Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tropics to be Covered:
CBF Properties & Testing Applications CBF Selection criteria Fluid Planning & Maintenance Corrosion Displacement Fluid Loss Control Filtration
Water based fluid Dissolved salt(s) for density No suspended solids Non-formation damaging
DENSITY, ppg
10 15 20 25 0
NH4Cl
9.2
KCl
9.8
NaCl
10
KBr
11
HCOONa
11
11.6
CaCl2
12.3
NaBr
13.3
HCOOK
14.2
CaBr2
19.2
Ca/ZnBr2
Ca/ZnBr2
21
19.2
HCOOCs
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
DENSITY, lb/gal
Inorganic vs Organic
Halide CBF inorganic ionic salts Formates Organic salts M+ (H C
O O
more environmentally friendly More compatible with polymers Greater clay stabilization More compatible with scaling anions
Offer advantages due to all formates are mono-valent salts, sodium, potassium & cesium
Brine Parameters
B B
Density Crystallization
TCT & PCT
B B B B B B
Density = mass/volume
B
Temperature
Increase in temperature causes volume expansion thereby decreasing density value Thermal expansion factors vary according to fluids and density
Pressure
Increase in pressure causes fluid compression thereby increasing density value Less impact on density as compared to temperature affects
Density
B B
Temperature correction for surface fluids Pressure & Temperature Correction for downhole
Increases in pressure, increases density Well bore conditions, pressure and temperature corrections are made simultaneously dc = du + CT - Cp dc: corrected density, ppg du: uncorrected density, ppg CT: average temperature correction, ppg CP: average pressure correction, ppg
Use TETRAs TP-Pro to do simultaneous temperature and pressure corrections for wellbore conditions
Version 2.2
OPERATOR: WELL NAME: LOCATION: DATE:
SURFACE TEMPERATURE: BHT: TVD: BHP: OVERBALANCE: REQUIRED EFFECTIVE DENSITY: SELECTED SURFACE DENSITY: TCT: FLUID COMPOSITION ( 1- Salt; 2-Salt; 3-Salt): ACTUAL OVERBALANCE: EFFECTIVE DENSITY AT 5751': VERTICAL DEPTH FEET 0 221 442 664 885 1106 1327 1548 1770 1991 2212 2433 2654 2876 3097 3318 3539 3760 3981 4203 4424 4645 4866 5087 5309 5530 5751 ACTUAL DENSITY PPG 13.35 13.34 13.32 13.31 13.29 13.28 13.27 13.25 13.24 13.22 13.21 13.20 13.18 13.17 13.15 13.14 13.12 13.11 13.10 13.08 13.07 13.05 13.04 13.03 13.01 13.00 12.98
DEG F DEG F FT PSI PSI PPG PPG DEG F PSI PPG TEMP DEGREE FAHRENHEIT 70 76 81 87 92 98 103 109 114 120 125 131 136 142 147 153 158 164 170 175 181 186 192 197 203 208 214 TVD
EFFECTIVE DENSITY PPG PSI 13.35 0 13.34 153 13.34 307 13.33 460 13.32 613 13.31 766 13.31 918 13.30 1071 13.29 1223 13.29 1375 13.28 1527 13.27 1679 13.27 1831 13.26 1983 13.25 2134 13.24 2285 13.24 2436 13.23 2587 13.22 2738 13.22 2888 13.21 3039 13.20 3189 13.20 3339 13.19 3489 13.18 3639 13.17 3788 13.17 3938
NOTE: Results are based on best available information and assume equilibrium and static well conditions.
13,60
13,40
DENSITY, ppg
13,20
13,00
EFFECTIVE ACTUAL
12,80
12,60
12,40
DEPTH, ft
Crystallization Temperature
Definition: Temperature at which a constituent of the brine fluid will come out of solution Terminology
Surface crystallization
FCTA - First crystal to appear TCT - True crystallization temperature LCTD - Last crystal to dissolve PCT Pressurized crystallization temperature Notation reference pressure tested and PCT value ie 4/35 has been tested at 4000 psi with a PCT of 35 deg. F
Pressurized crystallization
LCTD
TCT
FCTA
Time
PCT
B B
Crystallization temperature shift due to pressure effects Depending upon the salt composition, pressure will either have no effect or elevated the expected crystallization temperature PCT are measured with a high pressure apparatus, monitoring temperature, volume & pressure changes. PCT is a phenomenon to be consider for offshore completions at water depths greater than 1500 ft PCT fluids are rated for the minimum encountered temperature and the corresponding maximum pressure
Sea bed temperature BOP testing pressure
Viscosity
B
Definition: Property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow. Viscosity, = [Shear stress, ] in units of centipoise, cp
[Shear rate, ]
Rheological Models
Newtonian Model Bingham Plastic Model Power-Law Model
Application
Calculation of pressure drop under flow Calculation of equivalent circulating density
Viscosity
B B B
All CBF brines are nearly Newtonian in fluid behavior Apparent viscosities are sensitive to salt composition Within a salt system, as the salt concentration increases, the viscosity will increase coorresponding Measurements are typically made with Fann 35 type viscometer at either 600 rpm or 300 rpm. Payzone fluids are either Bingham or Power law fluids
B B
Definition: Relative expression referring to the turbidity of a brine due to the presence of suspended insoluble or nonmiscible particulate matter. Monitored to determine formation damage potential QA/QC on filtration performance
Clarity Measurements
B
Turbidimeter
Nephelometer type Data - NTUs Value is influenced by particle size, size distribution and refractive index May be correlated to suspended solid concentration by calibration curve
Gravimetric Method
Measures total suspended solids 1.2 m filter disks Dry retained solids and filter disk at 105oC for 1 hour Data is reported as mg of dried solids per volume of test fluid
Particle Counters
Measures particle size & concentration Does not require sample preparation Data is reported as particle size distribution
pH
B
Fluid specification
Neutral to slightly alkaline CBFs
Sodium chloride & sodium bromide Potassium chloride & potassium bromide Calcium chloride & Calcium bromide Sodium, Potassium & Cesium formate fluids Artificially buffered to 10 with carbonate solution Zinc CBF Ammonium chloride
Acidic CBFs
Filterability
B
Objective
Evaluate the ability of filtration to bring used fluid back to specification Determine possible polymer or other contamination
Test Method
Filter CBF through a 0.45 micron absolute filter paper using an inline filter holder and syringe Passing: Greater than 50 ml of filtrate thru one filter paper Failure: List actual filtrate volume thru one filter paper
TETRAs QA/QC
B
Contaminates
APPLICATIONS
Applications
B
Completion/Workover Fluid
Gravel pack fluid Stimulation fluid Frac fluid
B B
Desired Properties
Density - well control Non-formation damaging
Non-Corrosive
Density
8.5 ppg to 21.0 ppg Maximum equivalent pressure gradient of 1.1 psi/ft Density increase with spike fluid or anhydrous salts Density decrease with low density fluid or water
Low pumping pressures No solids to obstruct wellbore operations Avoid density stratification
Hydrated clays/shale decrease porosity Dispersed clays/shale may potentially reduce permeability High salinity fluids inhibit clay swelling and migration
Seawater
s s
Anion scaling/precipitation
Bicarbonate/carbonate Sulfates Sulfides
Most virgin reservoirs are water wet Non-water based fluids will alter wetability Clear brine fluids are water based
Packer Fluid
Packer Fluid
B
B B B
Maintain complete or partial hydrostatic pressure requirement of the well Long term application Closed system Desired Properties
No solids, non-damaging, inhibitive, no physical obstruction Temperature stability Low corrosion Remain pumpable Compatibility with elastomers
Packer Fluid
B
Advantages
Wide range of densities Non-formation damaging Solids free Fluid stability Low corrosion rate
Packer Fluid
B
Unlike muds, no solids to settle over time No solids to hinder or prevent removal of packers Fluid can be used as non-damaging workover or kill fluid
PACKER FLUID
1200
1000
800
600
400
15,000 FT (4572 M) 9 5/8 IN CASING 5,000 FT (1,524 M) 7 5/8 IN CASING 2 7/8 IN TUBING
200
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, mg/l
Packer Fluid
B
Fluid Stability
Thermally stable - >400oF for halides, <350 deg. F for formates Compatible with packer elements
s s
Nitriles are incompatible with zinc fluids Vitons are incompatible with formate fluids
Fluid Selection
Well Design & Hydraulics
Completion Fluid's Density & Crystallization point
Corrosion Resistant Alloy Compatibility Fluid Evaluation Formation Damage Fluid Economics Environmental & Safety
Provide hydrostatic pressure BHP = grads , psi/ft x TVD, ft Density, ppg = grad, psi/ft x 0.052 Desired CBF density may be based upon the overburden pressure, underburden pressure or ECD
Overburden pressure = BHP + Overbalance pressure Underburden pressure = BHP Underbalance pressure ECD takes into consideration of pressure drops under dynamic conditions Pressure consideration due to weak liner top, cement etc. Open hole consider pore & fracture presure
Final density must be calculated to compensate for temperature and pressure using TP-Pro
Onshore calculation Offshore calculation allows for temperature modeling to seabed temperature and from seabed temperature to bottom hole temperature
Crystallization Point
B
Definition: Temperature at which a constituent of the brine fluid will come out of solution Selected according to the lowest temperature to be encounter
Ambient temperature Sea bed temperature
The specified TCT of the CBF should approximately 5 deg. F lower than the minimum working temperature
PCT
B
Once density and TCT/PCT are determined, types of possible salt systems can be defined
CLEAR BRINE FLUIDS
Ca/ZnBr2 HCOOCs Ca/ZnBr2 CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 HCOOK/HCOOCs CaCl2/CaBr2 CaBr2 HCOOK HCOONa/HCOOK NaCl/NaBr KCl/NaCl/NaBr NaBr KCl/NaBr CaCl2 NaCl/CaCl2 HCOONa KBr KCl/KBr NaCl KCl KCl/NaCl NH4Cl
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Metallurgy of well
If corrosion resistant alloys are used (CRA)
Run Matchwell for fluid & additive compatibility Avoid environmentally assisted cracking (EAC)
s s s
Form of localized corrosion Manifests as a crack that may go through the pipe Can occur at fairly short periods days
FLUID EVALUATION
ROCK MATRIX PAYZONE FLUIDS FORMATION WATER
IN SITU GASES
PRODUCED CRUDE
FRAC FLUIDS
DRILLING MUD
Change of Wettability Particle Invasion Clay Hydration Formation Water Compatibility Crude Compatibility Other Fluids
FORMATION WATER
B
Anions
Sulfates Carbonates
pH
Destabilization of Clays Precipitation
Cations
Barium Heavy metals Sodium
Turbidity, ntu
Solids, vol. %
CBF Selection
B
Environmental
Governmental regulations
Toxicity values
Disposal considerations
Each salt has different COG Fluids are blended as mixed salts to lower cost Generally chlorides are less expensive than bromides Should be last criteria
Fluid Planning
B
Working fluid
Volume Maintenance program
Spike fluid
Density Volume
Working Fluid
(2 to 3 times circulating volume)
B
Volume of wellbore with drill pipe in place Minimum of one hole volume Fluid hold in the equipment Filtration rate of equipment versus fluid circulation rate Fluid volume held in the system
Holding tanks
Filtration equipment
Surface piping
Fluid loss thru displacement interface, downhole & surface Make up of fluid loss pills
B B
Fluids can lose density from water or other low density fluid ingression Density increase required to maintain well control or wellbore Use of spike fluid or material for working fluid density maintenance
Fluid with a significantly higher density than the working fluid Dry salts
All clear brine fluids are hygroscopic absorb water from atmosphere at points of exposure
Rigs utilizing clear brine fluids require closed tanks to minimize this problem
Surface fluid handling system are not completely water tight and water run off can contaminate brine fluid. Contamination of brine fluid from water lines
Standard operating procedure is to lock off all water lines prior to bringing CBF onto rig.
Well Control
B
Higher density of fluid required due to higher than expected reservoir pressure Kick in well need a higher density of fluid to kill well
Determine during well pre-planning Based upon most likely density range increase of working fluid for well control Weigh up option must keep TCT or PCT at or below wells specification Consider rig limitations
Tank capacity
The lesser the density differential, the greater volume consumption of spike fluid impacting volume of spike fluid
Time
Time require to maintain the working fluid Turnaround time for bringing new fluid onsite
Economics
Spike Fluid/Material
B
Salt system TCT/PCT requirements Typically based on maintaining 0.2 0.4 ppg density loss in working fluid Density increase due to un-anticipated increase in reservoir pressure Same consideration as in liquid spike Dry material availability
s s s s s s
Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Calcium chloride Calcium bromide Sodium formate Potassium formate
CORROSION
Definition of Corrosion
B B
These reactions may be chemical and/or physical. Corroded metal reverts back to most stable form - oxides
Corrosion Problems
B B B B
Metal Loss Formation of Solids which contribute to formation damage Contamination of Clear Brine Fluid Possible Catastrophic Failure of Tubing and Equipment
Types of Corrosion
B
Uniform Corrosion
Metal loss distributed over entire exposed surface area Most common form Caused by chemical reactions Long term corrosion effects can be accurately predicted
Localized Corrosion
Crevice Pitting Stress Intergranular Can lead to premature failure of tubing or equipment
Brine composition Aeration Contaminates Corrosion inhibitors Oxygen scavenger Biocides Corrosion resistant alloy
CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 Brine
Test conditions: 177oC, N-80 steel, 7 days
Inhibited Systems
1.86 sg brine: 121oC, N-80 steel, 5 days 2.04 sg brine: 149oC, N-80 steel, 7 days
160
45
1.76
1.86
1.96
2.06
2.16
2.26
1.86
2.04
DENSITY, sg
DENSITY, sg
MatchWell
B
Empirical Corrosion Database developed by TETRA on CBFs and additives to predict EAC on various metallurgies MatchWell is a fluid selector program that recommends an optimum fluid system to avoid EAC for the given well metallurgy & parameters
DISPLACEMENT
Substitute one fluid for another in the wellbore while removing all residue of the original fluid.
Maintain well control Avoid Health Safety & Environmental concerns Maintain wellbore integrity Provide a solids free environment for completion Minimize operational costs
Minimize operational time Minimize fluid losses due to contamination
Original fluid type and density Displacing fluid type and density Wellbore geometry Wellbore integrity Equipment limitations
Direct Displacement
All three operations are performed by one or more chemical spacers in one circulation
Indirect displacement
An intermediary fluid (usually seawater) is introduced to aid in the performance of the removal of the original fluid and residue.
Direct Displacement
Advantages
Minimizes pumping time Provides better down hole pressure control Protects integrity of original fluid Minimizes volume of waste fluid generated
Disadvantages
Spacers are typically more expensive May generate high downhole pressures Places higher importance on pump capabilities Fluid compatibilities may be more critical Mud mobility is crucial
Indirect Displacement
Advantages
Spacer cost minimized Insures clean hole, before introducing completion fluid Allows greater tolerance of mechanical difficulties Mud mobility requirements are less crucial
Disadvantages
Downhole hydrostatic pressures are reduced Creates larger amounts of waste fluid Requires more pumping time May need to discharge first step cleaning fluid (seawater)
Indirect Displacement
Preferred method, unless prohibited by circumstances
Direct displacement
Utilized when circumstance prohibit an indirect displacement
Indirect Displacement
Pump Schedule
Stage Seawater Caustic Soda Seawater Surfactant Seawater Caustic soda Seawater Volume Minimum One hole volume 50 barrels 50 barrels 50 barrels 50 barrels 50 barrels One hole volume Short Trip Casing Scrapers and Brushes Rig up to reverse circulate Seawater High Vis. Sweep Filtered Completion Fluid One hole volume 50 barrels Until returns are clean Maximum Maximum Maximum Rate Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Displacement Systems
B
TDSP System
Balanced displacement Minimum size, multiple pills Low pump rates Generally used in direct displacement Large single pill Balanced displacement High pump rates Utilized in direct and indirect displacement
TETRACLEAN System
Direct Displacement
Spacer Design - TDSP System
B
Direct Displacement
TDSP Spacer Design
B
Base Fluid
Base fluid of the mud system being displaced, with no additives.
Included when compatibility is a concern Acts as a turbulent sweep, helping to clean mud cake from casing interior Protects integrity of fluid being displaced Commonly used in SBM and OBM displacement
Direct displacement
TDSP Spacer design
B
TDSP I
Fresh water viscosified with polymers and weighted with barite.
Density designed to be 0.2 0.5 ppg higher than density of fluid being removed Rheology designed to be high enough to suspend barite and provide plug or laminar flow
Volume designed to provide adequate separation of original fluid and TDSP II Recommended minimum of 1,000 ft of coverage in largest annular space Recommended contact time of 5 minutes
Direct Displacement
TDSP Spacer Design
B
TDSP II
8.6 ppg sodium chloride with a surfactant specifically chosen to most effectively remove residue of the original fluid Volume designed to provide adequate coverage and contact time with all surfaces of the wellbore and incorporate anticipated residue
Recommended minimum of 2,000 feet of coverage in largest annular space Recommended minimum contact time is 10 minute
Direct Displacement
TDSP Spacer Design
B
TDSP III
Viscosified intermediate density fluid, usually 11.6 ppg
Rheology designed to provide maximum suspension and lifting capabilities Volume designed to provide adequate separation between TDSP II and the completion fluid Recommended minimum coverage of 1,000 feet in largest annular space Recommended minimum contact time is 5 minute.
TETRACLEAN SYSTEM
B
B B B
B B
Blend of Polymers
Spacer Suspend/carrier of solids
Base Fluid
Water/seawater Brines
TETRACLEAN SYSTEM
B
SOBM/OBM
Preceded by a base oil pill Formulation of surfactant/cleaning agents according to mud type brine
WBM
Clean up and displacement with TETRACLEAN pill
Unbalance Displacement
Preceded by Hi-vis push pill & seawater Clean up with TETRACLEAN pill
TETRA OMD
Surfactant and dispersant for water based and diesel based muds
TETRA O-Sol
Blend of surfactants designed for diesel and synthetic based oil muds
TETRASol
Blend of surfactants and solvents to remove hydrocarbons, oil based muds, pipe dope, asphaltenes and resins
TETRAClean 103
Flocculate mud, pipe dope, oil, polymers and other solids.
TETRAClean 105
Surfactant component of TETRAClean system
TETRAClean 106
Cleaning booster for TETRAClean 105 used in non-calcium displacement pills
Direct Displacement
Pump Schedule
Stage Stage Volume Cumulative Volume Rate Returning Fluid
TDSP I TDSP II TDSP III Completion Fluid Completion Fluid Completion Fluid Completion Fluid Completion Fluid Completion Fluid
25 75 100 285 535 560 610 635 1070 Short Trip Casing Scrapers
Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud TDSP I TDSP II TDSP III Completion Fluid
Completion Fluid
Until Clean
Max. Rate
Completion Fluid
DeepDesign
B B
Database management of input data Hydraulic calculation on the exact configuration of the well
Subsea completion Pipe joints Eccentricity Tool configuration
Fluids
Density and rheology corrected as a function of temperature & pressure Track fluid properties as a function of circulating or static mode.
Displacement Summary
Variables Flow rate (bpm) 8.00 3.57 0.0 218.4 Pump P (psi) 7689 0 40.9 120.0 Pump HP (HP) 1507. 0. 40.9 120.0 P @ TD (psi) 17873 15631 48.5 61.2 ECD @ TD (ppg) 17.85 15.61 48.5 61.2 ECD @ TOL (ppg) 18.57 8.62 181.2 205.2
Maxi. value Mini. value Maxi. @ time (min) Mini. @ time (min)
DeepDesign Output
PRESSURE @TD
9400 9200 9000
8800 8600 8400 8200 8000 7800 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
DeepDesign Output
PUMP PRESSURE
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Selection Criteria
FLUID LOSS PILLS
Reservoir Data
Operational Requirements
Solids Laden Pills Sized Salt Pill Sized Carbonate Pill PayZone MagmaFiber
Base Brine System Monovalent halide CBF Divalent Halide CBF Formate CBF
Reservoir data
Permeability of reservoir
Determines the applicability of polymer pills Sizing of bridge solids Determines the depth of pill invasion Dictate size of pill & clean up Determines the applicability of polymer pills Determines the additive package Determines the pill component Compatibility with base brine & clean up chemicals Compatibility with base brine & Clean up chemicals ECD consideration ECD consideration
Porosity
Formation water
Lithology of reservoir
Pore pressure
Fracture pressure
Operational Requirements
Time interval for performance of FLC pill Well design
Aperture restriction in tools Pumping limitation Rig equipment limitation Acids Enzymes Oxidizers flowback
Types of Pills
Solids free
Polymer pill TETRA Flex, Cross-linked polymer pill Sized Salt Sized Carbonate PayZone MagmaFiber
Types of FLC
Solids-Free Pills
B
Polymer FLC
Density range: 8.5 19.2 ppg Mechanism:
Bulk viscosity with HEC polymer Banking & Gel Strength with XC polymer Low residual Least formation damaging Degrades naturally over time with sufficient temperature Limited to reservoirs with permeability less than 1 darcy Temperature limitation
s s
Advantage
Disadvantages
Types of FLC
Solids-Free Pills
B
Crosslinked gel function as a bridging material Low residual, less formation damaging than solids laden FLC Easily degraded by acid Can be extended to higher density fluid with a viscosified carrier brine Limited to reservoir formation of less than 2.5 darcy Temperature limitation of 240 deg. F
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types of FLC
Solids-Laden Pills
B
Types of FLC
Solids-Laden Pills
B
Forms an impermeable filter cake with NaCl Very effective in controlling fluid loss Capable of spanning a wide range of reservoir permeability Bridge solids are water soluble Size salt may dissolve prematurely May be damaging to formation Temperature limitation is function of polymers used Optimal applications is limited to sodium halide CBF Usage in non-sodium CBF can lead to unpredictable bridge solids sizing & dissolution
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types of FLC
Solids Laden Pill
B
Forms an impermeable filter cake Very effective in controlling fluid loss Capable of spanning a wide range of reservoir permeability Bridge solids are highly acid soluble Wider range of density pill available than sized salt pills Acidization is required for removal of bridge solids May be damaging to formation Temperature limitation is a function of polymers used in pill
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types of FLC
Solids Laden Pills
B
Very effective in controlling fluid loss Effective in controlling losses in fracture face and vugular formations due to the fiber like bridge solids PayZone MagmaFiber are acid soluble Wide range of density available, similar to sized carbonate pills Acidization is required to remove bridge solids Residuals of FLC may contribute to formation damage Temperature limitation is a function of polymers used in pill
Disadvantages:
FLC Components
B B B
Polymer Products
B B B B B B B B B B
TETRA Vis HEC polymer TETRA Vis L low concentration liquid HEC product TETRA Vis L Plus High concentration liquid HEC product BioPol - Biopolymer BioPol-L (liquid) Biopolymer BioPol HT High temperature biopolymer PseudoPol (liquid) Synthetic polymer PseudoPol D Synthetic polymer PseudoPol HT High temperature synthetic polymer Payzone HPS Starch for filtrate control
Thermal Extender
B B
PayZone 750
Anti-oxidant Prevents oxidation of polymer
Bridge Solids
B
FILTRATION
Filtration Applications
B
Filtration of CBFs
Removal of suspended solids in brines Removal of fisheye in viscosified pills
Oil Removal
CBF Produced water
Filtration
Clear Brine Fluids
B
In order to maintain the integrity of CBF, fluid filtration is essential Fluid filtration is part of CBFs daily maintenance
Particle Counts Most stringent method utilized by operators with highly sensitive formation
Typically utilize laser particle counters Monitor particle size and concentration Standards utilized by operators can range from specified maximum particle size, minimum particle count reduction and maximum particle concentrations
Pore throat blocking thereby reducing permeability Reduction of overall porosity Contributes to overall loss of net production Plugging of perforations Plugging of slots in liner Plugging of gravel pack Obstruction downhole that may lead to inoperable tools Settlement of solids on packer that could lead problems in removal of packer in workovers. Brine cannot be used as packer fluid Brine cannot be used in another well
Operational problems
0.8
2.5 md
0.6
7.3 md 39.1 md
0.4
0.2
Cummulative Throughput, PV Completion brine contaminated with 100 mg/l hydrated API bentonite through well core samples
Graph illustrates the magnitude in reduction of permeability due to loss of completion brine contaminated with 100 mg/l of solids. The core sample with an initial permeability of 39 md lost more than 80% of its original permeability after a flow of 26 pore volume into the core. The pore volume is fairly low since it is the equivalent measured pore space in the core sample.
PACKER FLUID
1200
1000
800
600
400
15,000 FT (4572 M) 9 5/8 IN CASING 5,000 FT (1,524 M) 7 5/8 IN CASING 2 7/8 IN TUBING
200
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
TETRA C2 Pleated Cellulose Filtration Cartridges TETRA PP2 Polypropylene Filtration Cartridges Resin Bonded Filtration Cartridges
Cartridge Filtration
B
XC polymer HEC polymer Fisheyes are partially or un-hydrated polymer Fisheyes are a source of formation damage
Remove fisheyes