Poetry

(from the Greek poiesis with a broad meaning of a "making", seen also in such terms as "hemopoiesis"; more narrowly, the making of poetry) is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively-informative, prosaicforms of writing. From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more generally regarded as a fundamental creative act employing language.

Types of Poetry
Acrostic: Acrostic poetry is one that contains certain letters, which are usually placed at the beginning of each line. These letters form a message or word when they are read in a sequence. Ballad: This type of poetry is short and narrative and is made up of stanzas of two to four lines. Ballads usually have a refrain. They also deal mostly with folklore or popular trends though some also originate from a wide range of subject matter. The verses in ballads are straight-forward and seldom have any detail. Apart from that, ballads always possess graphic simplicity and force. Blank Verse: A blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. This form is a little like the rhythms of speech. Burlesque: In this kind of poetry a subject that is serious in nature is treated as humor. Cinquain: A cinquain is short poem that is made up of five lines that are usually unrhymed. These five lines contain two, four, six, eight and two syllables respectively. Clerihew: This type of poetry is made up of a comic verse that has two couplets and a specific rhyming scheme. Didactic Poetry: Didactic poems are poems that are written in order to instruct or teach. Epic: This type of poem is long and narrative in nature. It talks about the adventures of a hero. Epics usually deal with the history and traditions of a nation. Epigram: Practiced by poets like Robert Frost, William Blake and Ben Jonson, epigrams are short poems that possess satire. This type of poetry ends with a stinging punchline or humorous retort. Common

forms of epigrams are written as a couplet. Epitaph: A short poem with rhyming lines written on a tombstone in praise of a deceased person is called an epitaph. Elegy: This type of poetry is sad and thoughtful in nature. They talk about the death of an individual. Fable: A poetic story that is made up of verse or prose with a moral at the end is called a fable. In fables, animals are usually used to teach a lesson. Free Verse: Like the name suggests, free verse is poetry that is irregular. This type of poetry has content which is free from the traditional rules of using verse. Ghazal: A Ghazal refers to a poem that contains an odd number chain of couplets. In this scenario each couplet is a poem on it own. In a Ghazal it is natural to put a comma instead of a full stop at the end of the first line. Haiku: Also known by other names such as seasonal or nature haiku, this type of poetry is made up of unrhymed Japanese verse. This verse consists of three unrhymed lines which are then made up of five, seven and five syllables or 17 syllables on the whole. This form of poetry is mostly written in the present tense and lays its focus on nature. Kyrielle: A French form of poetry that is written in quatrains i.e. a 14 line stanza is known as a Kyrielle. In this type of poetry each quatrain is made up of a repeating phrase or line as a refrain. Each line that forms a part of a Kyrielle consists of eight syllables. The rhyming pattern in a Kyrielle depends on the poet. Lanturne: A five-line verse that resembles a Japanese lantern is called a lanturne. This type of poetry has a one, two, three, four, one syllabic pattern. Limerick: This form of poetry originated in Limerick, Ireland and is used to refer to a rhymed humorous poem which is made up of five lines. Monody: A monody is a poem in which a person expresses remorse over anothers death. Monorhyme: In this type of poetry all the lines are made up of the same end rhyme. Nonet: In a nonet there are nine lines of which the first lines had nine syllables, the second eight. This pattern continues until line nine which is made up of only one syllable. Nonets can be written on any subject and rhyming is a matter of choice. Ode: A poem that is written in praise of a place, thing or person, is known as an ode.

Palindrome: Also known as mirrored poetry, a palindrome poem is one that remains the same whether read forwards or backwards. Quatrain: This type of poetry is made up of four lines of verse that have a specific scheme of rhyming. Rispetto: Like the name suggests, a Rispetto is an Italian form of poetry. This form is poetry is a complete poem that has two rhyme quatrains that have a strict meter. Sonnet: A poem that is made up of 14 lines and a particular rhyming scheme is called a sonnet. Tanka: The tanka is a form of Japanese poetry that is related to the haiku. This type of poetry is made five unrhymed lines that have the following number of syllables, five, seven, five, seven and seven syllables. Verse: This word is used to refer to a single line of metrical poetry. Villanelle: The villanelle is poem that is made up of 19 lines. These lines consist of five tercets as also a final quatrain on two rhymes. In the first tercet the first as well as the third lines repeat alternatively as a refrain. This closes the succeeding stanzas and is joined as the final couplet of the quatrain.

Elements of poetry
Meter The basic structure of a poem is better known as meter. This poetry structures form comes in after the symbolism and theme of the poem has been finalized. This basic structure of a poem is important in every line. A piece of poetry comprises of sub units and the each unit conveys a thought successfully. Theme The theme of the poem talks about the central idea, the thought behind what the poet wants to convey. A theme can be anything from a description about a person or thing, a thought or even a story. In short a theme stands for whatever the poem is about. Symbolism A poem often conveys feelings, thoughts and ideas using symbols, this technique is known as symbolism. A symbol in poetry can stand for anything and makes the reader take a systematic approach which helps him/her look at things in a different light. A symbol is a poetry style that is usually thought of in the beginning. Rhythm

Rhythm is important for a piece of poetry to flow freely. This element of poetry refers to the music that the statements of a poem make. To better understand this resonation of words along with the sounds and music produced it is important to read a poem out loud. Rhyme A poem may either have this poetry structure form or it may not. A poem that rhymes has in its structure the last words of the line matching each other in some form. For instance the last words of the first and second lines would rhyme or the first and third or the second and forth. Similar sounding words are what constitute rhyme for example cat and mat, house and mouse. This poetry style is not present in free verse prose. Alliteration Usually used for sound effect, this element of poetry is made up of several words in a line that begin with the same word. To understand this better we can take the example of M where the line goes "musical melody of the music minstrels." Simile A simile is used to add to the beauty of a piece of poetry. This is done with the use of "as" or "like" to make comparisons as to make the lines more understandable and expressive. Let us take for instance a line which goes "her laughter was like a babbling brook," here the poet compares her laughter to a brook which makes the idea clear and interesting. The simile is an optional and yet an important element of poetry Metaphor This term is used to describe another way of making comparisons in poetry. Using this poetry structure form the comparisons are more complex. This element may or may not be used by a poet in his poetry.

Example of poertry
***Unicorn*** I watched her go into valley Once I followed I saw many enchantments My promise not to reveal I know why she smiles It is the hidden beauty Seen through faultless eyes

Narrative
(or story) is any account that presents connected events,[1] and may be organized into various categories: non-fiction (e.g. New Journalism, creative non-fiction,biographies, and historiography); fictionalized accounts of historical events (e.g. anecdotes, myths, and legends); and fiction proper (i.e. literature in prose, such as short storiesand novels, and sometimes in poetry and drama, although in drama the events are primarily being shown instead of told). Narrative is found in all forms of human creativity and art, including speech, writing, songs, film, television, video games, photography, theatre, and visual arts such as painting, with the modern art movements refusing the narrative in favour of the abstract and conceptual) that describes a sequence of events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to tell", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled".

Types of narrative
Captivity narrative the protagonist is captured and describes his experience with the other culture Epic poem a lengthy story of heroic exploits in the form of a poem Fable a story that teaches a lesson, often using animal characters that behave like people Fantasy a story about characters that may not be realistic and about events that could not really happen Folk tale an old story that reveals the customs of a culture Historical fiction stories about characters who might have lived in the past and about events that might have really happened in history, with some made up details and events Legend a story that is based on fact but often includes exaggerations about the hero Myth an ancient story often meant to explain the mysteries of life or nature Play a story that is told mostly through dialogue and is meant to be performed on stage Quest narrative the characters must achieve a goal. This includes some illness narratives Realistic fiction stories that portray characters and settings that could exist in real life, as well as events that could happen in real life Short story a brief story that usually focuses on one character and one event Tall tale a humorous story that tells about impossible happenings, exaggerating the accomplishment of the hero News - an information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience Biography - a detailed description or account of someone's life

Elements of narrative
Setting - Where the story takes place; usually every scene has a change of setting. Character - Description of the character and a little of their background. Plot - The series of events that unfold in the story. Conflict - The struggle between two opposing forces.

Climax - The strongest part of the story, where the conflict builds up to the emotional peak. Resolution - Where the conflict is resolved.

Example of narrative
Once upon a time, there was a man who was living in north Sumatra. He lived in a simple hut in a farming field. The did some gardening and fishing for his daily life. One day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. It was the biggest catch which he ever had in his life. Surprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful princess. He felt in love with her and proposed her to be his wife. She said; "Yes, but you have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret that I was once a fish, otherwise there will be a huge disaster". The man made the deal and they got married, lived happily and had a daughter. Few years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields. One day, his daughter was so hungry and she ate his fathers lunch. Unfortunately, he found out and got furious, and shouted; You damned daughter of a fish. The daughter ran home and asked her mother. The mother started crying, felt sad that her husband had broke his promise. Then she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to come. When her daughter left, she prayed. Soon there was a big earthquake followed by non-stop pouring rain. The whole area got flooded and became Toba Lake. She turned into a fish again and the man became the island of Samosir.

Drama
is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.[1] The term comes from a Greek word "dran" meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , drama), which is derived from "to do" or "to act" (Classical Greek: , dra). The enactment of drama in theatre, performed byactors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever sinceAristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BCE)the earliest work of dramatic theory.

Types of drama

Comedy-When we talk about comedy, we usually refer to plays that are light in tone, and that typically have happy endings. The intent of a comedic play is to make the audience laugh. In modern theater, there are many different styles of comedy, ranging from realistic stories, where the humor is derived from real-life situations, to outrageous slapstick humor. Tragedy- is one of the oldest forms of drama; however, its meaning has changed since the earliest days of staged plays. In ancient times, a tragedy was often an historical dramas featuring the downfall of a great man. In modern theater, the definition is a bit looser. Tragedy usually involves serious subject matter and the death of one or more main characters. These plays rarely have a happy ending. Farce- is a sub-category of comedy, characterized by greatly exaggerated characters and situations. Characters tend to be one-dimensional and often follow stereotypical behavior. Farces typically involve mistaken identities, lots of physical comedy and outrageous plot twists. Melodrama- is another type of exaggerated drama. As in farce, the characters tend to be simplified and one-dimensional. The formulaic storyline of the classic melodrama typically involves a villain a heroine, and a hero who must rescue the heroine from the villain. Musical-In musical theater, the story is told not only through dialogue and acting but through music and dance. Musicals are often comedic, although many do involve serious subject matter. Most involve a large cast and lavish sets and costumes.

Elements of drama
Audience The fact of a live audience also has an important impact on the way plays are created. The essential feature of an audience involves the fact that they have, at a single instant, a common experience; they have assembled for the explicit purpose of seeing a play. Drama not only plays before a live audience of real people who respond directly and immediately to it, but drama is also conceived by the author with the expectation of a specific response. Authors calculate for the effect of a community of watchers rather than for the silent response. With this in mind, most plays written deal with topics that are timely.

Dialogue Dialogue provides the substance of a play. Each word uttered by the character furthers the business of the play, contributes to its effect as a whole. Therefore, a sense of DECORUM must be established by the characters, i.e., what is said is appropriate to the role and situation of a character. Also the exposition of the play often falls on the dialogue of the characters. Remember exposition establishes the relationships, tensions or conflicts from which later plot developments derive. Plot The interest generated by the plot varies for different kinds of plays. (See fiction elements on plot for more information regarding plot.) The plot is usually structured with acts and scenes. Open conflict plays: rely on the suspense of a struggle in which the hero, through perhaps fight a against all odds, is not doomed. Dramatic thesis: foreshadowing, in the form of ominous hints or symbolic incidents, conditions the audience to expect certain logical developments. Coincidence: sudden reversal of fortune plays depict climatic ironies or misunderstandings. Dramatic irony: the fulfillment of a plan, action, or expectation in a surprising way, often opposite of what was intended.

Stagecraft The stage creates its effects in spite of, and in part because of, definite physical limitations. Setting and action tend to be suggestive rather than panoramic or colossal. Both setting and action may be little more than hints for the spectator to fill out. Convention The means the playwright employs are determined at least in part by dramatic convention. Genres Just a there are various types of novels, i.e., western, romance, science fiction, there are different genres of plays. While it is difficult at times to place many latter day plays into a specific genre, seeing the attributes will enable the reader to understand the particular play better. Tragedy: In classic tragedy and the modern problem play, tragedy is a play in which a central character faces, and is finally defeated by, some overwhelming threat or disaster. The hero or heroine is an active participant in the event through a tragic flaw, a shortcoming of the protagonist, i.e., pride, rashness, indecision. This reinforces the emphasis on action derived from character, which explains the psychological and moral interest of much great drama. Another common type of

tragedy focuses not on how the protagonist brings about but on how he meets his fate. Tragedy so defined celebrates the triumph of the human spirit over physical necessity. Comedy: Different kinds of comedy illustrate different ways a playwright may leaven grim truth with humor or temper the playful with the serious. Traditionally comedy is defined as a play that bestows on its characters good fortune, or more popularly, a happy ending. It may deal with the loves and jealousies of the young, and the reluctance other elders to give their blessings or the necessary funds. Characterization A playwright's success ultimately depends on his ability to create a character that an actor can "bring to life." The playwright's ability to match the PROTAGONIST against an ANTAGONIST of some complexity and vitality can make the difference between a success and failure. Idiom, a character' personal thoughts and feelings as reflected through dialogue.

Example of drama
(Romeo and Juliet) One day,Romeo heard there was going to be a feasteval at the house of Capulet.He decided to go,but no one would know who he was,When Romeo arrived there,he looked around the room,and caught sight of a girl so beautiful that he could think of nothing else.When he found out that she was Juliet Capulet's daughter,he was stunned and fell in love.Juliet also fell in love with the young man.When she heard that he was Romeo,the only soon of Montague,she could hardly belive her misfortune."My only love sprung from my only hate!"she said. Later that night,Romeo was walking past the Capulets garden when he suddenly stopped. "Can I go forward when my love is here?"He decided to climb over the wall and meet with Juliet.Then he saw her standing on the balcony.Juliet had not seen him."Romeo,Romeo!"She said to herself."why are you Romeo?Refuse your name and I'll no longer be a Capulet".Romeo was filled with joy. Romeo and Juliet Confessed their love to each other and married in secret the very next day. While Romeo was coming back from the secret wedding,he came across Tybalt,Juliet's cousin,who had argued with Romeo's friend Mercutio.In the fight that followed ,Tybalt killed Mercutio and then fell dead from Romeo's sword.Romeo had to escape from Verona. Juliet's parents told her that she should marry another man.Filled with despair,Juliet went to the priestwho had married them to ask for help.He had a plan. He would make her sleep for forty hours.Her family would think she had died.Meanwhile,the priest would send a letter informing Romeo,who would then take Juliet away with him.

Essay
is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea.

Types of essay
Persuasive Essay Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting experts. Narrative Essay As a mode of expository writing, the narrative approach, more than any other, offers writers a chance to think and write about themselves. We all have experiences lodged in our memories, which are worthy of sharing with readers. Yet sometimes they are so fused with other memories that a lot of the time spent in writing narrative is in the prewriting stage. Expository Essay The purpose of an expository essay is to present, completely and fairly, other people's views or to report about an event or a situation. Expository writing, or exposition, presents a subject in detail, apart from criticism, argument, or development; i.e., the writer elucidates a subject by analyzing it. Such writing is discourse designed to convey information or explain what is difficult to understand. Exposition usually proceeds by the orderly analysis of parts and the use of familiar illustrations or analogies. Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you do not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion

Descriptive essay One of the ways to classify essays.This essay shows place, building, object, etc., as the author sees or imagines it.

Elements of essay
IDEA: the general proposition or thesis that your essay argues about its TOPIC, whether it's spelled out fully at the start or revealed gradually. It should be (1) true, but (2) arguable--not obviously true, and (3) limited enough in scope to be argued in a short composition and with available evidence. (In the early stages, you might think of your idea as a HYPOTHESIS, to help keep it open to change as you test it in drafting.) MOTIVE: a reason for writing, suggested at the start of the essay and echoed throughout, establishing why you thought the topic needed taking up and why the reader should care (the "so what" factor). Perhaps the truth isn't what one would expect, or what it might appear to be on first reading there's an interesting wrinkle in the matter, a complexity the standard opinion of this work (as great, or as -dull or minor) needs challenging there's a contradiction, or paradox, or tension here that needs some sorting out there's an ambiguity here, something unclear, that could mean two or more things there's a mystery or puzzle here, a question that presents itself we can learn something interesting about a larger phenomenon by studying this smaller one there's a published view of this that's mistaken, or needs qualifying he published views conflict this seemingly tangential or insignificant matter is actually interesting, or important and so on.

STRUCTURE: the shape your idea takes, the sequence of sub-topics and sections through which it is unfolded and developed. This happens by the complementary activities of CONVINCING your reader and EXPLORING your topic. Convincing requires you to push forward insistently, marshalling evidence for your idea, in a firm, logical structure of clear sections--each section proving further the truth of the idea.

Exploring requires you to slow down and contemplate the various aspects of your topic--its complications, difficulties, alternatives to your view, assumptions, backgrounds, asides, nuances and implications.

The challenge is to make your essay's structure firm and clear while still allowing for complication--without making it feel mechanical or like a laundry list. (Just as you might think of your idea, at the draft stage, as a hypothesis, you might think of your structure, when it's a provisional outline of sections, as merely a plan.)

EVIDENCE: the facts or details, summarized or quoted, that you use to support, demonstrate, and prove your main idea and sub-ideas. Evidence needs to be ample and concrete--enough quotation and vivid summary so readers can experience the texture of the work, its sound and feel, so they feel able to judge your analysis explicitly connected to the idea--so it's always clear exactly what inference is being made from the evidence, exactly how the details support the idea or sub-idea. EXPLANATION: bits of background information, summary, context to orient the reader who isn't familiar with the text you're discussing. This includes essential plot information precise locating of scene or comment (e.g. "in the opening scene/ the climactic scene/ the opening volley, where the protagonist/ where the author/ where the critic wonders, considers, proposes...., we find....) setting up a quotation, telling who's speaking it, in what context, and what the reader should be listening for in it. COHERENCE: smooth flow of argument created by transition sentences that show how the next paragraph or section follows from the preceding one, thus sustaining momentum echoing key words or resonant phrases quoted or stated earlier.

IMPLICATION: places where you speculate on the general significance of your particular analysis of a particular text; you suggest what issues your argument raises about the author's work generally, or about works of its kind (e.g. all short stories), or about the way fiction or criticism works, etc. PRESENCE: the sensation of life in the writing, of a mind invested in and focused on a subject, freely directing and developing the essay--not surrendering control (out of laziness or fear) to easy ideas, sentiments, or stock phrases.

Example of essay
(descriptive essay) TRIP TO A BOWLING TOURNAMENT The bowling tournament is a place where one would expect such excitement and nervousness. This could be carried as one would enter the venue and would start to hear the bowling pins throwing their bodies against one another and the hard floor as they got pinned down starting with the heavy thud of the ball.