological subdiscipline).Are

the human limits for the social, then, the implicit and intersectionality, inclusion,

difference?
Scholars race broad are

tion of the relationshipbetween sexualityand gender, by showing their coconstitution in worlds. historically and culturally specific life This role for anthropologymight be pos sible because the special relationshipbetween
sexuality academic spectrum shaped migration, predictable around much and and "hetero" and gender discourse. of cultural is not It shows just up of an artifact in a of startling worldwide? colonialism, in un instance, "homo" "same" "ho For

broadly coconstituting.

accept Yet

that gender and is also a there the impos

sibility of discussing everything at once, it

race in some cases to examine acceptable or without bringing up gender, gender with race. out and national up bringing Religion ism fundamentally in secular interpenetrate is societies ficial also as much or as in cases where an there of is exist. Yet

understanding

that given

contexts

by various and and

histories trade, and ways.

remade

complex

of the globe the prefixes are now taken to mean in relation

"different"

to the terms

religion a broad

religions

that given the im understanding at once, of discussing possibility everything to examine it is acceptable in some religion cases without

and "heterosexuality." Yet these mosexuality" terms of sexual orientation need not presume gender. One text inwhich desire could imagine a cultural referred con to the

nation without bringing up religion. Rarely

does gender that tural one encounter and race calls studies, domains for departments or nation and of re

bringing

up

the nation,

or the

"homosexuality" of a Hindu for a Hindu, the persons two men, a context or a woman

of whether women, In such

involved

regardless were two and might a man. refer

"heterosexual"

ligion studies, despite the wide recognition

these cultural (indeed, all cul in domains) intersect. What appears

to the desire of a Hindu

Buddhist or some

for a Christian or

such as stead are quasi-disciplinary formations feminist critical race studies or transnational studies, each with their own albeit "intersect

once other religion, again to without the genders of the persons regard con could involved. One analogous imagine texts in which "homosexual" and "heterosex ual" referred to of sexuality involving persons or different ethnicities, age cohorts, such in contexts seem almost never tells us any

or the modifier "critical" ing" canons, where "transnational" does the work of an excluded category der and (for these race, two cases, most The often gen emergence under

the same and so on.

That to arise

respectively).

any

sustained

fashion

of these quasi-disciplinary 26

formations

something

important,

and not

just about

Boellstorff

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supposed shortcomings in the scholarly lit

erature on

points to an ongoing and widespread linkage

between time, most and gender and, at the same the simultaneous of a distinc presence sexuality

sexuality

and

gender.

Rather,

it

thatStrathernderivesfromHaraway's (1991) notion of cyborg embodiment might speak

not ogy just and to feminism, sexuality relationships but between also to anthropol relationships

between

and gender:

tiveness

that keeps them from fusing. It is al are in a as if state of metaphorical they be Perhaps only the relationship race and a ethnicity presents significant

The

intercourse. tween

cyborg supposes what it could be like to make connections without assumptions

analogue to this stateof affairs(Stolcke 1993). It is difficult to find a scholar of sexuality

and who the cen emphasize a host of other trality of race, class, nation, and for the study of sexuality and gen categories categories clauses are often appended enumerated to key in sen one gender?anthropologist to not hasten would or otherwise?

of comparability. Thus might one suppose a relation between anthropology and femi nism: were each a realization or extension of the capacity of the other, the relation would nor encompassment. equality It would be prosthetic, as between a person and a tool. (Strathern 1991, p. 38)

be of neither

der. Such

ever-growing tences of an enumeration

Such a "prosthetic" relationshipwould be

founded not be in semantics, less concerned but in prag matics. It would with what

toLGB, LGBT, LGBTQI,

my example

the logic of analysis, recalling that leads from "lesbian and gay" and "hetero

and so on. Yet as

sexuality" demonstrates, the logic that links

to lie and does not appear sexuality gender It appears within this logic of enumeration. of enumeration graphic" things itself: in particular, that we "make its "mero sense of

of "homosexuality"

the relationship between sexuality and gender means and more in what it does: interested

how through their imbrication as lived cat

and analytic egories approaches, constitute the other, even while distinct. each helps remaining

to be of a different order, troubling the logic

assumption

Through
extend a the house of

this review I have worked to

on queer studies in "foster Beyond issues of visibility"

conversation

increase insight" (Schlecker & Hirsch 2001, pp. 71, 76).

What, work? This then, accomplishes is the question this cultural of at the heart

them as part of some by describing so that "ever more contexts could thing else," to garner be combined and thus knowledge

anthropology. a with ing preoccupation

(Weston 1993, p. 360) by seeking political

and theoretical

thiswork has provided insightson the place

of sexuality in the human structured fundamentally for which equality subsidiary. to Ten a journey relations of in by not is operative, sexuality journey, 15 years hence, some of

efficacy

through

enumeration,

the impasse. Theorizing and ethnographically the coconstitutive imbrication investigating of

or

tional challenge for anthropological inquiry.

It represents where a a methodological queer One based studies" pressure point "new (Manalansan

sexuality

and

gender

remains

a founda

the impasses identified here may be resolved

the point that persist seem they uninteresting; as arenas for research and currently that play a un

others will debate, available. graphic our

2003, p. 6) might offer importantinsightsfor

anthropology. theorization answer is that a possible on categories overarching

joined We work

new questions by can rest assured in this area can

ethno pivotal

role in how new anthropologies will shape

sociality of human selfhood understanding in the context of continuing transformation and and tech

is simply unsustainable for sexuality. Where this is so, a logic of enumeration need not stand as the only alternative. For the notion of a prosthetic haps instance, per

nological inequality.

socioeconomic

relationship

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House of Queer Studies in the Anthropology

27

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Susan Greenhalgh, and Kath Weston are also due S?vori. Don Kulick, William Leap, Ellen Lewin, Gracia Martin Manalansan, Alvaro Bill Maurer, essay. Thanks and Horacio provided extremely helpful to Alexandre Blackwood, Beliaev, Evelyn comments on drafts of this review Clark, Jarrin,

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