Typify

verb ( typi fies , typi fy ing , typi fied , typi fied ) ( not usually used in the progressive tenses ) 1 ~ sth to be a typical example of sth clothes that typify the 1960s the new style of politician, typified by the Prime Minister 2 ~ sth to be a typical feature of sth the haunting guitar melodies that typify the band's music

Gratification
noun [ uncountable , countable ] ( formal ) the state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; sth that gives you pleasure satisfaction sexual gratification A feed will usually provide instant gratification to a crying baby. Much to my gratification, my work got a special mention in her speech.

Ruminate
verb [ intransitive , transitive ] ~ (on/over/about sth) | + speech ( formal ) to think deeply about sth ponder ru min ation /noun [ countable , uncountable ]

Fastidious
adjective 1 being careful that every detail of sth is correct meticulous Everything was planned in fastidious detail. He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day. 2 ( sometimes disapproving ) not liking things to be dirty or untidy She wasn't very fastidious about personal hygiene. fas tidi ous ly / adverb fas tidi ous ness / noun [ uncountable ]

poise

noun, verb

noun [ uncountable ] 1 a calm and confident manner with control of your feelings or behaviour His performance was full of maturity and poise. She seemed embarrassed for a moment but quickly recovered her poise. 2 the ability to move or stand in an elegant way with good control of your body verb [ intransitive , transitive ] to be or hold sth steady in a particular position, especially above sth else + adv./prep. The hawk poised in mid-air ready to swoop.

~ sth/yourself to do sth He was poising himself to launch a final attack. ~ sth/yourself + adv./prep. She poised the javelin in her hand before the throw.

poised
adjective 1 [ not before noun ] in a position that is completely still but is ready to move at any moment ~ (on, above, over, etc. sth) Tina was tense, her hand poised over the telephone. He stopped writing and looked at me, pen poised. ~ to do sth The cat crouched in the grass, poised to jump. 2 [ not before noun ] ~ (in, on, above, etc. sth) in a position that is balanced but likely to change in one direction or another The cup was poised on the edge of the chair. ( figurative ) The world stood poised between peace and war. 3 [ not before noun ] completely ready for sth or to do sth set ~ for sth The economy is poised for recovery. ~ to do sth The British team is poised to win the title. Kate is poised to become the highest-paid supermodel in the fashion world. 4 having a calm and confident manner and in control of your feelings and behaviour assured He is a remarkably poised young man.

dogged
adjective [ usually before noun ] ( approving ) showing determination; not giving up easily tenacious dogged determination/persistence their dogged defence of the city dog ged ly / BrE ddli ; NAmE ddli / adverb tenaciously Although the men fought doggedly on, a sense of hopeless despair engulfed them. dog ged ness / BrE ddns ; NAmE ddns / noun [ uncountable ] tenacity

Condescend
verb

1 [ transitive ] ~ to do sth ( often disapproving ) to do sth that you think it is below your social or
professional position to do deign We had to wait almost an hour before he condescended to see us. 2 [ intransitive ] ~ to sb to behave towards sb as though you are more important and more intelligent than they are When giving a talk, be careful not to condescend to your audience. con des cen sion /noun [ uncountable ] Her smile was a mixture of pity and condescension. She gave me some friendly advice without a trace of condescension.

Impertinent
adjective rude and not showing respect for sb who is older or more important impolite an impertinent question/child Would it be impertinent to ask why you're leaving? im per tin ence / noun [ uncountable , countable , usually singular ] She had the impertinence to ask my age! im per tin ent ly/ adverb

im per turb able

adjective ( formal ) not easily upset or worried by a difficult situation; calm His normally imperturbable secretary burst into tears. im per turb ability / noun [ uncountable ] im per turb ably/ adverb

Protectorate
noun

1 [ countable ] a country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country

a British protectorate compare colony 2 [ uncountable ] the state or period of being controlled and protected by another country

Coercive
adjective ( formal ) using force or the threat of force coercive measures/powers

Collusion
Noun [ uncountable ] ( formal , disapproving ) secret agreement especially in order to do sth dishonest or to trick people The police were corrupt and were operating in collusion with the drug dealers. There was collusion between the two witnesses (= they gave the same false evidence). col lu sive / adjective There is a secret collusive relationship between politics and the media which the outside world rarely glimpses.

Affiliate
Verb

verb, noun

1 [transitive,usually passive] ~ sb/sth (with/to sb/sth) to link a group, a company or an organization very closely with another, larger one The hospital is affiliated with the local university. The group is not affiliated to any political party. 2 [transitive,intransitive] ~ (yourself) (with sb/sth) to join, to be connected with, or to work for an organization The majority of people questioned affiliated themselves with a religious group. The doctors are affiliated with the Relief Fund.

noun a company, an organization, etc. that is connected with or controlled by another, larger one an affiliate of the World Bank

Fraudulent
adjective ( formal ) intended to cheat sb, usually in order to make money illegally fraudulent advertising fraudulent insurance claims fraudu lence / noun [ uncountable ] fraudu lent ly / adverb charged with fraudulently obtaining a bank loan

Conformity
noun [ uncountable ] ~ (to/with sth) ( formal ) behaviour or actions that follow the accepted rules of society in conformity with sth following the rules of sth; conforming to sth regulations that are in conformity with European law

Pursuant
adjective ~ to sth ( formal or law ) according to or following sth, especially a rule or law in accordance with A complaint was made pursuant to section 13 of the Act of 1987.

Obligation
noun

1 [uncountable] ~ (to do sth) the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc You are under no obligation to buy anything. She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth. I don't want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation. We will send you an estimate for the work without obligation (= you do not have to accept it). 2 [countable] something which you must do because you have promised, because of a law, etc. commitment to fulfil your legal/professional/financial obligations They reminded him of his contractual obligations. ~ to do sth We have a moral obligation to protect the environment.

Substantial
Adjective 1 large in amount, value or importance considerable

substantial sums of money a substantial change Substantial numbers of people support the reforms. He ate a substantial breakfast. There are substantial differences between the two groups. Their share of the software market is substantial. 2 [usually before noun] (formal) large and solid; strongly built a substantial house a street of substantial Victorian villas

Addendum
Noun ( pl. ad denda / BrE dend ; NAmE dend / ) ( formal ) a section of extra information that is added to sth, especially to a book

Prospective
Adjective [ usually before noun ] 1 expected to do sth or to become sth potential a prospective buyer 2 expected to happen soon forthcoming They are worried about prospective changes in the law.

Deem
verb ~ sth + noun/adj. | ~ sth to be sth | (Formal) ( not usually used in the progressive tenses ) to have a particular opinion about sth consider The evening was deemed a great success. I deem it an honour to be invited. She deemed it prudent not to say anything. They would take any action deemed necessary .

Receipt
Noun

1 ( NAmE also sales slip ) [ countable ] ~ (for sth) a piece of paper that shows that goods or services have been paid for Can I have a receipt, please? to make out (= write) a receipt 2 [uncountable] ~ (of sth) (formal) the act of receiving sth to acknowledge receipt of a letter The goods will be dispatched on receipt of an order form. Are you in receipt of any state benefits? 3 receipts [ plural ] ( business ) money that a business, bank or government receives net/gross receipts

Discretion
Noun [Uncountable]

1 the freedom or power to decide what should be done in a particular situation

I'll leave it up to you to use your discretion. How much to tell terminally ill patients is left to the discretion of the doctor. 2 care in what you say or do, in order to keep sth secret or to avoid causing embarrassment to or difficulty for sb; the quality of being discreet This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion. Jane is the soul of discretion (= you can trust her). Use the utmost discretion when you talk to her. compare indiscretion at sb's discretion according to what sb decides or wishes to do Bail is granted at the discretion of the court. There is no service charge and tipping is at your discretion. discretion is the better part of valour ( saying ) you should avoid danger and not take unnecessary risks

Consortium
noun ( pl. con sor tiums or con sor tia ) a group of people, countries, companies, etc. who are working together on a particular project the Anglo-French consortium that built the Channel Tunnel Our company forms part of a consortium of local businesses working for environmental change.

Forfeit
verb

verb, noun, adjective

~ sth to lose sth or have sth taken away from you because you have done sth wrong If you cancel your flight, you will forfeit your deposit. He has forfeited his right to be taken seriously. noun something that a person has to pay, or sth that is taken from them, because they have done sth wrong adjective [ not before noun ] ( formal ) taken away from sb as a punishment

Invoke
verb

1 ~ sth (against sb) to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing sth
It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked. 2 ~ sb/sth to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for sth She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument. 3 ~ sth to mention sb's name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution. 4 ~ sb to make a request (for help) to sb, especially a god 5 ~ sth to make sb have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene evoke

The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.
Some people think this use is not correct.

6 ~ sth ( computing ) to begin to run a program, etc

This command will invoke the HELP system. 7 ~ sb/sth to make evil appear by using magic

Discrepancy
Noun ( pl. dis crep ancies ) [ countable , uncountable ] a difference between two or more things that should be the same ~ (in sth) wide discrepancies in prices quoted for the work ~ (between A and B) What are the reasons for the discrepancy between girls' and boys' performance in school?

Indelible
adjective 1 impossible to forget or remove permanent The experience made an indelible impression on me. Her unhappy childhood left an indelible mark. 2 ( of ink, pens, etc. ) leaving a mark that cannot be removed permanent an indelible marker in del ibly adverb That day is stamped indelibly on my memory.

Duly
adverb 1 ( formal ) in the correct or expected manner The document was duly signed by the inspector. 2 at the expected and correct time They duly arrived at 9.30 in spite of torrential rain.

Interlineations: (noun) Correction or alteration by writing between the lines

Stipulate
verb ( formal ) to state clearly and firmly that sth must be done, or how it must be done specify ~ sth A delivery date is stipulated in the contract. The job advertisement stipulates that the applicant must have three years' experience. The policy stipulates what form of consent is required. stipu la tion noun [ countable , uncountable ] The only stipulation is that the topic you choose must be related to your studies.

Integrate
verb

1 [ intransitive , transitive ] to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with sth else in this way ~ into/with sth These programs will integrate with your existing software. ~ A (into/with B) | ~ A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software. 2 [ intransitive , transitive ] to become or make sb become accepted as a member of a social group, especially when they come from a different culture ~ (into/with sth) They have not made any effort to integrate with the local community. ~ sb (into/with sth) The policy is to integrate children with special needs into ordinary schools.

Integrated
adjective [ usually before noun ] in which many different parts are closely connected and work successfully together an integrated programme of patient care an integrated transport system (= including buses, trains, taxis, etc.) an integrated school (= attended by students of all races and religions)

Methodology
noun ( pl. meth od ologies ) [ countable , uncountable ] ( formal ) a set of methods and principles used to perform a particular activity recent changes in the methodology of language teaching research methodologies meth odo logic aladjective [ usually before noun ] methodological problems meth odo logic al ly adverb

Portfolio
Noun (Pl. port folios ) 1 a thin flat case used for carrying documents, drawings, etc. 2 a collection of photographs, drawings, etc. that you use as an example of your work, especially when applying for a job She spent most of last year getting her portfolio together. 3 (finance) a set of shares owned by a particular person or organization an investment/share portfolio a portfolio manager 4 ( formal , especially BrE ) the particular area of responsibility of a government minister the defence portfolio a ministerial portfolio She resigned her portfolio. He was asked to join as a minister without portfolio (= one without responsibility for a particular government department). 5 the range of products or services offered by a particular company or organization a portfolio of wines

Ancillary
adjective ~ (to sth) 1 providing necessary support to the main work or activities of an organization auxiliary ancillary staff/services/equipment ancillary workers in the health service such as cooks and cleaners 2 in addition to sth else but not as important ancillary rights

Integrity
noun [ uncountable ] 1 the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles personal/professional/artistic integrity to behave with integrity a man of great integrity 2 ( formal ) the state of being whole and not divided unity to respect the territorial integrity of the nation

Remediation
noun [ uncountable ] ( NAmE ) the process of improving sth or correcting sth that is wrong, especially changing or stopping damage to the environment remediation of contaminated soil remediate / verb : ~ sth ( NAmE ) The problems need to be detected and remediated quickly. Plants can remediate contaminated soil. a course designed to remediate English and math skills

Blend
verb

verb, noun

1 [ transitive ] to mix two or more substances together

~ A with B Blend the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste. ~ A and B (together) Blend together the eggs, sugar and flour. 2 [ intransitive ] to form a mixture with sth ~ with sth Oil does not blend with water. ~ (together) Oil and water do not blend. 3 [ intransitive , transitive ] to combine with sth in an attractive or effective way; to combine sth in this way ~ (sth) (together) The old and new buildings blend together perfectly. ~ sth (and/with sth) Their music blends traditional and modern styles.

blended whisky/tea blend in (with sth/sb) if sth blends in , it is similar to its surroundings or matches its surroundings Choose curtains that blend in with your decor. The thieves soon blended in with the crowd and got away. blend sth in ( in cooking ) to add another substance and mix it in with the others Beat the butter and sugar; then blend in the egg. blend into sth to look so similar to the background that it is difficult for you to see it separately He blended into the crowd. noun

4 [ transitive , usually passive ] ~ sth to produce sth by mixing different types together

1 a mixture of different types of the same thing

a blend of tea 2 [ usually singular ] a pleasant or useful combination of different things a blend of youth and experience

Assess
verb

1 to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/sth ~ sb/sth It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes. to assess a patient's needs Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates. ~ sb/sth as sth The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers. I'd assess your chances as low. The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving. We are trying to assess how well the system works. 2 to calculate the amount or value of sth estimate ~ sth They have assessed the amount of compensation to be paid. ~ sth at sth Damage to the building was assessed at 40000. as sess able / adjective

Per tinent
adjective ( formal ) appropriate to a particular situation relevant a pertinent question/fact ~ to sth Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion. per tin ent ly / BrE ptnntli ; NAmE prtnntli / adverb The report examines the causes of rising unemployment, and, more pertinently, offers some solutions. per tin ence / noun [ uncountable ]

Embark
verb [ intransitive , transitive ] ( formal ) to get onto a ship; to put sth onto a ship We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. ~ sb/sth They embarked the troops by night. disembark em bark ation /noun [ uncountable , countable ] Embarkation will be at 14:20 hours. embark on/upon sth ( formal ) to start to do sth new or difficult She is about to embark on a diplomatic career. Remember these basic rules before embarking upon major home improvements.

Envisage
( NAmE usually en vis ion ) verb to imagine what will happen in the future ~ sth What level of profit do you envisage? ~ (sb) doing sth I can't envisage her coping with this job. I don't envisage working with him again. It is envisaged that the talks will take place in the spring. I envisage that the work will be completed next year. It is difficult to envisage how people will react.

Foster
Verb

verb, adjective

1 [transitive] ~ sth to encourage sth to develop encourage, promote The club's aim is to foster better relations within the community. 2 [transitive,intransitive] ~ (sb) (especially BrE) to take another person's child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years. We couldn't adopt a child, so we decided to foster. compare adopt Adjective [ only before noun ] used with some nouns in connection with the fostering of a child a foster mother/father/family foster parents a foster child a foster home foster care

Entity
noun ( pl. en tities ) ( formal ) something that exists separately from other things and has its own identity The unit has become part of a larger department and no longer exists as a separate entity . These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity .

Construe
verb [ usually passive ] ( formal ) to understand the meaning of a word, a sentence, or an action in a particular way interpret ~ sth He considered how the remark was to be construed. ~ sth as sth Her words could hardly be construed as an apology.

Expropriate
verb

1 ~ sth ( formal or law ) ( of a government or an authority ) to officially take away private property from its owner for public use 2 ~ sth ( formal ) to take sb's property and use it without permission ex pro pri ation /noun [uncountable ]

Remittance
noun

1 [ countable ] ( formal ) a sum of money that is sent to sb in order to pay for sth Please return the completed form with your remittance. 2 [ uncountable ] the act of sending money to sb in order to pay for sth payment Remittance can be made by cheque or credit card. Many countries place restrictions on the remittance of currency abroad. The goods will be dispatched on remittance of (= when you have sent) the full amount.

Repatriate
verb

1 ~ sb ( formal ) to send or bring sb back to their own country The refugees were forcibly repatriated. The insurance will cover the costs of repatriating you and your family in the case of an accident. 2 ~ sth ( business ) to send money or profits back to your own country An agreement between the countries enables companies to repatriate their profits freely. re pat ri ation noun [ uncountable , countable ] the repatriation of immigrants/profits a voluntary repatriation programme

Thereto
adverb ( law or formal ) to the thing mentioned The lease entitles the holder to use the buildings and any land attached thereto.

thereunder
adverb ( law or formal ) under the thing mentioned This savings plan is only available under the Finance Act 1990 and any regulations made thereunder.

Thereupon
adverb ( formal ) 1 immediately after the situation mentioned; as a direct result of the situation mentioned The audience thereupon rose cheering to their feet. 2 on the thing mentioned a large notice with black letters printed thereupon

Protocol
noun

1 [uncountable] a system of fixed rules and formal behavior used at official meetings, usually between governments a breach of protocol the protocol of diplomatic visits 2 [countable] (technical) the first or original version of an agreement, especially a treaty between countries, etc; an extra part added to an agreement or treaty the first Geneva Protocol It is set out in a legally binding protocol which forms part of the treaty. 3 [countable] (computing) a set of rules that control the way data is sent between computers 4 [countable] (technical) a plan for performing a scientific experiment or medical treatment

Transaction
Noun

1 [countable] ~ (between A and B) a piece of business that is done between people, especially an act of buying or selling deal financial transactions between companies commercial transactions 2 [uncountable] ~ of sth ( formal ) the process of doing sth the transaction of government business

Virtue
noun

1 [ uncountable ] ( formal ) behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards He led a life of virtue. She was certainly no paragon of virtue! 2 [ countable ] a particular good quality or habit Patience is not one of her virtues, I'm afraid. As a politician, he always emphasized the virtues of compromise and conciliation. 3 [ countable , uncountable ] an attractive or useful quality advantage The plan has the virtue of simplicity. He was extolling the virtues of the Internet. They could see no virtue in discussing it further. by/in virtue of sth ( formal ) by means of or because of sth She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.

make a virtue of necessity to manage to gain an advantage from sth that you have to do and cannot avoid She decided to make a virtue of necessity and combined a business trip to Paris with a visit to her cousins there. virtue is its own reward ( saying ) the reward for acting in a moral or correct way is the knowledge that you have done so, and you should not expect more than this, for example praise from other people or payment

Confer
verb ( -rr- ) ( formal ) 1 [ intransitive ] ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) to discuss sth with sb, in order to exchange opinions or get advice He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth (on/upon sb) to give sb an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2009.

Revoke
verb ~ sth ( formal ) to officially cancel sth so that it is no longer valid

Levy

noun, verb

noun ( pl. levies ) ~ (on sth) an extra amount of money that has to be paid, especially as a tax to the government to put/impose a levy on oil imports verb ( lev ies , levy ing , lev ied , lev ied ) ~ sth (on sb/sth) to use official authority to demand and collect a payment, tax, etc a tax levied by the government on excess company profits

Breach noun, verb noun ( formal ) 1 [ countable , uncountable ] ~ of sth a failure to do sth that must be done by law a breach of contract/copyright/warranty They are in breach of Article 119. ( BrE ) (a) breach of the peace (= the crime of behaving in a noisy or violent way in public) Selling goods constituted a breach of regulation 10B. 2 [ countable , uncountable ] ~ of sth an action that breaks an agreement to behave in a particular way a breach of confidence/trust a breach of security (= when sth that is normally protected is no longer secure) 3 [ countable ] a break in a relationship between people or countries a breach in Franco-German relations 4 [ countable ] an opening that is created during a military attack or by strong winds or seas

They escaped through a breach in the wire fence. A breach in the mountain wall permits warm sea air to penetrate inland. see step into the breach at step v. verb ( formal ) 1 ~ sth to not keep to an agreement or not keep a promise break The government is accused of breaching the terms of the treaty. 2 ~ sth to make a hole in a wall, fence, etc. so that sb/sth can go through it The dam had been breached. Demonstrators breached police lines around the embassy.

Quorum
noun [ singular ] the smallest number of people who must be at a meeting before it can begin or decisions can be made If a quorum is not present, the meeting must be adjourned.

Adjourn
verb [ intransitive , transitive , often passive ] ( formal ) to stop a meeting or an official process, especially a trial, for a period of time The court adjourned for lunch. ~ sth The trial has been adjourned until next week. The chairman may adjourn the meeting at any time. ad journ ment / noun [ countable , uncountable ] The judge granted us a short adjournment. adjourn to ( formal or humorous ) to go to another place, especially in order to relax I suggest we adjourn to the bar for a drink.

Convene
verb ( formal ) 1 [ transitive ] ~ sth to arrange for people to come together for a formal meeting to convene a meeting A Board of Inquiry was convened immediately after the accident. 2 [ intransitive ] to come together for a formal meeting The committee will convene at 11.30 next Thursday.

Confiscate
verb ~ sth to officially take sth away from sb, especially as a punishment Their land was confiscated after the war. The teacher threatened to confiscate their phones if they kept using them in class. con fis ca tion / noun [ uncountable , countable ] If found guilty of this crime they face heavy fines, confiscation of goods and even imprisonment.

Deterrent

noun ~ (to sb/sth) a thing that makes sb less likely to do sth (= that deters them) Hopefully his punishment will act as a deterrent to others. the country's nuclear deterrents (= nuclear weapons that are intended to stop an enemy from attacking) de ter rence noun [ uncountable ] : ( formal ) His view is that prison sentences must be long enough to satisfy the requirements both of retribution and deterrence. de ter rent adjective a deterrent effect

Crusade
noun

noun, verb

1 ~ (for/against sth) | ~ (to do sth) a long and determined effort to achieve sth that you believe to be right or to stop sth that you believe to be wrong campaign to lead a crusade against crime a moral crusade a crusade to give terminally ill people the right to die 2 ( sometimes Crusade ) any of the wars fought in Palestine by European Christian countries against the Muslims in the Middle Ages verb [ intransitive ] to make a long and determined effort to achieve sth that you believe to be right or to stop sth you believe to be wrong campaign

Crusader
noun a person who takes part in a crusade moral crusaders

Purview
noun within/outside the purview of sth ( formal ) within the limits of what a person, an organization, etc. is responsible for; dealt with by a document, law, etc.

Bureaucracy
noun ( pl. bur eau cracies ) 1 [ uncountable ] ( often disapproving ) the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated unnecessary/excessive bureaucracy We need to reduce paperwork and bureaucracy in the company. 2 [ uncountable , countable ] a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with such a system the power of the state bureaucracy living in a modern bureaucracy

Bureaucrat
noun ( often disapproving )

an official working in an organization or a government department, especially one who follows the rules of the department too strictly

Bureaucratic
adjective ( often disapproving ) connected with a bureaucracy or bureaucrats and involving complicated official rules which may seem unnecessary bureaucratic power/control/procedures/organizations The report revealed a great deal of bureaucratic inefficiency. centralized bureaucratic administration bur eau crat ic al ly adverb

( also sy phon ) noun, verb noun a tube that is used for moving liquid from one container to another, using pressure from the atmosphere verb 1 ~ sth (+ adv./prep.) to move a liquid from one container to another, using a siphon I siphoned the gasoline out of the car into a can. The waste liquid needs to be siphoned off. 2 ~ sth (+ adv./prep.) ( informal ) to remove money from one place and move it to another, especially dishonestly or illegally divert She has been accused of siphoning off thousands of pounds from the company into her own bank account.

Siphon

Prosecute
verb

1 [ transitive , intransitive ] ~ (sb/sth) (for sth/doing sth) to officially charge sb with a crime in court The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act. Trespassers will be prosecuted (= a notice telling people to keep out of a particular area). The police decided not to prosecute. 2 [ intransitive , transitive ] ~ (sb) to be a lawyer in a court case for a person or an organization that is charging sb with a crime the prosecuting counsel/lawyer/attorney James Spencer, prosecuting, claimed that the witness was lying. 3 [ transitive ] ~ sth ( formal ) to continue taking part in or doing sth They had overwhelming public support to prosecute the war.

Paramedic
noun a person whose job is to help people who are sick or injured, but who is not a doctor or a nurse Paramedics treated the injured at the roadside. compare ambulance worker para med ic al adjective paramedical staff

Supercilious
adjective

( disapproving ) behaving towards other people as if you think you are better than they are superior The dress shop assistant was very supercilious. She gave a supercilious smile. super cili ous ly / adverb super cili ous ness / noun [ uncountable ]

Propitiate
verb ~ sb ( formal ) to stop sb from being angry by trying to please them placate Sacrifices were made to propitiate the gods. pro piti ation / noun [ uncountable ]

Ailment
noun an illness that is not very serious childhood/common/minor ailments

Inception
noun [ singular ] ( formal ) the start of an institution, an organization, etc The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 2007.

Anecdote

noun [ countable , uncountable ] 1 a short, interesting or amusing story about a real person or event amusing anecdotes about his brief career as an actor The book is a rich store of anecdote. 2 a personal account of an event This research is based on anecdote, not fact.

Dabble
verb

1 [ intransitive ] ~ (in/with sth) to take part in a sport, an activity, etc. but not very seriously
She is a talented musician but is content to just dabble. He dabbles in local politics. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth (in sth) to move your hands, feet, etc. around in water She dabbled her toes in the stream.

Subjugate
verb [ usually passive ] ~ sb/sth ( formal ) to defeat sb/sth; to gain control over sb/sth a subjugated race Her personal ambitions had been subjugated to (= considered less important than) the needs of her family.

sub ju ga tion / noun [ uncountable ] : ( formal ) the subjugation of Ireland by England

Recuperate
verb ( formal ) 1 [ intransitive ] ~ (from sth) to get back your health, strength or energy after being ill/sick, tired, injured, etc. recover He's still recuperating from his operation. After an exhausting few weeks I needed some time to recuperate. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth to get back money that you have spent or lost recoup , recover He hoped to recuperate at least some of his losses. re cu per ation / noun [ uncountable ] It was a period of rest and recuperation.

Impertinent
adjective rude and not showing respect for sb who is older or more important impolite an impertinent question/child Would it be impertinent to ask why you're leaving? im per tin ence / noun [ uncountable , countable , usually singular ] She had the impertinence to ask my age! im per tin ent ly / adverb

Apocalyptic
adjective 1 describing very serious damage and destruction in past or future events an apocalyptic view of history apocalyptic warnings of the end of society 2 like the end of the world an apocalyptic scene

Tripartite
adjective [ usually before noun ] ( formal ) having three parts or involving three people, groups, etc a tripartite division tripartite discussions

Reiterate
verb ( formal ) to repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it ~ sth to reiterate an argument/a demand/an offer Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy. + speech I said money, he reiterated. re iter ation / noun [ singular ] a reiteration of her previous statement

Emolument
noun [ usually plural ] ( formal ) money paid to sb for work they have done, especially to sb who earns a lot of money

Inter alia
adverb ( from Latin , formal ) among other things The report is concerned, inter alia, with the reform of the tax system.

Advocate
verb

verb, noun

( formal ) to support sth publicly ~ sth The group does not advocate the use of violence. ~ (sb) doing sth Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour. The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. ( BrE also ) The report advocated that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors. noun 1 a person who supports or speaks in favour of sb or of a public plan or action ~ (for sth/sb) an advocate for hospital workers ~ (of sth/sb) a staunch advocate of free speech see also devil's advocate 2 a person who defends sb in court 3 (in Scotland) a lawyer who has the right to argue cases in higher courts

Conducive

adjective ~ to sth making it easy, possible or likely for sth to happen Chairs in rows are not as conducive to discussion as chairs arranged in a circle. The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.

Repertoire
noun

1 ( also formal rep er tory ) all the plays, songs, pieces of music, etc. that a performer knows and can perform to add to/extend your repertoire a pianist with a wide repertoire 2 all the things that a person is able to do a young child's growing verbal repertoire

Intricate
adjective having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together intricate patterns an intricate network of loyalties and relationships in tri cate ly / adverb intricately carved

entail
verb to involve sth that cannot be avoided involve ~ sth The job entails a lot of hard work. be entailed in sth The girls learn exactly what is entailed in caring for a newborn baby. ~ (sb) doing sth It will entail driving a long distance every day.

De ploy
verb

1 ~ sb/sth ( technical ) to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military
action 2000 troops were deployed in the area. At least 5000 missiles were deployed along the border. 2 ~ sth ( formal ) to use sth effectively to deploy arguments/resources de ploy ment / noun [ uncountable , countable ] the deployment of peace keeping forces the deployment of resources/staff troop deployments

lead time
noun the time between starting and completing a production process

Deliberate

adjective, verb

adjective 1 done on purpose rather than by accident intentional , planned a deliberate act of vandalism The speech was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the government. unintentional 2 ( of a movement or an action ) done slowly and carefully She spoke in a slow and deliberate way. verb / [ intransitive , transitive ] ( formal ) to think very carefully about sth, usually before making a decision The jury deliberated for five days before finding him guilty. They deliberated (on) whether to continue with the talks.

Levelized cost
The cost of electricity generated by different sources measures the cost of generating electricity including initial capital, return on... Levelized Energy Cost (LEC, also known as Levelised Cost of Energy, abbreviated as LCOE is the price at which electricity must be generated from a specific source to break even over the

lifetime of the project. It is an economic assessment of the cost of the energy-generating system including all the costs over its lifetime: initial investment, operations and maintenance, cost of fuel, cost of capital, and is very useful in calculating the costs of generation from different sources. It can be defined in a single formula as:

where

= Average lifetime levelized electricity generation cost = Investment expenditures in the year t = Operations and maintenance expenditures in the year t = Fuel expenditures in the year t = Electricity generation in the year t = Discount rate = Life of the system

Avoided Cost Avoided cost is the cost the utility would have incurred had it supplied the power itself or obtained it from another source. Avoided cost is the price at which an electric utility purchases the output of a QF. Or These are costs that a utility avoids by purchasing power from an independent producer rather than generating power themselves, purchasing power from another source or constructing new power plants. The North Carolina Utilities Commission calculates avoided costs for each utility, and these costs are the basis upon which independent power producers are paid for the electricity they produce. There are two parts to an avoided cost calculation: the avoided capacity cost of constructing new power plants and the avoided energy cost of fuel and operating and maintaining utility power plants. Demand-side management (DSM) The programs or initiatives undertaken by an electric power supplier or its customers to shift the timing of electricity use from peak to nonpeak demand periods. DSM includes, but is not limited to, load management, electric system equipment and operating controls, direct load control, and interruptible load. Supply-side management Activities conducted on the utility's side of the customer meter. Activities designed to supply electric power to customers, rather than meeting load through energy efficiency measures or on-site generation on the customer side of the meter. Power purchase agreement A contract entered into by an independent power producer and an electric utility. The power purchase agreement specifies the terms and conditions under

which electric power will be generated and purchased. Power purchase agreements require the independent power producer to supply power at a specified price for the life of the agreement. While power purchase agreements vary, their common elements include: specification of the size and operating parameters of the generation facility; milestones in-service dates, and contract terms; price mechanisms; service and performance obligations; dispatchability options; and conditions of termination or default.

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) at the United States federal level and Renewable Obligation in the UK. The RPS mechanism generally places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources. Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies. Supply companies then pass the certificates to some form of regulatory body to demonstrate their compliance with their regulatory obligations. Because it is a market mandate, the RPS relies almost entirely on the private market for its implementation. Unlike feed-in tariffs which guarantee purchase of all renewable energy regardless of cost, RPS programs tend to allow more price competition between different types of renewable energy, but can be limited in competition through eligibility and multipliers for RPS programs. Those supporting the adoption of RPS mechanisms claim that market implementation will result in competition, efficiency and innovation that will deliver renewable energy at the lowest possible cost, allowing renewable energy to compete with cheaper fossil fuel energy sources.
Renewable Energy Certificate A certificate to prove that energy or electricity produced is from a renewable source, such as wind, solar, hydro and biomass. REC is tradable and investors can exchange them in a barter style. REC is an essential component of a plan designed to promote the production of renewable and sustainable energy (or) A certificate that is proof that one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource. Once the electricity provider has fed the electricity into the grid, the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) they received can then be sold on the open market as a commodity. Because of the additional cost for producing "green" energy, the RECs provide an additional income stream to the energy provider, thus making it a bit more attractive to produce. Also known as Green Tags, Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), and Renewable Energy Credits (or) A tradable instrument that is equal to one megawatt hour of electricity or equivalent energy supplied by a renewable energy facility, new renewable energy facility, or reduced by implementation of an energy efficiency measure that is used to track and verify compliance with the requirements of this section as determined by the Commission. A renewable energy certificate does not include the related emission reductions, including, but not limited to, reductions of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, mercury, or carbon dioxide.

Solicit (to ask)

verb

1 [transitive,intransitive] ( formal ) to ask sb for sth, such as support, money or information; to try to
get sth or persuade sb to do sth ~ sth (from sb) They were planning to solicit funds from a number of organizations. They send representatives abroad to solicit business. ~ sb (for sth) Historians and critics are solicited for their opinions. ~ (for sth) to solicit for money ~ sb to do sth Volunteers are being solicited to assist with the project. 2 [ intransitive , transitive ] ~ (sb) ( of a prostitute ) to offer to have sex with people in return for money Prostitutes solicited openly in the streets. the crime of soliciting so lici ta tion / noun [ uncountable , countable ] ( especially NAmE ) the solicitation of money for election funds

Special Purpose Vehicle: A legal entity created solely to serve a particular function, such as the facilitation of a financial arrangement or creation of a financial instrument. (or) An entity formed by a company or government for a particular project or task, typically to hold assets and not to make a profit.

Obscure

adjective, verb

adjective 1 not well known unknown an obscure German poet We went to see one of Shakespeare's more obscure plays. He was born around 1650 but his origins remain obscure. 2 difficult to understand I found her lecture very obscure. For some obscure reason , he failed to turn up. The meaning of his comment was obscure to everyone but himself. ob scure ly / BrE ; NAmE / adverb They were making her feel obscurely worried (= for reasons that were difficult to understand) . verb ~ sth to make it difficult to see, hear or understand sth The view was obscured by fog. We mustn't let these minor details obscure the main issue. A shadow fell across her face, obscuring her expression.

Decouple
verb
VERB FORMS

~ sth (from sth) ( formal )

to end the connection or relationship between two things Gasoline prices have been decoupled from crude oil prices.

Premium
noun

noun, adjective

1 an amount of money that you pay once or regularly for an insurance policy

a monthly premium of 6.25 2 an extra payment added to the basic rate You have to pay a high premium for express delivery. A premium of 10% is paid out after 20 years. He was willing to pay a premium for a house near the sea. at a premium 1 if sth is at a premium , there is little of it available and it is difficult to get Space is at a premium in a one-bedroomed apartment. 2 at a higher than normal price Shares are selling at a premium. put/place/set a premium on sb/sth to think that sb/sth is particularly important or valuable The company places a high premium on initiative. adjective very high (and higher than usual); of high quality premium prices/products

Amortize ( BrE also -ise ) verb ~ sth ( business ) to pay back a debt by making small regular payments over a period of time amort iza tion , -isa tion / noun [ uncountable , countable ]

Exacerbate
verb ~ sth ( formal ) to make sth worse, especially a disease or problem aggravate His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation. The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs. ex acer ba tion / BrE ; NAmE / noun [ uncountable , countable ]

Uptake
noun [ uncountable , singular ] 1 ~ (of sth) the use that is made of sth that has become available There has been a high uptake of the free training. 2 ~ (of sth) (technical) the process by which sth is taken into a body or system; the rate at which this happens the uptake of oxygen by muscles be quick/ slow on the uptake ( informal ) to be quick/slow to understand sth Is he always this slow on the uptake?

Typify
verb

( typi fies , typi fy ing , typi fied , typi fied ) ( not usually used in the progressive tenses )

1 ~ sth to be a typical example of sth

clothes that typify the 1960s the new style of politician, typified by the Prime Minister 2 ~ sth to be a typical feature of sth the haunting guitar melodies that typify the band's music

Gratification
noun [ uncountable , countable ] ( formal ) the state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; sth that gives you pleasure satisfaction sexual gratification A feed will usually provide instant gratification to a crying baby. Much to my gratification, my work got a special mention in her speech.

Ruminate
verb [ intransitive , transitive ] ~ (on/over/about sth) | + speech ( formal ) to think deeply about sth ponder ru min ation /noun [ countable , uncountable ]

Fastidious
adjective 1 being careful that every detail of sth is correct meticulous Everything was planned in fastidious detail. He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day. 2 ( sometimes disapproving ) not liking things to be dirty or untidy She wasn't very fastidious about personal hygiene. fas tidi ous ly / adverb fas tidi ous ness / noun [ uncountable ]

poise noun, verb noun [ uncountable ] 1 a calm and confident manner with control of your feelings or behaviour His performance was full of maturity and poise. She seemed embarrassed for a moment but quickly recovered her poise. 2 the ability to move or stand in an elegant way with good control of your body verb [ intransitive , transitive ] to be or hold sth steady in a particular position, especially above sth else + adv./prep. The hawk poised in mid-air ready to swoop. ~ sth/yourself to do sth He was poising himself to launch a final attack. ~ sth/yourself + adv./prep. She poised the javelin in her hand before the throw.

poised
adjective 1 [ not before noun ] in a position that is completely still but is ready to move at any moment ~ (on, above, over, etc. sth) Tina was tense, her hand poised over the telephone. He stopped writing and looked at me, pen poised. ~ to do sth The cat crouched in the grass, poised to jump. 2 [ not before noun ] ~ (in, on, above, etc. sth) in a position that is balanced but likely to change in one direction or another The cup was poised on the edge of the chair. ( figurative ) The world stood poised between peace and war. 3 [ not before noun ] completely ready for sth or to do sth set ~ for sth The economy is poised for recovery. ~ to do sth The British team is poised to win the title. Kate is poised to become the highest-paid supermodel in the fashion world. 4 having a calm and confident manner and in control of your feelings and behaviour assured He is a remarkably poised young man.

dogged
adjective [ usually before noun ] ( approving ) showing determination; not giving up easily tenacious dogged determination/persistence their dogged defence of the city dog ged ly / BrE ddli ; NAmE ddli / adverb tenaciously Although the men fought doggedly on, a sense of hopeless despair engulfed them. dog ged ness / BrE ddns ; NAmE ddns / noun [ uncountable ] tenacity

Condescend
verb

1 [ transitive ] ~ to do sth ( often disapproving ) to do sth that you think it is below your social or
professional position to do deign We had to wait almost an hour before he condescended to see us. 2 [ intransitive ] ~ to sb to behave towards sb as though you are more important and more intelligent than they are When giving a talk, be careful not to condescend to your audience. con des cen sion /noun [ uncountable ] Her smile was a mixture of pity and condescension. She gave me some friendly advice without a trace of condescension.

Impertinent
adjective

rude and not showing respect for sb who is older or more important impolite an impertinent question/child Would it be impertinent to ask why you're leaving? im per tin ence / noun [ uncountable , countable , usually singular ] She had the impertinence to ask my age! im per tin ent ly/ adverb

im per turb able

adjective ( formal ) not easily upset or worried by a difficult situation; calm His normally imperturbable secretary burst into tears. im per turb ability / noun [ uncountable ] im per turb ably/ adverb

Protectorate
noun

1 [ countable ] a country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country

a British protectorate compare colony 2 [ uncountable ] the state or period of being controlled and protected by another country

Layoff
noun

1 an act of making people unemployed because there is no more work left for them to do

lay-offs in the factory 2 a period of time when sb is not working or not doing sth that they normally do regularly an eight-week lay-off with a broken leg